ASANSOL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TOPIC OF THE REPORT : DEFINITION OF Z-TRANSFORM &

APPLICATION OF Z-TRANSFORM IN DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
NAME OF STUDENT : ANAL GHOSH
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO : 10801620018
SEMESTER :6TH
YEAR : 3RD
SEC : A
SUBJECT : DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
SUB CODE : OE-EE 601A

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 Index

Serial Topic name Page

Number Number
1 Introduction 2
2 What is Z-Transform 2
3 Region of Convergence 3
4 Properties of Z-Transform 4
5 Application of Z-Transform 5
in DSP
6 Conclusion 6
7 References 6

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Introduction :
The Z-Transform is an important tool in Digital Signal Processing
that is fundamental to filter design and system analysis. It will help you understand the
behaviour and stability conditions of a system. Over the next few articles will explain
how and why it works and its help for better understanding. Its also help us to find its
application in DSP.

What is Z-Transform:
The Z-transform (ZT) is a mathematical tool which is
used to convert the difference equations in time domain into the algebraic equations in
z-domain.
The Z-transform is a very useful tool in the analysis of a linear shift invariant (LSI)
system. An LSI discrete time system is represented by difference equations. To solve
these difference equations which are in time domain, they are converted first into
algebraic equations in z-domain using the Z-transform, then the algebraic equations are
manipulated in z-domain and the result obtained is converted back into time domain
using the inverse Z-transform. The Z-transform may be of two types viz. unilateral (or
one-sided) and bilateral (or two-sided).
Mathematically, if x(n) is a discrete-time signal or sequence, then its bilateral or two-
sided Z-transform is defined as –
Z[x(n)]=X(z)=∑∞𝑛=∞ x(n)𝑧−𝑛
Where, z is a complex variable and it is given by,
z=𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜔
Where, r is the radius of a circle.
Also, the unilateral or one-sided z-transform is defined as –
Z[x(n)]=X(z)=∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑧
−𝑛

Example : Write the z-transform for a finite sequence given below.

x = {-2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Solution: Given sequence of sample numbers x[n]= is x = {-2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
z-transform of x[n] can be written as: X(z) = -2𝑧 0 – 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 +2𝑧 −3 +3𝑧 −4 +4𝑧 −5 + 5𝑧 −6
This can be further simplified as X(z) = -2 –𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 +3𝑧 −4 + 4𝑧 −5 + 5𝑧 −6

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Region of Convergence
The region of convergence, known as the ROC, is important to understand because it
defines the region where the z-transform exists. The set of points in z-plane for which
the Z-transform of a discrete-time sequence x(n), i.e., X(z) converges is called the region
of convergence (ROC) of X(z) .
The ROC for a given x[n] is defined as the range of z
for which the z-transform converges. Since the z-
transform is a power series, it converges when x[n]𝑧 −𝑛
is absolutely summable. Stated differently,
∑∞
𝑛=−∞ |𝑥[𝑛]𝑧
−𝑛
|<∞
must be satisfied for convergence.
The properties of the ROC depend on the nature of the signal. Assuming that the signal
has a finite amplitude and that the z-transform is a rational function:
▪ The ROC is a ring or disk in the z-plane, centered on the origin (0 ≤ rR < |z| < rL
≤ ∞).
▪ The Fourier transform of x[n] converges absolutely if and only if the ROC of the
z-transform includes the unit circle.
▪ The ROC cannot contain any poles.
▪ If x[n] is finite duration (i.e. zero except on finite interval −∞ < N1 ≤ n ≤ N2 <
∞), then the ROC is the entire z-plane except perhaps at z = 0 or z = ∞.
▪ If x[n] is a right-sided sequence then the ROC extends outward from the
outermost finite pole to infinity.
▪ If x[n] is left-sided then the ROC extends inward from the innermost non zero
pole to z = 0.
▪ A two-sided sequence (neither left nor right-sided) has a ROC consisting of a ring
in the z-plane, bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole (and not containing
any poles).
▪ The ROC is a connected region

Properties of Z-Transform
The properties of Z-Transform are as follows :
1.Linearity :
The linearity property is as follows: a𝑥1 [n] + b𝑥2 [n]Z←→a𝑋1 (z) + b𝑋1 (z),
ROC containsRx1 ∩ Rx1

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2. Time shifting:
𝑧
The time-shifting property is as follows: x[n − n0] ↔ 𝑧 −𝑛0 X(z), ROC = 𝑅𝑥 .
(The ROC may change by the possible addition or deletion of z = 0 or z = ∞.) This is
easily shown:
−(𝑚+𝑛0 )
Y(z)=∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]𝑧
−𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑚=−∞ 𝑥[𝑚]𝑧

=z −n0 ∑∞
𝑚=−∞ 𝑥[𝑚]𝑧
−𝑚
= 𝑧 −𝑛0 X(z)

3. Multiplication By An Exponential Sequence:

The exponential multiplication property is
𝑧
𝑧0𝑛 𝑥[𝑛] ↔X (z/𝑧0 ) , ROC = |𝑧0 |𝑅𝑥
where the notation |𝑧0 |Rx indicates that the ROC is scaled by |𝑧0 | (that is, inner and
outer radii of the ROC scale by |𝑧0 |). All pole-zero locations are similarly scaled by a
factor 𝑧0 : if X(z) had a pole at z = 𝑧1 , then X(z/𝑧0 ) will have a pole at z =𝑧0 𝑧1 .
4. Differentiation:
The differentiation property states that
𝑧 𝑑𝑋(𝑧)
nx[n]↔z , ROC=𝑅𝑥
𝑑𝑧

This can be seen as follows: since

X(z) = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧
−𝑛
,
We have
𝑑𝑋(𝑧)
-z = -z ∑∞
𝑛=−∞(−𝑛)𝑥[𝑛]𝑧
−𝑛−1
= ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛𝑥[𝑛]𝑧
−𝑛
=Z{nx[n]}
𝑑𝑧

5. Conjugation:
𝑧
This property is x*[n] ↔ X* (z*), ROC = 𝑅𝑥 .
6. Time reversal:
𝑧 1
Here , x*[-n] ↔ X* (1/z*), ROC =
𝑅𝑥

The notation 1/𝑅𝑥 means that the ROC is inverted, so if 𝑅𝑥 is the set of values such that
𝑟𝑅 < |z| <𝑟𝑙 , then the ROC is the set of values of z such that 1/𝑟𝑙 < |z| < 1/𝑟𝑅

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7. Convolution :
This property states that
𝑧
𝑥1 [n] ∗ 𝑥2 [n] ↔ 𝑋1 (z) 𝑋2 (z), ROC contains 𝑅𝑥1 ∩ 𝑅𝑥2

Application of Z- Transform in DSP

The field of signal processing is essentially a field of signal analysis in which they are
reduced to their mathematical component and evaluated. One important concept of
signal processing is that of the Z transform method which converts unwieldy sequence
into a form that can be easily dealt with. Z transform is used for much signal processing
application as follows:
I. Pole-zero description of the discrete-time system
II. Analysis of linear discrete signal
III. Use to analysis digital filter
IV. Used to find the frequency response
V. Obtain impulse response estimation
VI. Determine the difference equation
VII. Analysis of discrete signal
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VIII. Calculation of a signal to control system
IX. Direct computer evolution of frequency response
X. Voice transmission
XI. Enhance the electrical as well as mechanical energy to provide a dynamic nature
of the system
XII. Geometric evolution of frequency response
XIII. Frequency response estimation via the FFT
XIV. Used to simulate the continuous systems
XV. It also helps in system design, analysis and also checks the system stability
XVI. For automatic control in telecommunication
XVII. Used in designing digital filters

Conclusion :
The z-transform plays a significant role in the design of digital hardware. In a great
many instances, the mathematics of a discrete time system can be simplified through the
use of the z-transform. The z-transform for discrete time signals is analogous to the
Laplace transform for continuous time signals.
As we shall see, the z-transform is closely related to the Fourier transform and as a result
allows us to easily compute the frequency response of a discrete time system. We can
also use the transform to determine the stability of a digital system by investigating the
poles of the system transfer function.

References
1. https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electrical_Engineering/Signal_Processin
g_and_Modeling/Signals_and_Systems_(Baraniuk_et_al.)/12%3A_Z-
Transform_and_Discrete_Time_Syste
2. Digital Signal Processing -A computer based approach , S.Mitra, TMH.
3. Digital Signal Processing, Chen, OUP.
4. Fundamental of Digital signal Processing
5. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/z_transforms_properties.ht
m.

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