NAME: WALI CHIMZINUM

DATE: 12/05/2023
Part Five: Soil, types, formation and erosion
Did you know that livestock produces 21 times more feces than people but half is recycled back into the soil.
Did you know that livestock is responsible for 14% of the US topsoil loss?

1. How is soil formed?

2. It is the topmost part of the soil and it's formed from dead animals, etc.

3. What is the difference between physical, chemical and biological weathering?

4. The process of wearing or being worn by long exposure to the atmosphere.

5. What is a soil profile? and raw/explain the horizons.

6. Soil profile involves the interpretation of soil and its parts.

7. What are the 3 main types of soil?

8. Sandy, Clay & Loam.

5. What is soil degradation?

6. Soil degradtion involves reduction of soil.

7. How much (in %) is due to cropland agriculture? Deforestation? Overgrazing? Industrialization? And

other exploitations?

8. Deforestation involves felling of trees.

9. What is soil erosion?

10. Soil erosion involves when soil is eroded.

11. Explain splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion.

12. Splash erosion describes the impact of a falling raindrop, which can scatter tiny soil particles

as far as . 6 meters (2 feet). Sheet erosion describes erosion caused by runoff. Rill erosion

describes erosion that takes place as runoff develops into discrete streams (rills).

13. Explain the problems of each of the following on the quality of soil-

a. Desertification - Loss of biodiversity c. Salinization - Reduced crop productivity

b. Overgrazing - Erosion d. Waterlogging - Reduced plant growth

 e. soil leaching - Loss of nutrients in the

soil

Part Six: Agricultural Irrigation

1. What is crop irrigation?

2. Irrigation is the the controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to

supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall.

3. Crop irrigation involves the controlling of soil in order for plants to grow.

4. How much freshwater is used for crop irrigation?

5. You find fresh fishes and sea animals in the freshwater.

6. Describe each method and explain the benefits and drawbacks

a. drip irrigation - Drip irrigation involves through shallow, evenly spaced

placing tubing with emitters on the furrows. Furrows are made with a

ground alongside the plants. The hipper that forms parallel beds, and

emitters slowly drip water into the soil are usually spaced 30 or 38 inches

at the root zone. Because moisture apart. Water flows from a pump to

levels are kept at an optimal range, furrows in lay-flat plastic pipes.

d. spray irrigation - Sprinkler/spray

plant productivity and quality
irrigation is the method of applying
improve.
water to a controlled manner that is
b. flood irrigation - Flood irrigation
similar to rainfall. The water is
supplies water to a field through pipes
distributed through a network that
or ditches. Water flows over the ground
may consist of pumps, valves, pipes,
and through the crop. Levees and gates
and sprinklers. Irrigation sprinklers
are often used to control water depth.
can be used for residential, industrial,
In Missouri, flood irrigation is
and agricultural usage.
commonly used in rice fields by

cascade or side-let methods.

c. furrow irrigation - Furrow irrigation is a

method of supplying water to crops

7. What method of irrigation provides the least amount of erosion?

8. Sprinkler irrigation.
9. Ogallala Aquifer case study- Explain the problem we are facing with the Ogallala Aquifer and explain the reasons
10. Today the Ogallala Aquifer is being depleted at an annual volume equivalent to 18 Colorado Rivers. Although
precipitation and river systems are recharging a few parts of the northern aquifer, in most places nature
cannot keep up with human demands.