Session 1 - Lecture - 1 - Versie - 1

10/10/2011
Reinforced concrete
12/10/2011
2
Reinforced concrete
WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling
1
10/10/2011
» 2 Sessions:
˃ 12/10/2011: Reinforced concrete: routine, drawings and detailing

˃ 07/12/2011: Strut-and-tie method
The Lecturer
ing. Ward Bresseleers
ward.bresseleers@vub.ac.be
consulting engineer
member of Declerck & Partners
specialized in reinforced concrete and steel structures
12/10/2011
NOW LATER
» Fundamentals » Synthetical approach

» Methodology » Experience
» Analytical approach » Insight by doing
» Guidance » Learn from mistakes
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Knowledge: - Mathematics
Important tools besides computer
- Physics
and calculator
- Chemistry
Applications: - Strength of materials Models serving as starting point

- Steel and Reinforced concrete for design of structures
- Geotechnical engineering
Regulations: - Eurocodes
- Benor/Copro Rules and limitations permitting
- NBN/ISO simplified design and execution
PRACTICE ORIGINATES FROM

THEORY
RULES OF THUMB
PROGRAM BRUTE FORCE
RESULT
COMMON SENSE
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BUDGET
» Understanding the skills of a

structural engineer
» Applying the different Eurocodes Objectives
» Analysing loads and forces on
structural elements
» Design and detailing of a reinforced
concrete slab or beam
» Design and detailing following the
strut-and-tie method
The way of an engineer:
... being open minded
... being self-critical
... pushing the limits
... setting difficult but
realistic goals
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... being a team player 6
3
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Reinforced concrete
Work routine
• Key players
• Responsibilities of the structural
engineer
• The life cycle of a project
• The design cycle of a project
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Project team: key players

- Owner/developer
- Architect
- Consulting engineer:
Structure
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Building physics
Geotechnics
Acoustics 9
Environmental
• Structural stability: no collapse

• Sustainability
• Utilisation: fire safety,
environmental safety
• Execution: anticipation of
contruction methods,
simplification
• Budget: projection,
management and control of
building cost
Responsabilities of the structural engineer

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The life cycle of a project

- Concept phase
- Design phase
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- Construction phase
- Operation and use 11
- Disposal
Project based design

- Preliminary design
- Design
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- Call for tenders

- Execution 12
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Preliminary design
Developer
- Analysis
Architect Engineering office - Magnitude
- Structural concept
» Developer: building program

» Architect: sketch design
» Faisibility analysis (cost, complexity, rationalisation)
» Boundary conditions: building height, floor area, parking space, ...
» Budget allocation
» Building permit
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Design
Architect
COORDINATION:
Structural engineer
- Building structure STRUCTURE:
- Finishing - Bill of quantities
- HVAC, plumbing, elec - Building specifications
- Formwork drawings
» Architect: starts detailing his design

» Complex joints are calculated and evaluated
» Formwork drawings are established: the dimensions and material
properties of every element are determined
» The formwork plans are approved by the Architect
» The construction cost of every element is estimated
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Call for tenders
Engineering office: Developer

-responsibility €€€€€€€€
-consultancy Architect General contractor
» Architect: prepares tender: architecturel drawings + detailing;

specifications and summary of all bills of quantities
» Structural engineer: prepares everything related to structure
» The complete tender is sent to general contractors; asking for their
best bid; a call for costed proposals in response to the bills of
quantities and specifications
» The best offer is selected and a general contractor is designated
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execution
Architect
Consulting Engineer
Coordination + budget control:
- Building structure - Formwork plans
- Finishing - Reinforcement plans
- HVAC, plumbing, elec… General contractor - On site control

- Technical sheets
» Architect: finalizes drawings and detailing

» Sometimes the general contractor proposes alternative solutions,
cheaper (!) and better (?)
» The reinforcement placing drawings and bar lists are made; and
evaluated by the inspection office (if mandated by the developer)
» Regular inspections on site by all partners, involved in the design
process, are a must
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Reinforced concrete 17

Photographic wizardry by Luis Calçada and Martin Kornmesser
Data transfer
Due to the intellectual nature of his work, and in being a key element in the building process;
the structural engineer must be able to communicate swift and to the point.
The following documents are commonly used, but in different forms and flavours (read: there is
(almost) no standardisation):
- Design calculations
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- Technical specifications
- Sketches and drawings 18
- Bill of quantities
9
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Detailing of reinforcement 19
Design calculations
- Every structural element
appearing on a drawing has
been analysed and approved by
the structural engineer.
- Sometimes a random check, a
justification is asked by the
controlling instance.
- Or, when the main contractor
proposes a different solution, he
has to prove the validity of his
solution
- These justifications generally
consist of a written document
with a short outline of the
problem and a calculated
solution
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» Project information
» Reference to standards and
regulations
» Outline problem
» Simplified calculations
» Results
» Conclusion
» Annexes
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Project
information
Reference
to standard
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11
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Graphic outline
problem
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Simplified
calculations
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Results
12
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Technical
specifications
- Often neglected (we’re no
lawyers!)
- Very important: only bridge
between designer and
contractor
- Reference to general
standards and practices
- Emphasis on specific
techniques, used in a
project
- Always look for a balance
between the letter of the
law and the spirit of the law
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13
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Sketches by John Monash

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Sketch
- Cheapest means of
communication (pencil on a
wall, etc.)
- Thinking with your hands
(drawings are a 2D projection of
a 3D reality)
- Must be clear and directed to
the receiver (draughtsman; site
supervisor; project developer;
architect; ... )
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Formwork drawing
- Size: A0
- Plan view + cross sections
- scale 1/50 (1/100, 1/200, ... )
- NEVER 1/33 – 1/45 - ...
- Viewpoint of carpenter
- Clear and legible lettering
- Masonry and RF concrete in centimeters
- Wood and steel drawings in millimeters
- Altitude in meter
» Structural support of architectural
concept - Numbering of elements
- Clearly indicated axes (important
» Basis for bid of general contractor
references on site)
» Checked and approved by control - Additional information
office
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» Basis for execution of structural

29
elements

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Vertical cross sections

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Placing drawing
- Starting point: formwork
drawing
- Every placing drawing has a bar
list
- Every bar is numbered
- Used by ironworkers for bar
fabrication: cutting-to-length;
bending and labeling
- Used on site for bar placing and
control
- Cfr infra
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Quantity survey
- Estimate cost of structural
elements
- Relation to total cost of building
- Compare tenders of several
contractors (detailed listings)
- Check evolution of on site
execution (and payment in
slices)
- Final claim after acceptance of
the construction
- Listing of all (structural)
elements: quantities and pricing
- Working with ratio’s
(reinforcement steel quantities
are estimated)
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Reinforced concrete
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straight bars
Steel characteristics
- Standard NBN A24-302
- Steel quality BE 500S; hot rolled steel “Tempcore”
- ribbed bars
- weldable
- bendability
- ρ = 7850 kg/m³
- fyk = 500 N/mm²
- ... (see course JVT)
welded wire fabric

- Nominal sections:
- ⊗6: Ω28 mm² 0,22 kg/m
- ⊗8: Ω50 mm² 0,39 kg/m
- ⊗10: Ω79 mm² 0,62 kg/m
- ⊗12: Ω113 mm² 0,89 kg/m
- ⊗16: Ω201 mm² 1,58 kg/m
- ⊗20: Ω314 mm² 2,47 kg/m
- ⊗25: Ω491 mm² 3,85 kg/m
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- ⊗14; 18; 32 ; 40
40
20
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Anchorage length
- linear relationship between bond stress
and concrete tensile strength
- sufficient anchorage length permits the

bond forces between steel and concrete to
be transmitted safely
- basic anchorage length:

⨂
-

- C30/37; BE500S:
- 36,25 40⨂
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Lap length
- anchorage length + transfer zone
- C30/37; BE500S:
- 50⨂
- penalizing:
- Bad pouring conditions
- Local concentration of splices
- fretting reinforcement
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Site conditions
- calculated as monolithic structure!
- offset bars: only link between 2 construction

phases
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Detailing of reinforcement
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Cutting
- standard length:
- roll if ⊗≤16
- Bars 12 or 14m if ⊗>16
- design parameters:
- concrete cover
- standard precision: 1 cm (cfr. formwork)
- bigger sections: economic approach: avoid cutting loss
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Bending
- standard bar bends
- standard 45°-90° hooks
- minimum mandrel diameter:
- 4⊗ if ⊗≤16
- 7⊗ if ⊗>16
- 2 important conditions:
- to avoid bending cracks in rebar
- to avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar
Source: TV217/NIT217 p.40 <BBRI>
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Calculations
- Simplified
- Center of element
- Defining Loadcase
- Defining section
- Check deformation
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- As ≥ 0,0015 b*d
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- As ≤ 0,04 Ac
Main reinforcement - d ≈ h – 5 cm
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- Stirrups always closed

Shear reinforcement 57
- Asw ≥ 0,0011 s*b
- s ≤ 300 mm
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Upper reinforcement
- Holding in place of shear
reinforcement
- Transport of reinforcement cage
- Minimum reinforcement for
crack control
- Anchorage of slab
reinforcement
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> 25% As,main

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- Reinforcement column
- Numbering
- Dimensions section <cm>
- Levels <m>
- Offset bars
- Vertical bars ≥ ⊗12

- As = Vertical reinforcement
section; Ac = concrete section
- As ≥ 0,003 Ac

- As ≥ 0,15
- As ≤ 0,04 Ac
- Rectangular column: minimum

4 vertical bars
- Round column: minimum 6
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vertical bars
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- Cross section column

- Minimal spacing s column ties:
- s ≤ 12x the smallest ⊗vert
- s ≤ the smallest dimension of the
column
- s ≤ 300 mm
- Minimal ⊗ column ties:

- ⊗ ≥ 6 mm if ⊗vert ≤ 20 mm
- ⊗ ≥ 8 mm if ⊗vert = 25 – 32 mm
- ⊗ ≥ 10 mm if ⊗vert = 40 mm
- The spacing is reduced with a

factor 0,6 above and below a
beam or slab
- The spacing is reduced with a
factor 0,6 near lapped joints
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- Placing in hardened slab - Placing in not so fresh concrete

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- Reinforcement wall
- Numbering
- Thickness <cm>
- Levels <m>
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- Offset bars
- Mesh wire fabric 66
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Detailing of openings
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Slab reinforcement
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Cross section
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10/10/2011

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

˃ 12/10/2011: Reinforced concrete: routine, drawings and detailing

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

» Fundamentals » Synthetical approach

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Applications: - Strength of materials Models serving as starting point

PRACTICE ORIGINATES FROM

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

» Understanding the skills of a

... being a team player 6

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Project team: key players

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

• Structural stability: no collapse

Responsabilities of the structural engineer

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

The life cycle of a project

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Project based design

- Call for tenders

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

» Developer: building program

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

» Architect: starts detailing his design

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Call for tenders

Engineering office: Developer

» Architect: prepares tender: architecturel drawings + detailing;

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

- Finishing - Reinforcement plans

- HVAC, plumbing, elec… General contractor - On site control

» Architect: finalizes drawings and detailing

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Sketches by John Monash

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

» Basis for execution of structural

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

Vertical cross sections

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

WBR Lect 1: RC routine, drawings and detailling

welded wire fabric