Basic OSPF Configuration

24.06.
2016 How to configure OSPF for CCNA students | NetworkLessons.com
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Table of Contents
OSPF
Unit 1: Introduction to OSPF

Introduction to OSPF
Basic OSPF Con　㈀guration
OSPF Reference Bandwidth
OSPF Plain Text Authentication
OSPF MD5 Authentication
OSPF Default Route
Unit 2: OSPF Neighbor Adjacency

Unit 3: OSPF Network Types
Unit 4: OSPF Stub Areas
Unit 5: Advanced OSPF Topics
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How to configure OSPF for CCNA students

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24.06.2016 How to configure OSPF for CCNA students | NetworkLessons.com
CCNA students need to understand how OSPF works but also how to con　㈀gure it. If you have no
idea what OSPF is or if you are a little fuzzy, I recommend you to read my Introduction to OSPF
　㈀rst before continuing. Having said that, let’s con　㈀gure OSPF! This is the topology I will use:
This is the topology that we’ll use. All routers are in OSPF Area 0. Note that the link between
router Spade and Hearts is an Ethernet (10Mbit) link. All other links are FastEthernet (100Mbit)
interfaces.
We’ll start with the con　㈀guration between router Spade and Clubs:
Spade(config)#router ospf 1
Spade(config‐router)#network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Clubs(config)#router ospf 1
Clubs(config‐router)#network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
I need to use the router ospf command to get into the OSPF con　㈀guration. The number “1” is a
process ID and you can choose any number you like. It doesn’t matter and if you want you can
use a di漀椀erent number on each router.
The second step is to use the network command. It works similar to RIP but it is slightly
di漀椀erent, let me break it down for you:
network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255
Just like RIP the network command does two things:
Advertise the networks that fall within this range in OSPF.

Activate OSPF on the interface(s) that fall within this range. This means that OSPF will send
hello packets on the interface.
Behind 192.168.23.0 you can see it says 0.0.0.255. This is not a subnet mask but a wildcard
mask. A wildcard mask is a reverse subnet mask. Let me give you an example:
Subnetmask 255 255 255 0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Wildcardmask 0 0 0 255
00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111
When I say reverse subnet mask I mean that the binary 1s and 0s of the wildcard mask are
㘀㄀ipped compared to the subnet mask. A subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 is the same as wildcard
mask 0.0.0.255. Don’t worry about this too much for now as I’ll explain wildcard masks to you
when we talk about access-lists!
OSPF uses areas so you need to specify the area:
area 0
In our example we have con　㈀gured single area OSPF. All routers belong to area 0.
After typing in my network command you’ll see this message in the console:
Clubs# %OSPF‐5‐ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.23.2 on FastEthernet0/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
Spade# %OSPF‐5‐ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 192.168.23.3 on FastEthernet1/0 from
LOADING to FULL, Loading Done
Great! It seems that router Clubs and Spade have become neighbors. There’s another
command we can use to verify that we have become neighbors:
Clubs#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
192.168.23.2 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:36 192.168.23.2 FastEthernet0/0
Spade#show ip ospf neighbor
192.168.23.3 1 FULL/DR 00:00:32 192.168.23.3 FastEthernet1/0
Show ip ospf neighbor is a great command to see if your router has OSPF neighbors. When the
state is full you know that the routers have successfully become neighbors.
Each OSPF router has a router ID and we check it with the show ip protocols command:
Spade#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "ospf 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Router ID 192.168.23.2
Clubs#show ip protocols
Router ID 192.168.23.3
Above you see the router ID of router Spade and Clubs. They used their highest active IP
address as the router ID. Let’s create a loopback on router Spade to see if the router ID
changes…
Spade(config)#interface loopback 0
Spade(config‐if)#ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
This is how you create a loopback interface. You can pick any number that you like it really
doesn’t matter.
Router ID 192.168.23.2
The router ID still the same. We need to reset the OSPF process before the change will take
e漀椀ect, this is how you do it:
Spade#clear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes
Use clear ip ospf process to reset OSPF. Let’s see if there is a di漀椀erence:
Router ID 2.2.2.2
We can also change the router ID manually. Let me demonstrate this on router Clubs:
Router ID 192.168.23.3
Right now it’s 192.168.23.3…
Clubs(config‐router)#router‐id 3.3.3.3
Reload or use "clear ip ospf process" command, for this to take effect
Clubs#clear ip ospf process
Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes
The router is friendly enough to warn me to reload or clear the OSPF process. Let’s verify our
con　㈀guration:
Router ID 3.3.3.3
As you can see above the router ID is now 3.3.3.3.
Changing the router ID isn’t something you would normally do. IP addresses on your
router have to be unique so your OSPF router ID will also be unique. Understanding
how OSPF selects a router ID is something you have to understand for the exam
however.
Right now we have an OSPF neighbor adjacency between router Spade and Clubs. Let’s
con　㈀gure our routers so that Spade/Hearts and Hearts/Clubs also become OSPF neighbors:
Hearts(config)#router ospf 1
Hearts(config‐router)#network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Hearts(config‐router)#network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Clubs(config)#router ospf 1
Clubs(config‐router)#network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
I’ll advertise all networks in OSPF. Before we check the routing table it’s a good idea to see if our
routers have become OSPF neighbors:
Spade#show ip ospf neighbor
192.168.13.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:31 192.168.12.1 Ethernet0/0
Hearts#show ip ospf neighbor
2.2.2.2 1 FULL/DR 00:00:30 192.168.12.2 Ethernet0/0
Clubs#show ip ospf neighbor
Excellent our routers have become OSPF neighbors and the state is full which means they are
done exchanging information. Let’s check the routing tables:
Spade#show ip route ospf
O 192.168.13.0/24 [110/2] via 192.168.23.3, 00:09:45, FastEthernet1/0
Router Spade has one entry, it’s for network 192.168.13.0 /24. What exactly do we see here?
The “O” stands for OSPF. This entry was learned through OSPF.
192.168.13.0 /24 is the network that we learned. This is the link between router Hearts and
Clubs.
The “110” is the administrative distance of OSPF.
The “2” is the metric. OSPF uses cost as a metric. To reach this network we have a total cost
of 2.
“via” is the next hop IP address where we send our tra瀀攀c to. This is router Clubs for this
network.
How did OSPF exactly come up with this cost? Let’s take a detailed look:
Spade#show ip ospf interface fa1/0
FastEthernet1/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.23.2/24, Area 0
Process ID 1, Router ID 2.2.2.2, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
You can use the show ip ospf interface command to check the cost of a certain interface. As you
can see a FastEthernet interface has a cost of 1.
Spade#show ip ospf interface e0/0
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
An Ethernet interface is slower and it has a cost of 10. Let’s draw a picture to illustrate this:
In the picture above I have added the cost of the interface. From router Spade I can reach
network 192.168.13.0 /24 by going through router Clubs or Hearts. This is what the cost will be:
Through Clubs: 1+1 = cost 2.

Through Hearts: 10+1 = cost 11.
Obviously the path through router Clubs has the lowest cost. As an experiment we can shut the
FastEthernet0/0 interface on router Clubs to see if Spade can 　㈀nd another path:
Clubs(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0
Clubs(config‐if)#shutdown
O 192.168.13.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.12.1, 00:01:20, Ethernet0/0
Now you can see that router Spade will reach network 192.168.13.0 /24 through router Hearts
and it has a total cost of 11. Before we continue let’s enable the interface again:
Clubs(config‐if)#no shutdown
Let’s verify our routing table:
Now it’s using the FastEthernet1/0 interface again. What if I wanted to force OSPF to use the
slower Ethernet0/0 interface without shutting the FastEthernet interface? It’s possible to
manually change the cost, let me show you how:
Spade(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
Spade(config‐if)#ip ospf cost 50
Use the ip ospf cost command to change the cost. When I set it to 50 the FastEthernet interface
isn’t attractive anymore.
Spade#show ip ospf interface fastEthernet 1/0
I can verify that the cost is now 50.
O 192.168.13.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.12.1, 00:01:20, Ethernet0/0
And as a result OSPF will prefer the slower Ethernet interface…
Let’s get rid of this cost command and take a look at the other routing tables!
Spade(config‐if)#no ip ospf cost 50
Hearts#show ip route ospf
Router Hearts has a single entry for the 192.168.23.0 /24 network through router Clubs. This is
the shortest path and it has a cost of 2.
Clubs#show ip route ospf
[110/11] via 192.168.13.1, 00:01:14, FastEthernet1/0
Router Clubs has two interesting entries. It has learned about the 192.168.12.0 /24 network and
it can reach it through 192.168.23.2 (router Spade) or through 192.168.13.1 (router Hearts). The
cost of both paths is 11. OSPF will do load-balancing to reach this network.
Do you remember our loopback0 interface on router Spade? We used it for the router ID but we
can also advertise it in OSPF or any other routing protocol, let me show you:
Spade#show ip interface loopback 0
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 2.2.2.2/24
As you can see it’s a normal interface with an IP address and subnet mask on it. Let’s advertise
it:
I’ll use the above network command to advertise it into OSPF. Let’s check the routing tables:
2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets
O 2.2.2.2 [110/3] via 192.168.13.3, 00:00:26, FastEthernet1/0
Router Hearts will reach it by going through router Clubs. The total cost is 3:
1 (FastEthernet) + 1 (FastEthernet) + 1 (Loopback) = 3.
Router Clubs has a total cost of 2:
1 (FastEthernet) + 1 (Loopback) = 2.
The great thing about loopback interfaces is that they are reachable just like normal interfaces:
Clubs#ping 2.2.2.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100‐byte ICMP Echos to 2.2.2.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round‐trip min/avg/max = 4/4/8 ms
You can ping them just like any other interface.
Loopback interfaces have many more uses but for CCNA it’s great to use them to
quickly advertise networks into your routing protocols.
We can also advertise a default route into OSPF. This might be useful if your router is connected
to the Internet and you want to advertise this to other routers, this is how you do it:
Spade(config‐router)#default‐information originate always
You need to use the default-information originate command. If you don’t already have a default
route in your routing table then you need to add the always keyword.
Let’s see if the default route has been advertised:
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 192.168.13.3, 00:00:50, FastEthernet1/0
O*E2 0.0.0.0/0 [110/1] via 192.168.23.2, 00:00:45, FastEthernet0/0
As you can see router Hearts and Clubs have learned the default route from router Spade.
Let’s continue our OSPF con　㈀guration. I want to show you how to do plaintext and MD5
authentication. I’ll start by con　㈀guring plaintext authentication between router Spade and
Clubs:
Spade(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication
Spade(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication‐key secret
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication‐key secret
First you need to use the ip ospf authentication command to enable plaintext authentication on
the interface. Secondly we need to con　㈀gure a password using the ip ospf authentication-key
command.
Once you con　㈀gure authentication on one router you’ll see the neighbor adjacency going down
for a moment until you con　㈀gure the other router.
There is a useful debug command you can use to verify if authentication has been enabled or
not:
Clubs#debug ip ospf packet
OSPF packet debugging is on
Debug ip ospf packet will show you an overview of the OSPF packets that you are receiving, it
looks like this:
Clubs#
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:192.168.13.1
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:7D95 aut:0 auk: from FastEthernet1/0
This is a packet that we received from router Hearts. The “aut:0” means that this packet is not
authenticated. This is correct because we didn’t con　㈀gure authentication between router Clubs
and Hearts.
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:2.2.2.2
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:3339 aut:1 auk: from FastEthernet0/0
This packet is from router Spade and you can see it says “aut:1”. This means we have enabled
plaintext authentication. Let’s disable debug before we continue:
Clubs#no debug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
Let’s con　㈀gure MD5 authentication between router Hearts and Clubs:
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication message‐digest
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf message‐digest‐key 1 md5 mykey
Hearts(config)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
Hearts(config‐if)#ip ospf authentication message‐digest
Hearts(config‐if)#ip ospf message‐digest‐key 1 md5 mykey
First we tell OSPF to use MD5 with the ip ospf authentication message-digest command.
Secondly the ip ospf message-digest-key tells OSPF to use MD5 key 1 (you can pick any number
you like as long it’s the same on both routers) and password “mykey”.
If you enable the debug you can see that it’s working:
Hearts#debug ip ospf packet
OSPF packet debugging is on
Hearts#
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:3.3.3.3
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x3C7EE6DC from FastEthernet1/0
Hearts#no debug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
In the output above you can see it says “auth:2” which means MD5 authentication. You can also
see the key-id.
In the examples above I enabled authentication per interface. It’s also possible to do this for the
entire area…this might save you some time if you have a router with many interfaces. You can
do it like this:
Clubs(config‐if)#router ospf 1
Clubs(config‐router)#area 0 authentication
Or in case you want MD5 authentication:
Clubs(config‐if)#router ospf 1
Clubs(config‐router)#area 0 authentication message‐digest
If you want you can change the OSPF timers so it responds faster to changes in the network.
This is how you do it:
Hearts#show ip ospf interface fastEthernet 1/0
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.13.1, Interface address 192.168.13.1
Backup Designated router (ID) 3.3.3.3, Interface address 192.168.13.3
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Above you see the default timers. Every 10 seconds an hello packet is sent and if we don’t
receive any hello packets for 40 seconds then we will declare our neighbor “dead”.
If we want we can change these tuners, I’ll do this between router Spade and Clubs:
Spade(config‐if)#interface fastEthernet 1/0
Spade(config‐if)#ip ospf hello‐interval 5
Spade(config‐if)#ip ospf dead‐interval 15
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf hello‐interval 5
Clubs(config‐if)#ip ospf dead‐interval 15
Use the ip ospf hello-interval and ip ospf dead-interval to change these timers. As I explained in
the beginning of this article, these values have to match on both ends! This is all I wanted to
show you.
Configurations
Want to take a look for yourself? Here you will 　㈀nd the con　㈀guration of each device.
Clubs
hostname Clubs
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.23.3 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication
ip ospf authentication‐key secret
!
ip address 192.168.13.3 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication message‐digest
ip ospf message‐digest‐key 1 md5 mykey
ip ospf hello‐interval 5
ip ospf dead‐interval 15
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end
Hearts
hostname Hearts
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication message‐digest
ip ospf message‐digest‐key 1 md5 mykey
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.13.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
end
Spade
hostname Spade
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
!
ip address 192.168.23.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf authentication
ip ospf authentication‐key secret
ip ospf hello‐interval 5
ip ospf dead‐interval 15
!
interface Loopback0
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 1
network 192.168.23.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
default‐information originate always
!
end
I hope you enjoyed reading this article, if you have any questions just leave a comment!
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Home › Forums › How to con　㈀gure OSPF for CCNA students
This topic contains 28 replies, has 11 voices, and was last updated by Andrew P 1 month, 1
week ago.
Viewing 15 posts - 1 through 15 (of 28 total)

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Author
Posts | Subscribe
April 4, 2013 at 02:28 #15116 Reply
Vilasith
Thank you very much Rene for your work. I appreciate much
July 15, 2013 at 15:39 #15117 Reply
Eric Murray
Very good article! Thanks for all your work!
July 15, 2013 at 15:39 #15118 Reply
Eric Murray
Very good article! Thanks for all your work!
September 3, 2013 at 08:15 #15119 Reply
Momodou
Hi Rene,
When connecting 3 routers(a router triangle) to con　㈀gure OSPF, will it make a di漀椀erence if I
created point-to-point serial connections as opposed to using the ethernet ports?
Thanks
Mo
Rene Molenaar
Keymaster
Hi Mo,
There will be two di漀椀erences:
– The cost will be higher (that’s no problem) because the link is slower.
– OSPF treats point-to-point links di漀椀erently than multi-access links (Ethernet). One of the things
is that it doesn’t elect a DR/BDR on point-to-point links.
Rene
Momodou
Ooooh that is quite interesting. Good to know. Thank you.
Mo.
Momodou
Rene, I noticed 2 things when I tried con　㈀guring OSPF in my home lab today, using the same
topology- except all my ports are FastEthernet. I just changed the speed to 10 to make it
ethernet.
1- I added a loopback interface, and used “clear ip ospf process”, but the router still did not use
my loopback addr as the RID. I had to completely remove the OSPF con　㈀g(no router ospf 1) and
redo it from scratch(“router ospf 1”,,,,”network …….. ………. area 0) before it 　㈀nally used the
loopback as it’s RID. So does that mean I have to add the loopback interface before con　㈀guring
OSPF(If I wanted the loopback addr to be my RID)??
2- After I enabled authentication on the whole area 0(“router ospf 1″……..”area 0

authentication”), there is no option to add an authentication key/password. Can’t I add a
key/password to the area 0 authentication?
Thanks.
Mo.
Sham Rao
Rene,Let me know that is it mandatory to use loopback address in all routing protocols?
Rene Molenaar
Keymaster
Hi Mo,
Strange, it should choose the RID when you clear it…might be IOS-version dependent.
Even if you enable authentication for the entire area, you still have to set the key on the
interface. There is no “global” key or something.
Rene
Rene Molenaar
Keymaster
H Sham,
Loopbacks are useful in labs because you can use them as a quick method to advertise some
networks.
They are also very useful for some protocols, IBGP (internal BGP) is one of them.
Rene
October 1, 2014 at 14:15 #15126 Reply
David Meyer
This is THE best website I’ve ever come across.
January 29, 2015 at 01:57 #15127 Reply
Wisam A
Participant
Thanks Rene, it’s very helpful.
June 3, 2015 at 08:23 #15128 Reply
Maruti G
Member
Hi Rene,
I’m new to network domain and your explanation in lessons is great:) and helping me to
improve my knowledge in networking. What do you mean loopback interface and how many
loopback interface can i have on router or switch or host?
Thanks,
Maruti.
June 3, 2015 at 18:14 #15129 Reply
Rene Molenaar
Keymaster
Hi Maruti,
That’s good to hear. A loopback is a “virtual” interface that you can create on routers (or L3
switches). You can put an IP address on it and when you ping it, you’ll get a reply. These
loopback interfaces are used by a number of protocols. The reason OSPF prefers it is because a
loopback can never go down unless you put a “shutdown” command on it or the router crashes.
If you have a router, try to create a loopback interface and put an IP address on it, that’s a good
exercise
Rene
June 4, 2015 at 04:14 #15130 Reply
Maruti G
Member
Thanks Rene!
Author
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24.06.

Unit 1: Introduction to OSPF

Basic OSPF Con ㈀guration

OSPF Reference Bandwidth

OSPF Plain Text Authentication

OSPF MD5 Authentication

OSPF Default Route

Unit 2: OSPF Neighbor Adjacency

You are here: Home » OSPF

How to configure OSPF for CCNA students

Just like RIP the network command does two things:

Advertise the networks that fall within this range in OSPF.

Subnetmask 255 255 255 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111

OSPF uses areas so you need to specify the area:

Right now it’s 192.168.23.3…

As you can see above the router ID is now 3.3.3.3.

Through Clubs: 1+1 = cost 2.

Let’s verify our routing table:

I can verify that the cost is now 50.

And as a result OSPF will prefer the slower Ethernet interface…

1 (FastEthernet) + 1 (FastEthernet) + 1 (Loopback) = 3.

Router Clubs has a total cost of 2:

You can ping them just like any other interface.

Let’s see if the default route has been advertised:

Let’s con ㈀gure MD5 authentication between router Hearts and Clubs:

Or in case you want MD5 authentication:

Rate this Lesson:

Viewing 15 posts - 1 through 15 (of 28 total)

July 15, 2013 at 15:39 #15117 Reply

July 15, 2013 at 15:39 #15118 Reply

September 3, 2013 at 08:15 #15119 Reply

September 3, 2013 at 13:50 #15120 Reply

There will be two di漀椀erences:

September 5, 2013 at 05:27 #15121 Reply

September 6, 2013 at 07:04 #15122 Reply

2- After I enabled authentication on the whole area 0(“router ospf 1″……..”area 0

September 11, 2014 at 16:41 #15123 Reply

September 11, 2014 at 17:08 #15124 Reply

September 11, 2014 at 17:09 #15125 Reply

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VRF Lite Con ㈀guration on Cisco IOS

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IPv6 Address Types

OSPF ABR Type 3 LSA Filtering on Cisco IOS

Introduction to Cisco IOS XE

Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)

Basic OSPF Con　㈀guration

Let’s con　㈀gure MD5 authentication between router Hearts and Clubs:

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