Libro Ingles N

INGLÉS
LIBRO
https://www.cemsa.edu.mx
ENGLISH 1 4
LESSON 1 4
UNIT 1. NUMBERS 4
UNIT 2. WRITING THE DATE 8
UNIT 3. DAYS AND MONTHS 10
UNIT 4. PERSONAL INFORMATION 12
LESSON 2 15
UNIT 1. FAMILY MEMBERS 15
UNIT 2. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 17
UNIT 3. OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS 19
UNIT 4. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 22
UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN PRESENT TENSE 26
LESSON 3 31
UNIT 1. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES 31
UNIT 2. THIRD PERSON 35
UNIT 3. AUXILIARY ‘DO’, ‘DOES’. 37
UNIT 4. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 39
LESSON 4 46
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY FOR BODY PARTS 46
UNIT 2. ‘WH’ QUESTIONS 52
UNIT 3. TIME EXPRESSIONS 54
UNIT 4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY 57
UNIT 5. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 63
ENGLISH 2 66
LESSON 1 66
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: SEASONS OF THE YEAR 66
UNIT 2. VOCABULARY: WEATHER 68
UNIT 3. DYNAMIC AND STATIVE VERBS 69
UNIT 4. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 73
UNIT 5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 80
LESSON 2 83
UNIT 1. DAILY, SCHOLAR AND WORK ACTIVITIES 83
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UNIT 2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 88

UNIT 3. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘for’ and ‘since’ 92
UNIT 4. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘yet’, ‘already’, ‘never’ and ‘ever’. 94
LESSON 3 97
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: FOOD 97
UNIT 2. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES: a / an / the 101
UNIT 3. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 106
UNIT 4. HOW MUCH / HOW MANY 109
UNIT 5. QUANTIFIERS: ‘a’ / ‘few’ / ‘a little’ / ‘some’ / ‘any. 111
LESSON 4 118
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: MEANS OF TRANSPORT 118
UNIT 2. VOCABULARY: TRAFFIC 119
UNIT 3. THERE IS / THERE ARE 121
ENGLISH 3 126
LESSON 1 126
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES 126
UNIT 2. COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY: ‘as…….as’ 129
UNIT 3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES 132
UNIT 4. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN PAST 138
UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE 142
LESSON 2 147
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: ENVIRONMENT 147
UNIT 2. PAST TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS 150
UNIT 3. AUXILIARY DID / DIDN’T 152
UNIT 4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE 154
UNIT 5. USED TO 160
LESSON 3 163
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: PLACES 163
UNIT 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES 164
UNIT 3. COMPOUND VERBS 168
UNIT 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 173
UNIT 5. PAST PERFECT TENSE 175
LESSON 4 180
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UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: SPORT ACTIVITIES 180

UNIT 2. IMPERATIVE VERBS 182
UNIT 3. MODAL VERBS 183
UNIT 4. LINKERS AND CONNECTORS 187
ENGLISH 4 195
LESSON 1 195
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: DESCRIBING PEOPLE 195
UNIT 2. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE 198
UNIT 3. IDIOMATIC FUTURE: be going to 203
UNIT 4. FUTURE TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS 206
LESSON 2 209
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 209
UNIT 2. ZERO CONDITIONAL: If + simple present 209
UNIT 3. FIRST CONDITIONAL: If + simple future ‘will’ 211
UNIT 4. SECOND CONDITIONAL: if + simple past 213
LESSON 3 216
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS 216
UNIT 2. THE UNREAL PAST 218
UNIT 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 221
UNIT 4. CAUSE AND EFFECT 223
LESSON 4 228
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: HEALTH 228
UNIT 2. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 231
UNIT 3. EXPRESSING LIKES AND PREFERENCES 233
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ENGLISH 1
LESSON 1
UNIT 1. NUMBERS
→ There are two types of numbers:
1. Cardinal numbers
2. Ordinal numbers
→ Cardinal numbers are mainly used for counting things. It refers to how many of
something there are, such as one, two, three… etc.

Example:
I have two brothers.
I ate one apple.
I am twelve years old.
→ Ordinal numbers are mainly used for order and sequence. It refers to the position of
something in a list.
→ Most ordinal numbers end in -TH except for:
● 1st → first
● 2nd → second
● 3rd → third
Example:
I won first place on the running race.
My birthday is on october 23th.
My office is on the tenth floor.
★ Easy tip to remember:
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→ The numbers from 13 to 19 always end up in teen.
→ The following numbers after 20 keep the first part of the word referring to the
corresponding amount (20, 30, 40 … 100, 1000, ...) and the second part of the word is
repetitive from 1 to 9 as shown in the table below.
→ 100 numbers are called hundreds
- 101: one hundred and one

- 102: one hundred and two
- 103: one hundred and three… etc
- 200 (two hundred), 300 (three hundred), 400 (four hundred)...etc
→ 1,000 numbers are called thousands
- 1,000 (one thousand)

- 2,000 (two thousand)
- 3,000 (three thousand)...etc
→ 1,000,000 numbers are called millions
➢ Study the following table:
CARDINAL ORDINAL
1 - one 23 - twenty three 1st - first 23rd - twenty third
2 - two 24 - twenty four 2nd - second 24th - twenty fourth
3 - three 25 - twenty five 3rd - third 25th - twenty fifth
4 - four 26 - twenty six 4th - fourth 26th - twenty sixth
5 - five ... 5th - fifth ...
6 - six 30 - thirty 6th - sixth 30th - thirtieth
7 - seven 31 - thirty one 7th - seventh 31st - thirty first
8 - eight 32 - thirty two 8th - eighth 32nd - thirty second
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9 - nine 33 - thirty three 9th - ninth 33th - thirty third
10 - ten 34 - thirty four 10th - tenth 34th - thirty fourth
11 - eleven 35 - thirty five 11th - eleventh 35th - thirty fifth
12 - twelve ... 12th - twelfth ...
13 - thirteen 40 - forty 13th - thirteenth 40th - fortieth
14 - fourteen 50 - fifty 14th - fourteenth 50th - fiftieth
15 - fifteen 60 - sixty 15th - fifteenth 60th - sixtieth
16 - sixteen 70 - seventy 16th - sixteenth 70th - seventieth
17 - seventeen 80 - eighty 17th - seventeenth 80th - eightieth
18 - eighteen 90 - ninety 18th - eighteenth 90th - ninetieth
19 - nineteen 100 - one hundred 19th - nineteenth 100 - hundredth
20 - twenty ... 20th - twentieth ...
21 - twenty one 1000 - one thousand 21st - twenty first 1000 - thousandth
22 - twenty two ... 22nd - twenty second ...
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Write the correct number according to the words written in the table
below.
Example:
Thirteen 13 One thousand and ten 1,010
Continue:
Eighteen One hundred and eleven
Twelve Three hundred and seventy-

four
Fifty-six Two thousand one hundred

and sixty-one
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Two hundred Seven hundred and eighty-

nine
Seventy-nine Sixteen thousand seven

hundred and ninety
Fourteen Five thousand four hundred

and fifty two
Ninety-two Nine hundred and eighty-four
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Write the correct name of the numbers shown below.
Example:
43 Forty-three 1,200 One thousand two hundred
Continue:
11 600
57 568
987 129
88 1,600
90 1,350
35 1,300,000
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UNIT 2. WRITING THE DATE
→ There are many different ways to write the date in English. The most important thing
to remember is that we must use ordinal numbers, as studied in the previous unit. The
format may vary from formal to informal, and there are differences between British and
American English. The following table shows some of the most used ways of writing the
date.
★ Key words:
Month = mes
Day = día
Year = año
Format American English British English

(month/day/year) (day/month/year)
A October the Fourteenth, 2020 the Fourteenth of October, 2020
B October 14th, 2020 14th of October, 2020
C October 14, 2020 14 October, 2020
D 10/14/2020 14/10/2020
→ In Mexico, we use the british format → day/month/year.
→ Generally, the longer formats, such as A or B, are more polite, since they show more
respect for the reader. On the other hand, shorter formats, such as D, are used in less
formal situations.
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the date according to the format requested.
Example:
● In format A write → Year: 2017, Day: 20, Month: 3.
○ American english: _____March the Twentieth, 2017_____.

○ British english: _____the Twentieth of March, 2017_____.
Continue:
● In format C write → Day: 25, Year: 2003, Month: 5

May 23, 2003
○ American english: _____________________________.
○ British english: ________________________________.
23 May, 2003
● In format B write → Month: 9, Year: 2013, Day: 31
○ American english: _____________________________.

September 31th, 2013
○ British english: ________________________________.
31th September, 2013
● In format A write → Year: 2001, Month: 12, Day: 2
○ American english: ____________________________.

December the Second, 2001
○ British english: _______________________________.

The Second of December, 2001
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UNIT 3. DAYS AND MONTHS
→ Days of the week:
ENGLISH SPANISH
Monday Lunes
Tuesday Martes
Wednesday Miércoles
Thursday Jueves
Friday Viernes
Saturday Sábado
Sunday Domingo
→ Months of the year:
ENGLISH SPANISH
January Enero
February Febrero
March Marzo
April Abril
May Mayo
June Junio
July Julio
August Agosto
September Septiembre
October Octubre
November Noviembre
December Diciembre
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the months in the correct order.
July December January March June September May October

February April November August
1st month of the year January
2nd month February
3rd month March
4th month April
5th month May
6th month June
7th month July
8th month August
9th month September
10th month October
11th month November
12th month December
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer correctly.
Sunday
1. What is the first day of the week? ___________________________.
May
2. April comes before _____________________.
Twelve
3. How many months does a year have? ________________________.
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4. What kind of numbers do we use for dates, cardinals or ordinals?

Ordinals
___________________________.
5. There are ___________

seven days in a week (how many?)
December
6. What is the twelfth month of the year? _____________________.
Thursday
7. What day comes after Wednesday? ________________________.
UNIT 4. PERSONAL INFORMATION
→ In this unit, we will learn the most common questions to ask about personal
information, to start a conversation and to know more general information.
★ Information questions:
→ Information questions are asked with the question words what, where, when, how,
why, and which. These questions require longer answers to provide the specific
information requested.
Traduction Question Possible answer
¿De donde eres? Where are you from? I’m from Mexico.
¿Qué hiciste ayer? What did you do I went to the movies with
yesterday? my family.
¿Qué tan difícil estaba el How hard was the exam? It was really hard.
examen?
¿Cuál de estos prefieres? Which of these do you I prefer the black one.
prefer?
¿Porque no fuiste a la Why you didn’t go to I was sick.

escuela? school?
¿Cuándo es la fiesta? When is the party? Is next friday.
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★ Questions to say Hello.
→ We ask these questions to say hello to somebody and to start a conversation.
Question Traduction
How are you? (formal) ¿Cómo estás?
How’s it going? (informal) ¿Cómo te va?
What’s up? (informal) ¿Qué hay de nuevo?
How you been? (informal) ¿Cómo has estado?
Example:
John: What’s up?
Mary: Nothing much. How are you?
John: I’m fine, thank you.
★ Questions to ask about personal information
Question Traduction
What is your name? ¿Cómo te llamas? / ¿Cuál es tu nombre?
What’s your first name? ¿Cuál es tu primer nombre?
What’s your surname*/family name? ¿Cuál es tu apellido? / ¿Cómo te apellidas?
How old are you? ¿Cuántos años tienes?
When were you born? ¿Dónde naciste?
Where are you from? ¿De donde eres?
Where do you live? ¿Dónde vives?
What’s your address? ¿Cuál es tu dirección?
What's your telephone number? ¿Cuál es tu número de teléfono?
What’s your email address? ¿Cuál es tu dirección de correo?
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Are you married? ¿Estás casado/a?
Are you single? ¿Estás soltero/a?
What do you do? / What’s your job? ¿En qué trabajas?
When is your birthday? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños?
What year were you born? ¿En qué año naciste?
Do you have any brothers or sisters? ¿Tienes hermanos o hermanas?
Do you have any children? ¿Tienes hijos?

* Surname refers to the last name of a person or its family name = apellido.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct question according to the answers given to you.
Example:
1. _____How old are you______?
- I am 23 years old.
Continue:
1. ___________________________________?
- No, I am not married.
2. ___________________________________?
- My surname is Rodriguez.
3. ___________________________________?
- I work at the supermarket.
4. ___________________________________?
- My name is Adrienne.
5. ___________________________________?
- I was born in Canada.
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6. ___________________________________?
- My birthday is on October 17th.
7. ___________________________________?
- I am a doctor.
8. ___________________________________?
- Yes, I have two sisters.
9. ___________________________________?
- My cellphone number is 786-989-897.
10. ___________________________________?
- I live in that yellow house down the road.
LESSON 2
UNIT 1. FAMILY MEMBERS
Family members Traduction Pronunciation
Parents padres (párents)

Mother/mom madre/mamá (móder)/(móm)
Father/dad padre/papá (fáder)(dád)
First-born primogénito (férst-bórn)
Children niños/hijos(plural) (children)
Only child hijo/a único/a (óunli cháild)
Son hijo (masculino) (són)
Daughter hija (femenino) (dóter)
Brother hermano (masculino) (bróder)
Sister hermana (femenino) (síster)
Siblings hermanos (Plural)
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Stepfather/stepdad padrastro (stép fáder)/(stép dád)

Stepmother/stepmom madrastra (stép móder)/(stép móm)
Stepson hijastro (stép són)
Stepdaughter hijastra (stép dóter)
Stepbrother hermanastro (stép bróder)
Stepsister hermanastra (stép síster)
Aunt tía (ant)

Uncle tío (ankl)
Cousin primo/a (kósin)
Niece sobrina (femenino) (níis)
Nephew sobrino (masculino) (néfiu)
Grandparents abuelos (gránd párents)

Grandmother abuela (gránd móder)
Grandfather abuelo (gránd fáder)
Granddaughter nieta (gránd dóter)
Grandson nieto (gránd són)
Grandchildren nietos (plural) (gránd children)
Great-grandparents bisabuelos (gréit- gránd párents)

Great-grandmother bisabuela (gréit gránd móder)
Great-grandfather bisabuelo (gréit gránd fáder)
Great-granddaughter bisnieta (gréit gránd dóter)
Great-grandson bisnieto (gréit gránd són)
Great-grandchildren bisnietos (gréit gránd children)
Godparents padrinos (god párents)

Godmother madrina (god móder)
Godfather padrino (god fáder)
Godson ahijado (god són)
Goddaughter ahijada (god dóter)
Husband esposo (jásband)

Wife esposa (uáif)
Father-in-law suegro (fáder in ló)
Mother-in-law suegra (móder in ló)
Daughter-in-law nuera (dóter in ló)
Son-in-law yerno (són in ló)
Brother-in-law cuñado (bróder in ló)
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Sister-in-law cuñada (síster in ló)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with correct family member.
Example:
● My mother's sister is my aunt .
Continue:
Son
1. My daughter's brother is my ________________.
Sister
2. My father's daughter is my _________________.
parents
3. My mom and dad are my __________________.
nephew
4. My sister's son is my _____________________.
5. My aunt's son or daughter is my Cousin .
6. My father's brother is my Uncle .
Grandfather
7. My mother's father is my ____________________.
8. My daughter's son is my Grandson .
9. My brother's daughter is my Niece .
10. My husband’s mother is my mother in law .
UNIT 2. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
→ A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular
person, in the grammatical sense.
GRAMMATICAL RULES:
First person ‘I’ (yo)
Second person ‘You’ (tú)
Third person ‘It, He, She’ (eso, él, ella)
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→ Personal pronouns may take on various forms depending on number (singular or
plural), gender, or formality.
→ It is important to note that personal pronouns may refer to objects, animals, or
people.
→ Personal pronouns provide us with the following information:
● The person – Who is speaking?

● The number – Is the pronoun plural or singular?
● The gender – Is the pronoun feminine, masculine, or neuter?
Example:
You need to stop laughing at me.
I like to eat sushi.
Look at my dog! He has climbed to the top of that tree.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer from the options in order to fill in the blanks
to complete the sentence. Use personal pronouns.
Example:
1. ___He____ is looking at me.
a. They
b. He
c. Steve
d. Who
Continue:
She
1. _________ likes to read a lot.
a. Mary
b. Whom
c. She
d. Alan
2. _________
He is from Canada.
a. He
b. They
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c. Mary
d. I
I
3. _________ like to go to the beach.
a. I
b. Diana
c. Who
d. My cat
She is an architect.
4. Monica isn’t an engineer, __________
a. They
b. He
c. She
d. Whom
They
5. __________ are my best friend.
a. They
b. Whom
c. Them
d. You
UNIT 3. OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
→ An objective pronoun is a type of personal pronoun and its function is to be the
object of a verb or preposition.
→ To find the object of a sentence, identify the nouns and verbs and mentally separate
them from the rest of the sentence. Both the subject and object of the sentence will be
nouns or pronouns.
○ A noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. Everything we can see or

talk about is represented by a word that names it. That "naming" word is
called a noun.
→ The subject will be the one doing the action the verb is describing.
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→ The object is the noun or pronoun receiving the action.
➢ Study the following table where we can see the comparison between subject and
object pronouns:
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
you you
they them
Example:
She loves him very much.
I borrowed her book.
They told us to wait here.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer from the options in order to fill in the blanks
to complete the sentence. Use objective pronouns.
Example:
Do you want to come to the party with ______us_____?
a. she
b. us
c. it
d. you
Continue:
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1. Sandy wants to talk to _____________ about the trip.

a. they
b. I
c. him
d. everybody
it
2. My cellphone is broken because I dropped ________ yesterday.
a. them
b. it
c. she
d. me
3. I asked __________
her to stay but she didn’t want to.
a. us
b. them
c. she
d. her
them
4. Andrew and Lola are really nice, did you invite ____________ to dinner?
a. they
b. them
c. we
d. you
me
5. She asked ___________ her
to wait for __________.
a. I / me
b. you / they
c. me / her
d. she / him
6. My grandmother’s cat scratched _____________.

me
a. they
b. he
c. me
d. we
us
7. The teacher told ____________ to be quiet.
a. we
b. she
c. us
d. I
him
8. A spider bit ___________ on his arm.
a. me
b. he
c. us
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d. him
9. Don’t worry about Sam and Sara, I will take care of ____________.
them
a. they
b. we
c. them
d. it
10. My mom didn’t let __________

me go out, so I stayed home.
a. him
b. her
c. me
d. us
UNIT 4. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
→ Possessive Adjectives are used to show possession.
Example:
I am your mother.
My parents live in Mexico City.
His brother is a doctor.
→ In the following table you will see the possessive adjectives depending on the
subject pronouns:
SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I My, mine
(yo) (mi, mis, mío)
You Your(s)
(tú) (tus, tuyo)
He His
(él) (su, sus de él)
She Her
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(ella) (su, sus de ella)
It Its
(eso) (su, sus de algo)
We Our
(nosotros) (de nosotros, nuestro/s/a/as)
You Your
(ustedes) (su, sus de ustedes)
They Their
(ellos) (su, sus de ellos)
→ Examples:
SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I have a dog That dog is mine

(yo tengo un perro) (ese perro es mío)
You have a book That book is yours

(tú tienes un libro) (ese libro es tuyo)
He has a pillow This is his pillow

(él tiene una almohada) (esta es su almohada)
She has a jacket This is her jacket

(ella tiene una chamarra) (esta chamarra es de ella)
Let me see It The dog uses its teeth to bite

(déjame ver eso) (el perro usa sus dientes para morder)
We have a house This is our house.

(nosotros tenemos una casa) (esta casa es de nosotros)
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You have a car This is your car

(ustedes tienen un carro) (este carro es de ustedes)
They have apples These are their apples

(ellos tienen manzanas) (estas manzanas son de ellos)
→ The structure of Saxon genitive (adjetivo posesivo anglosajón) or the possessive
form of the noun is used to show possession. The Saxon genitive is limited to people
and animal nouns.
★ Easy tip to remember:

→ The apostrophe ‘S is added to singular nouns.
→ Just the apostrophe ‘ is added to plural nouns.
Examples with singular nouns:

Ana is Emilio’s sister.
- (Ana es la hermana de emilio)
Luis is Emilio and Ana’s cousin. (joint ownership)
- (Luis es el primo de Emilio y Ana)
Martin’s and Daniel’s books are on the floor. (individual ownership)
Examples with plural nouns:

This is my parents’ house
- (esta es la casa de mis papás)
The lions’ meat
- (la carne del león)
→ The question word WHOSE is used to ask about possession.
Examples:
- Whose cell phone is this? - (¿De quién es este celular?)
- It’s Emilio’s. - (es de Emilio)
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- Whose family is this? - (¿De quién son familia)

- It’s Emilio’s family - (es familia de Emilio)
- It’s his family. - (es su familia)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using possessive adjectives. The
sentences are using subject pronouns, use the corresponding possessive pronoun to
complete the sentence.
Example:
I / job
This is ___my____ job.
Continue:
1- She / book
________
Her books are on the floor.
2- They / dog
________
Their dog is barking.
3. I / computer
I’m working on _________
mine computer.
4. You / sweater.
This is _________
yours sweater, don’t forget it.
5. He / girlfriend.
His
_________ girlfriend is very nice.
6. We / house
This is _________
our house, come in.
7. You / car (ustedes)

Your car is very fast.
________
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❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the questions correctly to the answers given to you.
Example:
Q: ___is this your calculator?__________
A: No, it is not my calculator.
Continue:
Whose
1. Q: ______________________________________
A: They are Alicia’s keys.
Is this the Antonio´s pen?

2. Q: ______________________________________
A: Yes, it’s Antonio’s pen.
Is she your mom?

3. Q: ______________________________________
A: No, she’s not my mom.
Is this the Sam´s car?

4. Q: ______________________________________
A: It’s Sam’s car.
Are they yours children?

5. Q: ______________________________________
A: Yes, they are my children.
UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN PRESENT TENSE
→ The verb ‘to be’ is the most important verb in the English language. It is difficult to
use because it is an irregular verb in almost all of its forms.
→ The verb "to be" in the simple present tense refers to a present or general state,
whether temporary, permanent or habitual. In Spanish the verb to be means ser/estar.
→ In English, the verb is always preceded by the personal pronoun (subject of the
sentence.)
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Subject Verb ‘to be’
I am
you are
he / she / it is
we / you / they are
VERB ‘TO BE’ IN AFFIRMATIVE FORM
subject + Verb ‘to be’ + rest of the sentence
ex. I am very happy today
Subject Full form Contraction In Spanish...
I am ‘m - (I’m) (Yo) soy/estoy
You are ‘re - (you’re) (Tú) eres/estás
He/she/it is ‘s - (he’s / she’s / it’s) (Él, ella, eso) es/está
We are ‘re - (we’re) (Nosotros/as) somos/estamos
You are ‘re - (you’re) (Ustedes) son/están
They are ‘re - (they’re) (Ellos) son/están
VERB ‘TO BE’ IN NEGATIVE FORM
subject + Verb ‘to be’ + not + rest of the sentence
ex. I am not very happy today
Subject Full form Contraction In Spanish...
I am not ‘m not - (I’m not) (Yo) no soy, estoy
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You are not aren’t (Tú) no eres, estás
He/she/it is not isn’t (Él, ella, eso) no es, está
We are not aren’t (Nosotros/as) no somos, estamos
You are not aren’t (Ustedes) no son, están
They are not aren’t (Ellos) no son, están
VERB ‘TO BE’ IN INTERROGATIVE FORM
Verb ‘to be’ + subject + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. am I happy today?
Full form Subject In Spanish...
am I? ¿Soy/estoy yo?
are You? ¿Eres/estás tú?
is He/she/it? ¿Es/está (Él, ella, eso)?
are We? ¿Somos/ estamos nosotros/as?
are You? ¿Son/están ustedes?
are They? ¿Son/están ellos/as?
❏ EXERCISE 1: Affirmative form.

INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks writing the correct form of the verb ‘to be’ in present.
Pay attention to the subject in the sentence.
Example:
It _____is____ a very cold day today.
Continue:
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am
1. I __________ at home now.
are
2. They ___________ from Korea.
3. She __________
is an English teacher.
are
4. Clara and Steve ______________ married.
is
5. My name ______________ Daniel.
are
6. They ___________ brothers.
are
7. We ____________ 20 years old.
is
8. My best friend ___________ very easygoing.
9. My brother __________
is blond.
am
10. I ____________ OK, thank you.
❏ EXERCISE 2: Negative form

INSTRUCTIONS: Write the negative form of the verb ‘to be’ in present to
complete the following sentences. You can write it either in full form or with
contraction.
Example:
We _____are not (aren’t)____ friends.
Continue:
1. Mary and Mark are not doctors.
2. Peter is not a football player.
3. Blue is not her favorite color.
4. Catherine is not from Italy.
5. The dogs are not white.
6. They are not English teachers.
7. My cat is not a dangerous animal.
8. The computer isn´t new.
9. The chairs aren´t old.
10. My mom ________________
is not at home.
❏ EXERCISE 3: Interrogative form.

INSTRUCTIONS: Formulate and write correctly the questions for the given
answers using the verb ‘to be’ in present.
Example:
you / a good singer?
___are you a good singer?______
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Continue:
1. She / twelve years old?
_____________________________________________
Is she 12 years old?
2. They / from England?

Are they from England?
_____________________________________________
3. Martha / a tennis player?

Is Martha a tennis player?
_____________________________________________
4. The dogs / under the table?

Are the dogs under the table?
_____________________________________________
5. The cat / in the garden?

Is the cat in the garden?
_____________________________________________
6. We / from the same family?

_____________________________________________
Are we from the same family?
7. Mariah Carey / your favorite pop star?

Is Mariah Carey your favorite pop star?
_____________________________________________
8. Your friends / at the party?

Are your friends at the party?
____________________________________________
9. He / sick?
Is he sick?
____________________________________________
10. You / good at school?

Are you good at school?
____________________________________________
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LESSON 3
UNIT 1. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
→ Common questions to ask about a person’s nationality:
- Where are you from?

- Where do you come from?
* It is very unusual to ask what is your nationality?
→ Structure:
SUBJECT + TO BE + FROM + CITY I am from Sydney.
SUBJECT + TO BE + FROM + COUNTRY I am from Australia.
SUBJECT + TO BE + NATIONALITY I am australian.
SINGLE PLURAL
Country Countries
Nationality Nationalities
→ In the following table, you will find some countries, its nationality and language.
➢ Study the this table:
COUNTRY NATIONALITY LANGUAGE

(país) (nacionalidad) (idioma)
Australia Australian English
Austria Austrian German
Afghanistan Afghan Dari (Persian) - Pashto
Belgium (Bélgica) Belgian French / Flemish
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Bolivia Bolivian Spanish
Brazil (Brasil) Brazilian Portuguese
Bulgaria Bulgarian Bulgarian
Canada Canadian English / French
Chile Chilean Spanish
China Chinese Chinese
Colombia Colombian Spanish
Czech Republic Czech Czech

(República Checa)
Denmark Danish Danish

(Dinamarca)
Ecuador Ecuadorian Spanish
Egypt Egyptian Arabic

(Egipto)
France French French

(Francia)
Finland Finnish Finnish

(Finlandia)
Germany German German

(Alemania)
Greece Greek Greek

(Grecia)
Hungary Hungarian Hungarian

(Hungría)
Italy Italian Italian
India Indian Hindi / English
Iraq Iraqi Arabic / Kurdish
Iran Iranian Persian
Ireland Irish Irish / English
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(Irlanda)
Israel Israeli Hebrew
Japan Japanese Japanese
Korea Korean Korean
Mexico Mexican Spanish
Norway Norwegian Norwegian

(Noruega)
Netherlands Dutch Dutch
New Zealand New Zealander English / Maori

(Nueva Zelanda)
Peru Peruvian Spanish
Poland Polish Polish

(Polonia)
The Philippines Philippine Tagalog / Filipino
Russia Russian Russian
Romania Romanian Romanian
Scotland Scottish English

(Escocia)
Spain Spanish Spanish

(España)
Slovakia Slovak Slovak
Sweden Swedish Swedish

(Suecia)
Switzerland Swiss French / German / Italian

(Suiza)
Turkey Turkish Turkish

(Turquía)
Ukraine Ukrainian Ukrainian
United States American English
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United Kingdom British English
Venezuela Venezuelan Spanish
Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese

* Recuerda que en el idioma inglés no existe el acento como en el español. Es por
esto, que notarás que países que llevan acento en español, no lo llevan en inglés.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the blank spaces using the grammatical structure for
countries and nationalities. Follow the example.
Example:
He Ukraine - He is Ukrainian
- He is from Ukraine
- He speaks Ukrainian
Continue:
1. I Sweden - I am Swedish
- I am from Swedem
- I speak swedish
2. You China - You are chinese

- You are from china
- You speak chinese
3. He Korean - He is korean
- He is from korea
- He speaks korean
4. She Egypt - She is egyptian

- She is from Egypt
She speaks arabic
-
5. They Vietnam - They are vietnamese

- They are from Vietnam
- They speak vietnamese
6. We Greece - We are greek

- We are from Greece
- We speak greek
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UNIT 2. THIRD PERSON
→ As we studied before, the personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
→ The term third person refers to someone else.
→ First person refers to the speaker himself or a group that includes the speaker and
second person refers to the speaker's audience.
→ First person: I and We

→ Second person: you
→ Third person: he, she, it and they.
→ With third person singular, the pronouns reflect gender.
- Masculine gender: He, him, his

- Feminine gender: She, her, hers
- Neuter gender: It, its
Example:
Third person Subjective case Objective case Possessive adjective
he/she/it him/her/it his/her/its

singular
ex. He is happy ex. I saw him ex. I have his jacket.
they them their

plural
ex. They are leaving ex. We like them ex. This is their house
★ Adding -s or -es.
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→ In the singular 3rd person (he, she, it) we must add -s at the end of the verb only if
the ending -y is preceded by a vowel.
- Vowel → vocal
- Consonant → consonante
Example:
To cry + she → she cries

To play + he → he plays
To fly + it → it flies
He speaks (él habla).
- Since there is a vowel before the last letter, we only add and -s at the end.
→ If the verb ends in -o preceded by a consonant, we will add -es at the end of the
verb.
Example:
She goes.
He does his homework.
→ If the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, we will add -es at the end of the verb.
Example:
To watch + she → she watches

To wash + he → he washes
To pass + it → it passes
To fix + she → she fixes
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Conjugate properly the following verbs using the third person rules.
Example:
to sing + she = _____she sings_____
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Continue:
He plays
1. to play + he = _____________________.
They ask
2. to ask + they = _____________________.
She cries
3. to cry + she = _____________________.
It flies
4. to fly + it = _____________________.
He enjoys
5. to enjoy + he = _____________________.
She reads
6. to read + she = _____________________.
It moves
7. to move + it = _____________________.
they travels
8. to travel + they = _____________________.
UNIT 3. AUXILIARY ‘DO’, ‘DOES’.
→ Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to
form a negative or yes/no questions.
→ The most common auxiliary verbs are:
● have
● be
● do
→ In this section, we will learn about the auxiliary verb do and does.
Subject Auxiliary verb ‘to do’
I / you / we / they do
he / she / it does
→ As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs
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★ Negative sentences with do not and does not

→ When creating negative sentences, we usually use the shortened forms: don’t and
doesn’t together with the base form of the verb.
→ If we want to create emphasis on what we are saying, we can use the long forms do
not or does not showing an emphasis on the ‘not’.
Subject Auxiliary verb ‘to do’
I / you / we / they don’t (do not)
he / she / it doesn’t (does not)
ex. We don’t know where is the museum
ex. She doesn’t eat meat.
★ Yes/No questions with Do and Does

→ We use the auxiliary verbs do and does with questions that its only answer would be
yes or no. We can also create negative questions (don’t, doesn’t).
Auxiliary verb ‘to do’ Subject
Do I / you / we / they
Does he / she / it
Don’t I / you / we / they
→ Structure:
Auxiliary verb (do, does) + subject + simple form verb + rest of the sentence + ?
38
ex. Do you want to go to the party?
ex. Does your sister go for a run every morning?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets ( ) to
complete the sentences.
Example:
I ____don’t like_____ italian food. (not like)
Continue:
doesn,t
1. My mom ________________ to the grocery shop everyday (not, go)
do
2. How many tickets ____________ you ____________?
need (need)
do
3. Which public transport __________ use
you ___________ to go to school? (use)
4. They __________________
don,t live in Mexico. (not, live)
don,t understand my maths homework (not, understand)
5. I ____________________
doesn,t like
6. My dog _________________ his food. (not, like)
Do
7. _____________ you ___________
want some bread? (want)
Does
8. ___________ he ____________
go to work everyday? (go)
Does
9. ___________ she ___________
work with you? (work)
10. They ________________
don,t like going out at night. (not, like)
UNIT 4. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
→ The simple present is a verb tense used to talk about habits, routine actions or
general information.
→ There are three forms of simple present: affirmative, negative and interrogative.
→ Structure:
39
AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + Verb in simple form + rest of the sentence
ex. you speak Spanish.
NEGATIVE
Subject + Auxiliary in negative (don’t/doesn’t) + Verb in simple form + rest of

the sentence
ex. you don’t speak Spanish.
INTERROGATIVE
Auxiliary (do/does) + Subject + Verb in simple form + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. do you speak Spanish?
★ Affirmative form of the simple present tense.
➢ REMEMBER:
→ In the affirmative form, we conjugate the verbs and use the auxiliary do or does in the
negative and interrogative forms.
→ Also remember the rules for the third person for the simple present tense in
affirmative form:
- We must add -s at the end of the verb only if the ending -y is preceded by a
vowel (play).
- If the verb ends in -o preceded by a consonant, we will add -es at the end of the
verb.
- If the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, we will add -es at the end of the verb.
Example:
40
Affirmative
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
You play
They play
★ Negative form of the simple present tense.
Long way Short way
I do not play I don’t play
You do not play You don’t play
He does not play He doesn’t play
She does not play She doesn’t play
It does not play It doesn’t play
We do not play We don’t play
You do not play You don’t play
They do not play They don’t play
★ Interrogative form of the simple present tense.
→ The interrogative form has two options, ask affirmatively or negatively.
41
→ Structure:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
- Long way
Aux. do/does + Subject + not + Verb in
Aux. do/does + Subject + Verb in simple simple form + rest of the sentence + ?
form + rest of the sentence + ?
- Short way
Aux. don’t/doesn’t + Subject + Verb in
simple form + rest of the sentence + ?
Example:
NEGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE
Long way Short way
Do I play? Do I not play? Don’t I play?
Do you play? Do you not play? Don’t you play?
Does he play? Does he not play? Doesn’t he play?
Does she play? Does she play? Doesn’t she play?
Does it play? Does it not play? Doesn’t it play?
Do we play? Do we not play? Don’t we play?
Do you play? Do you not play? Don’t you play?
Do they play? Do they not play? Don’t they play?
❏ EXERCISE 1: Affirmative form

INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences conjugating correctly the verbs
according to the subject in order to make affirmative statements in simple present.
Example:
- you / to collect / stamps:
42
______you collect stamps ____________
Continue:
1. We / to play / card games
__________________________________________
2. He / to read / comics
__________________________________________
3. Chris / to sing / in a rock band
__________________________________________
4. Lucas and Jane / to like / soda
__________________________________________
5. They / to help / their parents
__________________________________________
6. I / to buy / the newspaper everyday
__________________________________________
7. She / to be / nice
__________________________________________
8. I / to have / a hamster
__________________________________________
9. The plane / to fly / high
__________________________________________
10. You / to have / a cat
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__________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences in negative form.
Example:
- They play volleyball every week.
They _____do not_____ play volleyball every week.
Continue:
1. John is nice
John _____________ nice.
2. This car makes a lot of noise

This car ___________ a lot of noise.
3. I like computer games

I _____________ like computer games.
4. They speak English

They _____________ speak English.
5. He watches TV
He __________________ TV.
6. I am from Germany
___________ from Germany.
7. Anne paints every day

Anne _______________ every day.
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8. We are from Egypt

We _________________ from Egypt.
9. My cat is white
My cat __________________ white.
10. She likes to run

She ________________ to run.
❏ EXERCISE 3: Interrogative form

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using the words in brackets ( ) to
create an interrogative form.
Example:
- _____Do you walk ______ to school? (you / to walk)
Continue:
1. ______________ in England? (It / to rain)
2. ______________ parrots? (she / to like)
3. __________________ a room with her sister? (Wendy / to share)
4. __________________ to the same school? (They / to go)
5. __________________ our friends to the party? (We / to invite)
6. ________________ at the bus stop? (We / to wait)
7. ________________ to travel? (He / to like)
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LESSON 4
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY FOR BODY PARTS
→ In this unit we will be able to learn the name of some parts of our body. The tables will
be divided by sections starting from the upper body down to the lower body.
→ Also, we will learn some major bones of our skeleton and the main muscles and
organs.
➢ Please study and memorize the following tables.
head
(cabeza)
hair face forehead

(cabello) (cara) (frente)
ear(s) eyebrow(s) eye(s)

(oreja(s)) (ceja(s)) (ojo(s))
eyelid(s) eyelash(es) nose

(párpado(s)) (pestaña(s)) (nariz)
nostril cheek(s) lip(s)

(fosa nasal) (mejilla(s)) (labio(s))
mouth teeth / tooth wisdom tooth

(boca) (dientes / diente) (muela del juicio)
tongue jawline neck

(lengua) (mandíbula) (cuello)
body trunk
(tronco del cuerpo)
chest breasts (women) nipple(s)

(pecho) (pechos) (pezón(es))
belly abdomen / abs navel / belly button

(vientre/panza) (abdomen) (ombligo)
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hip(s) waist groin

(cadera) (cintura) (ingle)
back upper back lower back

(espalda) (espalda alta) (espalda baja)
arms
(brazos)
shoulder(s) elbow(s) forearm

(hombro(s)) (codo(s)) (antebrazo)
hand(s)
(mano(s))
wrist(s) palm finger(s)

(muñeca(s)) (palma) (dedo(s))
fingertip(s) thumb index finger

(yema del dedo) (pulgar) (dedo índice)
middle finger ring finger little finger

(dedo medio) (dedo anular) (meñique)
fingernail(s) knuckle(s) fist

(uña(s)) (nudillo(s)) (puño)
leg(s)
(pierna(s))
thigh(s) knee(s) calf

(muslo(s)) (rodilla(s)) (pantorrilla)
foot / feet
(pie / pies)
ankle heel instep

(tobillo) (talón) (empeine)
sole arch toe

(planta del pie) (arco del pie) (dedo del pie)
47
skeleton
(esqueleto)
bone(s) skull eye socket

(hueso(s)) (cráneo) (cuenca del ojo)
collarbone breastbone rib(s)

(clavícula) (esternón) (costilla(s))
rib cage pelvis hip bone

(caja torácica) (pelvis) (hueso de la cadera)
femur kneecap cervical vertebrae

(fémur) (rótula) (vértebras cervicales)
shoulder blade(s) spine tailbone

(omóplato(s)) (columna vertebral) (coxis)
cartilage ligament(s) tendon(s)

(cartílago) (ligamento(s)) (tendón(es))
muscle(s)
(músculo(s))
pecs bicep(s) tricep(s)

(pectorales) (bíceps) (tríceps)
abs obliques trapezius

(abdominales) (oblíquos) (trapecio)
quadriceps lumbar muscles glutes

(cuadríceps) (músculos lumbares) (glúteos)
48
organ(s)
(órgano(s))
brain throat heart

(cerebro) (garganta) (corazón)
lung(s) diaphragm stomach

(pulmón(es)) (diafragma) (estómago)
liver pancreas gall bladder

(hígado) (páncreas) (vesícula biliar)
kidney(s) small intestine large intestine

(riñón(es)) (intestino delgado) (intestino grueso)
spleen gall bladder kidney(s)

(bazo) (vesícula biliar) (riñón(es))
appendix bladder urethra

(apéndice) (vejiga) (uretra)
rectum uterus penis

(recto) (útero) (pene)
vagina veins arteries

(vagina) (venas) (arterias)
extras
eye bags beard dimple(s)

(ojeras) (barba) (hoyuelo(s))
freckle(s) gum(s) moustache

(pecas) (encia(s)) (bigote)
49
wrinkle(s) armpit(s) uvula

(arruga(s)) (axila(s)) (campanilla)
sense(s)
(sentido(s))
smell see hear

(oler) (ver) (escuchar / oír)
taste touch feel

(probar / saborear) (tocar) (sentir)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct answer in order to complete the following
sentences.
1. I have five fingers in my ________________.

a. face
b. arms
c. hand
d. toes
2. I have five toes in my _______________.

a. hands
b. foot
c. feets
d. legs
3. I can smell with my _______________.

a. mouth
b. ears
c. nose
d. lungs
4. I can hear with my ________________.

a. lips
b. teeth
50
c. ears
d. cheeks
5. I can taste with my ___________________.

a. tooth
b. lips
c. mouth
d. tongue
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct name of the body parts in the images below.
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________
4. _________________ 5. _________________ 6. _________________
51
7. _________________ 6. _________________ 9. _________________
10. _________________ 11. _________________ 12. _________________
UNIT 2. ‘WH’ QUESTIONS
→ The ‘WH’ questions are used to ask certain types of questions, they are also called
question word questions. The name ‘WH’ is because they all include these letters two
letters → why, how, where, etc…
→ The following table shows all kind of WH questions, its function and example.
➢ Please study this table:
‘WH’ question Function Example
WHAT Asking for information, What is your name?

(qué) repetition or confirmation. What? I don’t hear you.
WHEN Asking about time When did that happen?

(cuándo)
WHERE Asking for a specific place Where is the park?

(dónde) or position
WHICH Asking about choice Which one do you prefer?

(cuál, cuáles)
WHO Asking about a person Who is she?

(quién)
WHOSE Asking about possession or Whose keys are these?
52
(de quién es) ownership
WHY Asking for an explanation or Why are we going that way?

(porque) a reason
HOW Asking about quality, How is school?

(cómo) condition or manners. How are you?
HOW FAR Asking for distance How far is the school from
(qué tan lejos) your house?
HOW LONG Asking for length How long are we staying

(que tanto tiempo, que tan (time/space) here?
lejos…)
HOW MANY Asking countable quantity How many birds are there?
(cuánto)
HOW MUCH Asking uncountable quantity How much water do I have

(cuánto) to drink?
HOW OLD Asking about age How old are you?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the corresponding WH question according to the answers given
in the sentences below. Follow the example.
Example:
___where___ do you live? - I live in México
Continue:
1. __________ is he? - he’s my brother.
2. __________ are you? - I’m 23 years old.
3. __________ is your favorite color? - my favorite colour is blue.
4. __________ of these do you prefer? - I prefer the white one.
5. __________ do you work? - my work is across the street.
6. __________ are you leaving? - I leave in 10 minutes.
❏ EXERCISE 2
53
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the proper question according to the answer given to you.
Follow the example.
Example:
He had pizza for dinner
_____what did he eat for dinner? ________
Continue:
1. There are five cars in the garage.
__________________________________________________
2. The bar is just five minutes away.
__________________________________________________
3. I am going to a party tonight, and you?
_________________________________________________
4. She is 7 years old.
__________________________________________________
5. They are my keys.
__________________________________________________
6. The mall is at the end of the street.
__________________________________________________
7. Dave is in the bathroom.
__________________________________________________
UNIT 3. TIME EXPRESSIONS
→ Time expressions are used when we want to know:
● The specific time of an event or,

● The frequency of an action
→ They answer to the questions: when?, how often? and what time?. To answer these
questions, we must use adverbs of frequency as we studied previously.
54
→ As we can see, the adverbs of frequency, the ‘WH’ questions and time expressions
are highly related, but we must learn how to use them properly in a sentence. The main
difference between these three topics is that, the ‘WH’ questions give emphasis to more
general questions; whereas time expressions and adverbs of frequency refer to time
specifically.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
How often? ¿Cada cuanto? ¿Con qué frecuencia?
When? ¿Cuándo?
What time? ¿A qué hora?
STRUCTURE
Time expression + Auxiliary verb (do) + Verb in simple present
Example:
1. How often do you go for a run? (time expression)
a. I go for a run twice a week (adverb of frequency)
2. When do you run?
a. I go fo run on Wednesdays and Fridays
3. At what time do you go for a run?

a. I go for a run at 7 am.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct answer depending on the question or answer
given to you. Follow the example.
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Example:
1. Question: ____how often____ do you go to the beach?
Answer: I go to the beach twice a year.
a. how long
b. when
c. yesterday
d. how often
2. Answer: The president has been in charge for the last five years
Question: _____how long has the president been in charge?________
a. how long has the president been in charge?

b. when did the president got in charge?
c. at what time the president go to work?
d. did the president went to work the last five years?
Continue:
1. Question: ______________ did you were born?
Answer: I was born on October 17th
a. how long
b. when
c. how often
d. how
2. Question: _______________ do you visit your grandmother?

Answer: I visit my grandmother twice a week
a. how often
b. when
c. yesterday
d. how long
3. Answer: I go to the gym everyday

Question: _____________________________________
a. at what time do you go to the gym?

b. how long do you go to the gym?
c. how often do you go to the gym
d. what do you do at the gym?
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4. Answer: I start classes at 7am.

Question: ___________________________________
a. how long are your classes?

b. at what time do you start classes?
c. how often do you go to class?
d. do you go to school?
5. Question: _________________ do you come back from the beach?

Answer: Tomorrow
a. how long
b. at what time
c. when
d. how often
UNIT 4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
→ The adverbs of frequency are those that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence
by telling us how often or how frequently something happens.
→ Adverbs of frequency always describe how often something occurs, either in definite
or indefinite terms.
→ They are also used to indicate routine or repeated activities, so they are often used
with the present simple tense.
★ Types of adverbs of frequency:

1. Indefinite frequency → the exact frequency is not defined.
2. Definite frequency → the exact frequency of the action is defined.
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★ Indefinite frequency
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
Subject + Adverb of frequency + Main verb + rest of the sentence.
ej. I usually shop for groceries on Sunday Morning
ej. We seldom go to the beach
LIST OF ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:

Indefinite frequency
Always Frequently Later Often Sometimes

(siempre) (frecuente) (luego, (a menudo) (a veces)
más tarde)
Constantly Generally Never Rarely Soon

(constante) (nunca) (rara vez) (pronto)
Eventually Hardly ever Normally Regularly

(eventual) (casi nunca)
Ever Infrequently Occasionally Seldom

(nunca) (poca (rara vez)
frecuencia)
★ How frequent?
→ With the help of the following table, you will be able to visualize better how to
properly use the adverbs of frequency depending on how often the actions happen.
➢ Please study the following table.
Frequency Adverbs of Frequency
100% Always
90% Almost always, usually
80% Frequently, normally
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70% Often
50% Sometimes
30% Occasionally
10% Almost never, seldom
5% Hardly ever
0% Never
★ The position of the adverb in a sentence:
→ An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with the verb to be).
- Subject + adverb + main verb

- Example: Tom always takes the bus
→ An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.
- Subject + verb to be + adverb

- Example: They are never pleased to see me.
→ When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the
adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This also applies for the verb
to be.
- Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

- Example: They might never see each other again.
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→ When using an adverb of frequency in the negative or in interrogative form, place the
adverb before the main verb.

- Example: Do you usually get up so late?
★ Tips to remember
→ We can use the following adverbs at the beginning of a sentence:
○ Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

● Example: Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.
→ We cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:
○ Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.
→ We use ‘hardly ever’ and ‘never’ with positive, not negative verbs:
● Example: She hardly ever goes to the beach.

● Example: They never stay to have dinner.
→ We use ‘ever’ in questions and negative statements:
● Have you ever been to London?

● I haven't ever been to Switzerland.
★ DEFINITE FREQUENCY
→ There are three different ways to express frequency with definite frequency adverbs:
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
1. Number + Times + A + Time period
example. Twice a day
2. Every + Number + Time period
example. Every two days
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3. Every +Time period
example. Every week
LIST OF ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:

Definite frequency
Annually / Yearly Monthly Once Twice

(anual) (mensual) (una vez) (dos veces)
Daily Next Quarterly Weekly

(diario) (siguiente) (trimestral) (semanal)
Every day Nightly Today Yesterday

(todos los días) (cada noche) (hoy) (ayer)
Hourly Now Tonight

(cada hora) (ahora, ahorita) (esta noche)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences putting the adverbs of frequency in
the correct position. Follow the example.
Example:
I have been to Australia (never): ______I have never been to Australia ______
Continue:
1. Have you been to Canada? (ever):
____________________________________________________
2. Dan watches TV (hardly ever):
____________________________________________________
3. They don’t go to the beach (always):
____________________________________________________
4. We have meat for dinner (seldom):
____________________________________________________
5. It rains in California (never):
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____________________________________________________
6. He plays tennis on the weekend (sometimes):
____________________________________________________
7. Ana doesn’t go for a run in the mornings (usually):
____________________________________________________
8. She visits her grandmother (rarely):
____________________________________________________
9. He goes to the doctor (constantly):
____________________________________________________
10. They go skiing (often):
____________________________________________________
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the right answer.
Example:
Samuel goes to the gym _____twice_____ a week.
a) one b) in c) twice d) three weeks
Continue:
1. I go the dentist once ____________________.
a) in month b) month c) on the month d) a month
2. Chris goes on vacation __________________.

a) every year b) in a years c) on the year d) a year
3. My mother goes to the grocery shop __________________.

a) a week one b) weekly c) two times a year d) in a year
4. Daniel exercises __________________.

a) yesterday b) in a month c) daily d) once tomorrow
5. I am visiting my grandmother ____________ week.
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b) tomorrow b) next c) in the morning d) every once
UNIT 5. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
→ Prepositions of place are used to refer to a place where something or someone is
located. There are three main prepositions of place, however they can be used to
discuss an almost endless number of places:
● At – it refers to a certain point
● In – it refers to an enclosed space → position for spaces with limitations
● On – it refers to a surface or a position just above or outside an area.
Examples:
AT IN ON
at school in a bar on the floor
at the top in my car on the wall
at the bottom in a taxi on the menu
at work in Canada on a plane
at my grandma’s house in my pocket on the radio
at the hotel in a building on TV
at home in a box on the bus
● Some other prepositions of place...
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BEHIND BELOW NEXT TO
IN FRONT OF BETWEEN
ABOVE
ON
NEAR
IN
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the correct place preposition: IN, ON, AT.
Example:
My dog is sleeping ___ON___ the carpet.
Continue:
1. Her cup of coffee is ____________ the table.
2. I’m living ____________ Russia.
3. The market is __________ the corner of Johnson street.
4. I usually buy breakfast _______________ my way to work.
5. I will meet you _____________ the end of the road.
6. My cellphone is __________ my bag.
7. Julia is ____________ school.
8. She’s swimming ____________ the ocean.
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9. I put the bananas _____________ the bowl __________ the kitchen.

10. There is nothing to see _______________ TV tonight.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the right answer according to the images below.
Example:
The cat is ____behind____ the plant:
a. under
b. behind
c. on
1. The dog is ___________ the cat:

a) at b) on c) next to
2. The cat is ___________ the car:

a) in front of b) above c) behind
3. The cat is ___________ the house and the tree:

a) in b) over c) between
4. The cat is ___________ the table:

a) on b) under c) next to
5. The cat is ___________ the cat:

a) near b) above c) in
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6. The is elephant is ___________ the cat:
a) above b) next to c) at
7. The fireplace is ___________ the cat:

a) at b) next to c) below
ENGLISH 2
LESSON 1
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: SEASONS OF THE YEAR
→ A Season (estación) is one of the four periods of the year which are characterized
by particular conditions of weather, temperature, etc. A year has four seasons with its
own characteristics and each season last three months.
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Name of the season Characteristics
Hot and sunny

High temperature
SUMMER
(verano) People usually go to the
beach on summer
holidays.
It’s windy, cloudy and

AUTUMN often cold.
or FALL
(otoño) Leaves fall from the trees
It’s a cold weather, it

WINTER snows, it’s often rainy and
(invierno) cloudy.
It’s warm and sunny.

SPRING Leaves and plants grow.
(primavera) Trees are full of beautiful
flowers and colors.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer choosing the words from the
box below.
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spring winter autumn summer
1. My family and I go to the beach every __________________.

2. I love _____________ season because flowers grow again.
3. I stay home during ______________ because I don’t like cold weather.
4. I enjoy watching the floor full of tree leaves, that’s why I like _____________.
UNIT 2. VOCABULARY: WEATHER
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn some weather-related vocabulary.
➢ Please study the following table
avalanche blizzard breeze

(avalancha) (tormenta de nieve) (brisa)
chilly cloudy cool

(frío) (nublado) (frío)
drizzling drought flood

(llovizna) (sequía) (inundación)
fog / foggy forecast freezing cold

(niebla) (pronóstico) (frío helado)
hail heat stroke heat wave

(granizo) (golpe de calor) (ola de calor)
humid / humidity hurricane lighting

(humedad) (huracán) (rayo de luz)
puddle rain rainy

(charco de agua) (lluvia) (lluvioso)
sleet smog snow

(aguanieve) (smog / niebla tóxica) (nieve)
snowy snowstorm sun

(nevado) (tormenta de nieve) (sol)
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sunshine sunny thunder

(luz del sol) (soleado) (trueno)
thunderstorm tornado / cyclone wind / windy

(tormenta) (tornado / ciclón) (viento / ventoso)
UNIT 3. DYNAMIC AND STATIVE VERBS
→ Verbs in english are classified in two: dynamic and stative verbs.
→ "Dynamic" is an adjective which means something is moving or changing. In
grammar, dynamic verbs, are also known as ‘action verbs’ because they are used to
describe actions or things that happen. On the other hand, stative verbs refer to a state
or a condition rather than an action, which is not likely to change or will not change.
➢ Study the following tables:
DYNAMIC VERBS
talk eat go drink listen speak
say work cook grow read watch
run play listen sleep walk write
STATIVE VERBS
Feelings: Thoughts / Measure, Senses: Possession:

opinions cost, others
like know cost feel belong
dislike think measure hear own
love understand weigh see have
satisfy believe owe smell
wish guess seem sound
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hate recognise be taste
prefer mean appear touch
want suppose consist look
need doubt fit
mind remember contain
care forget
please agree
impress agree / disagree
surprise promise
astonish prefer
Example:
Dynamic verb Type Example
listen action I’m listening to music right now.
grow process My plant keeps growing
hit temporary action I hit my head with the ceiling
→ Dynamic verbs can be used in simple, perfect and continuous form such as plays,
played, has played, had played, is playing, was playing, etc...
Stative verb Type Example
love perception I love travelling.
own relation I own two dogs.
hate perception I hate spiders.
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★ Remember:
● We CANNOT use stative verbs in continuous forms because they are states or
conditions, not actions, therefore it must always be in simple form.
★ Some verbs can be both dynamic and stative verbs:

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❏ EXERCISE 1:
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer according to the verb given.
Example
1. listen
a. stative
b. dynamic
Continue:
1. paint
a. stative
b. dynamic
2. want
a. stative
b. dynamic
3. jump
a. stative
b. dynamic
4. write
a. stative
b. dynamic
5. smell
a. stative
b. dynamic
6. read
a. stative
b. dynamic
7. change
a. stative
b. dynamic
8. remember
a. stative
b. dynamic
9. grow
a. stative
b. dynamic
10. understand
a. stative
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b. dynamic
UNIT 4. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

→ A gerund is a verb in its ‘ING’ form. It functions as a noun to address an activity
rather than a person or a thing.
★ Tips to remember!
→ Any action can be made into a gerund
● Add -ing to most verbs
○ example: play → playing
○ read → reading
○ cry → crying
● For verbs that end in -e, remove the ‘e’ and just add -ing.
○ example: slide → sliding
○ ride → riding
● For verbs that end in -ie, change the ie to ‘y’ and add -ing.
○ tie → trying
○ die → dying
● For verbs whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant,

double the last letter before adding -ing.
○ beg → begging
○ begin → beginning
★ Gerund applications:
1. Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when is used as a subject:
example: Painting is my favorite hobby.
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2. Gerund verbs can act as an object following the verb:

example: Regina quit smoking three years ago.
3. Gerunds can serve as an object preposition:

example: I look forward to visiting my grandmother this weekend.
➢ NOTE: some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed by a gerund:
example: Bill avoids using his credit card if he doesn’t need it.
4. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without changing the

meaning of the sentence:
ex: I am a morning person, I prefer getting up really early in the morning.
ex: I am a morning person, I prefer to get up early in the morning.
5. Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
ex: He remembered sending the email to his aunt.
(meaning: he remembered the act of send the email)
ex: He remember to send the email to his aunt.
(meaning: he remembered the email and sent it.)
★ What are infinitives?
→ An infinitive is the base form of a verb that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence.
→ Structure:
to + base form of the verb
Example:
■ the zero infinitive = base → RUN
■ the ‘to’ infinitive = to + base → TO RUN
→ The negative form of an infinitive has the following structure:
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not + any form of the infinitive
Example:
- I decided not to go to work today
- He asked me not to be late
- I’d like you not to talk so loudly
- I probably not come
★ Infinitive application:
→ Infinitives can be used as:
1. An object following the verb:

example: Jim always forgets to eat breakfast.
2. A subject at the beginning of a sentence:

example: To exercise daily requires a lot of commitment.
3. An adverb modifying a verb:

example: You promised to call me this weekend.
4. An adjective modifying a noun:

example: Veronica has the ability to win.
5. Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:

example: Do you want to go to the mall now?
6. Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in

meaning:
example: Will you continue exercising after your injury?
Will you continue to exercise after your injury?
7. Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in

meaning:
example: She stopped drinking coffee.
(meaning: he never drank coffee again)
example: She stopped to drink coffee
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(meaning: he stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee)
★ Remember:
➢ The following table show some verbs that are normally followed by gerunds:
example: They enjoyed working on the studio.
admit delay finish permit resist
advise deny forbid postpone resume
appreciate detest get through practice risk
avoid dislike have quit spend (time)
can’t help enjoy imagine recall suggest
complete escape mind report toleate
consider excuse miss resent waste (time)
➢ Verbs that are normally followed by infinitives
example: She agreed to talk to me before her class.
agree consent have offer say
appear continue hesitate ought shoot
arrange decide hope plan start
ask deserve hurry prefer stop
attempt dislike intend prepare strive
be able expect leave proceed swear
beg fail like promise threaten
begin forget love propose try
care get mean refuse use
choose happen neglect remember wait
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➢ Verbs that are followed by gerunds and infinitives:
stand start quit continue hate
like try regret love prefer
propose stop remember begin bear
❏ EXERCISE 1:
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the gerund form (-ing) of the verbs in the brackets
( ).
Example:
I am very good at ____dancing____ (dance)
Continue:
1. I don’t like ______________ (play) darts.
2. Claudia is afraid of _______________ (swim) in the ocean.
3. You should stop ___________________ (smoke).
4. He enjoys _______________ (sing) all the time.
5. I am interested on ______________ (take) this job.
6. She was ______________ (dream) before I woke her up.
7. You should start ________________ (make) friends.
8. Mariana dreams of _________________ (be) famous one day.
9. I enjoy__________________ (eat).
10. My cousin is ________________ (cook) dinner in the kitchen.
❏ EXERCISE 2:
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct gerund or infinitive to complete the sentences:
Example:
I like ____to wake up____early every morning.
a. to wake up
b. be wake up
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Continue:
1. My mom likes ______________ people out to dinner.
a. inviting
b. to invite
2. Lola hates _____________ with her husband.

a. fight
b. to fight
3. Don’t waste time _______________ and do your homework.

a. complaining
b. to complain
4. I am having a hard time trying __________________.

a. concentrating
b. to concentrate
5. Don’t forget _______________ Dalia on your way home.

a. to pick up
b. to picking up
6. Allow me ________________ you while you are eating.

a. joining
b. to join
7. Kevin doesn’t like ________________ bikes.

a. to ride
b. riding
8. I saw Karen ________________ yesterday.

a. to cry
b. crying
9. Wait for me! I am _______________ my shoelaces.

a. to tie
b. tying
10. My grandmother loves _________________every sunday.

a. baking
b. to bake
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❏ EXERCISE 3:
INSTRUCTION: Put the following sentences in the correct order.
Example:
1. classic / My / likes / mother / to / music. / listening
___ My mother likes listening to classic music_______
Continue:
1. his / father’s / car. / Ana / washing / hates
________________________________________________
2. emails. / writing / I / like / long / don’t

________________________________________________
3. travelling / friend / by / loves / My / plane. / father’s

________________________________________________
4. Tom / to / loves / dance.

________________________________________________
5. doesn’t / early. / sister / My / getting / up / like

________________________________________________
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UNIT 5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
→ The present continuous, also called present progressive, is a verb tense used to
show that an ongoing action is happening now, either at the moment of speech or now
in a larger sense. The present continuous can also be used to show that an action is
going to take place in the near future.
Example:
Statement: You are watching TV.
Question: Are you watching TV?
Negative: You are not watching TV.
→ Structure:
In the following tables, we can see the different structures of the present continuous
tense depending on the form we are speaking: affirmative, negative or interrogative.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: AFFIRMATIVE
Subject + Verb ‘to be’ + Verb in -ing
Example: He is playing - (él está jugando)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: NEGATIVE
Subject + Verb ‘to be’ + (NOT) + Verb in -ing
Example: He is not playing - (él no está jugando)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: INTERROGATIVE
Verb ‘to be’ + Subject + Verb in -ing + ?
Example: Is he playing? - (¿él está jugando?)
★ Remember!
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→ The verb ‘to be’ refers to am / is / are
● When to use the present continuous tense?
→ Use it with the appropriate “to be” verb and a dynamic verb. As we studied in the
previous unit, the dynamic verbs show action and/or process.

(Go back to the dynamic verbs examples if needed)
● When not to use the present continuous tense?
→ Do not use it with stative verbs. Stative verbs show a state of being that does not
show qualities of change. These verbs can only be used typically in the simple present
tense.
(Go back to the stative verbs examples if needed)

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using the present continuous tense
in affirmative form.
Example
We _____are sitting______ (sit) on the train.
Continue:
1. You ______________ (use) my jacket.
2. My father _______________ (wash) his car.
3. We ________________ (study) at the library.
4. They _______________ (go) to the movies tonight.
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5. I _________________ (visit) Danielle next week.

INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using the present continuous tense
in negative form.
1. It __________________ (not / rain) today.

2. He _________________ (not / is) in the football team.
3. They ________________ (not / go) to the festival tonight.
4. She ________________ (not / like) to swim.
5. Angela ______________ (not / is) in her room.

INSTRUCTIONS: Rewrite the following sentences in the present continuous tense in
interrogative form.
Example:
Angela is going to the movies.
______Is Angela going to the movies?________
Continue:
1. They are playing a game.
____________________________________________________
2. She is watching TV.

____________________________________________________
3. They are cleaning the windows.

____________________________________________________
4. I am dreaming.
____________________________________________________
5. They are listening to the radio.

____________________________________________________
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LESSON 2
UNIT 1. DAILY, SCHOLAR AND WORK ACTIVITIES
★ Daily activities:
→ The activities of a daily living are a series of basic activities that an individual do and
are considered necessary. The routines of daily activities may vary among people
according to their different lifestyles. Here are some examples of the most common daily
activities.
Examples:
1. Wake up. (despertar)

2. Get up from bed. (levantarse de la cama)
3. Take a shower. (bañarse)
4. Get dressed. (vestirse)
5. Have breakfast. (desayunar)
6. Brush my teeth. (cepillarse los dientes)
7. Go to work / school. (ir al trabajo / escuela)
8. Have lunch. (almorzar / comer)
9. Arrive home from work. (llegar a casa después del trabajo)
10. Exercise. (ejercitarse)
11. Have dinner. (cenar)
12. Watch TV. (ver TV)
13. Read a book. (leer un libro)
14. Go to bed / go to sleep. (ir a la cama / ir a dormir)
★ Leisure activities (hobbies).
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→ Leisure activities are all those activities people do in their free time or weekends.
They are never work related and don’t involve home chores, tasks, homework or any
other kind of responsibility.
Examples:
Go to the cinema
Go to the movies Watch TV Write
Spend time with family Go out with friends Go to the museum
Play video games Play a music instrument Go to the park
Listen to music Read a book Go shopping
Cooking Arts and crafts Gardening
Bowling Go to the beach

Play a sport
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Camping Travel
Knitting
★ Scholar activities
→ School subjects:
- Business studies (estudios empresariales)

- Drama (teatro)
- Economics
- Geography
- History
- Mathematics
- Physical education
- Religious studies
- Sciences
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Physics
→ Common school activities:
Examples:
1. Go to school. (ir a la escuela)
2. Go to class. (ir a clases)
3. I have maths class. (tengo clase de matemáticas)
4. Pay attention in class. (poner atención en clases)
5. Have homework to do. (tener tarea que hacer)
6. Do research. (hacer investigaciones)
7. Go to the library. (ir a la biblioteca)
8. Have teamwork. (tener trabajo en equipo)
9. I have 7 subjects. (tener 7 materias)
10. I present my project tomorrow. (presento mi proyecto mañana)
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→ Education vocabulary
- Boarding school (internado)

- Cheat (verb) (hacer trampa, copiar)
- Coursework (cursos, materias)
- Enrol (verb) to enrol (inscribirse ej. a un curso, clase, materia, etc)
- School subject (materia)
- University graduate (graduado universitario)
- University degree / university qualification (título universitario)
- Primary / elementary education (educación primaria)
- Secondary education (educación secundaria)
- Higher education / high school (preparatoria)
- College / university (universidad)
★ Work activities examples

Examples:
1. Go to work everyday. (ir al trabajo todos los días)
2. Check some emails. (checar correos)
3. Reply to important emails. (responder correos importantes)
4. Have a meeting. (tener una junta)
5. Work on the computer. (trabajar en la computadora)
6. File papers. (archivar papeles)
7. Organise files. (organizar archivos)
8. Make important phone calls. (hacer llamadas importantes)
9. Organise tomorrow’s meeting. (organizar la junta de mañana)
10. Report to the boss. (reportarle al jefe)
11. Write today’s report. (escribir el reporte de hoy)
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Write the correct word from the word bank in the blank spaces.
Geography files wake up
enrolled degree meeting
cheat breakfast Mathematics
1. In _________________ class we learned the main important rivers of the world.

2. My favorite subject is __________________. I am very good with numbers.
3. She tried to ________________ on her exam but her teacher took her exam
away.
4. Only students who are ______________________ on this course may enter the
classroom.
5. To work for this company you will need a college _________________.
6. I _______________ every morning at 6 am.
7. I eat _________________ before going to work.
8. I have to go through all these __________________, organise them and give
them to my boss.
9. I will have to arrange a ________________ to discuss important aspects about
the company.
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UNIT 2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
→ The present perfect is a verb tense used to talk about an action that has taken place
once or many times before. This tense is more used to talk about experiences or
changes that have taken place.
→ We use the present perfect to talk about an action that happened at an unspecified
time before now. That exact time is not important.
→ We cannot use this tense with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one
year ago, last week, that day, etc.
→ We can use it with unspecified time expressions such as: ever, never, once, many
times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Example:
I think I have seen her before.
Have you ever read this book?
I have never been to France.
→ Present perfect tense structure:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Subject + have/has + verb in past participle + rest of the sentence
ex. We have seen that movie many times before.
NEGATIVE FORM
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Subject + have/has + not + verb in past participle + rest of the sentence
ex. We have not seen that movie before.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
have/has + Subject + verb in past participle + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. Have we seen that movie before?
★ Using present perfect: for experience

→ We use it when we want to describe our experience or to say that we have never had
a certain experience.
→ The present perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Example:
I have been to Australia twice before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joana has studied two foreign languages.
★ Using present perfect: change over time

→ We use this tense when we want to talk about a change that has happened over a
period of time.
Example:
My English has improved since I moved to the United States
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
I have become more interested in learning about other cultures.
★ Using present perfect: accomplishments

→ We use present perfect to list accomplishments of individuals and humanity.
→ We cannot mention a specific time.
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Example:
Man has walked on the Moon.
My little cousin has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
★ Using present perfect: uncompleted actions

→ We use it to say that an action we expected has not happened. By using the present
perfect tense, we are suggesting that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Example:
Lisa has not finished her homework yet.
The rain has not stopped.
Billie has not arrived.
★ Using present perfect: multiple actions at different times

→ We use this tense to talk about several different actions that occured in the past at
different times. Using this tense suggests the process is not complete and more actions
are possible to happen or keep happening.
Example:
I have had four exams and two quizzes so far this semester.
The army has attacked that city three times.
We have had many problems while working on this project.

INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using the verbs in brackets ( ) in the
correct form of the present perfect tense.
→ (If you need help with conjugating the verbs, check out the list of regular and irregular
verbs in past located in English 2, lesson 4 unit IV)

Example:
1. We (buy) _____have bought______ a new lamp.
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Continue:
1. He (write) ____________________ two essays for his homework.
2. We (read) ____________________ that book before.
3. She (live) _____________________ in this house for three years.
4. I (lose) ____________________ my keys.
5. My aunt (go) __________________ to Peru many times.

INSTRUCTION: Organise correctly the following words given to you in order to form a
negative sentence in present perfect tense. Follow the example.
Example:
1. today. / have / I / not / worked
_______I have not worked today.__________
Continue:
1. planned / holiday / not / We / yet. / our / have

_______________________________________________________
2. haven’t / grandmother / long time / seen / I / in / my / a

_______________________________________________________
3. not / School / yet. / has / started
_______________________________________________________
4. father / plane. / never / My / has / by / travelled
_______________________________________________________
5. time / homework. / I / haven’t / the / not / had / do / my / to
_______________________________________________________

INSTRUCTION:
Example:
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1. Where (you / be) _____have you been__________?
Continue:
1. (you / be) ____________________ to the hospital before?
2. (he / speak) ______________________ to your mom?
3. (he / meet) _________________ your family yet?
4. (they / take) _____________________ the exam?
5. How much coffee (you / drink) ___________________ today?
UNIT 3. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘for’ and ‘since’
→ We use present perfect tense to talk about an action which started in the past and
continues to happen up to the present. ‘For’ and ‘since’ are used with this tense to
indicate time.
→ The following table shows the difference between for and since and the time
expressions used for each.
FOR SINCE
a period of time a point in past time

----------- ----*---------
five minutes 10 o’clock
two weeks 1st january
three days Monday
6 months November
six years 1996
a long time 1700
ever the beginning of time
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2 centuries I left school
etc... etc
★ For
→ We use ‘for’ to talk about a period of time.
Example:
He has studied in France for 5 years.
We have worked for three hours.
★ Since
→ We use ‘since’ to talk about a specific point in time, or a time when the action
started.
Example:
He has learned Chinese since 2003.
I have not seen her since November.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with for or since depending on the following
sentences.
1. Nobody has seen him ____________ last Friday.

2. It has been raining ___________ several days.
3. He has been playing piano __________ the past five hours.
4. The weather has been terrible ___________ Wednesday.
5. I’ve known Adrianne ___________ 2014.
6. The water has been boiling ___________ ten minutes.
7. She hasn’t lost a soccer game __________ April last year.
8. My cat has been ill _________ two days.
9. I’ve been looking for this book ___________ a long time
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10. The police have been looking for him _________ a month.
UNIT 4. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘yet’, ‘already’, ‘never’ and

‘ever’.
★ Yet
→ ‘Yet’ is more used in the negative and interrogative form of a sentence.
→ It means: (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and
including the present.
→ ‘Yet’ is usually placed at the end of the sentence.
Example:
I haven’t eaten yet.
Have you met John yet?
★ Already
→ ‘Already’ refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It
suggests that there is no need for repetition of the action.

Example:
Don’t write to Sarah, I’ve already done it.
I’ve already drunk three coffees this morning.
→ ‘Already’ is also used in questions
Example:
Has he finished his project already?
Have you already eaten?
→ ‘Already’ can be placed before the main verb (in past participle) or at the end of the
sentence.
Example:
I have already been to Europe.
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I have been to Europe already.
★ Ever
→ The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now.
→ These adverbs are always placed before the main verb (in past participle).
→ Ever is used in:
- Questions:
- Ex. Have you ever been to the beach?
- Has she ever met the president?
- Negative questions:
- Ex. Haven’t they ever been to Brazil?
- Haven’t you ever eaten Japanese food?
- Negative statements using ‘nothing + ever’ or ‘nobody + ever’:

- Ex. Nobody has ever spoken to me like that.
- Nothing like this has ever happened before.
- With the expression: ‘it’s the first time’

- Ex. It’s the first time I have ever eaten fish.
- This is the first time I have ever been to Australia.
★ Never
→ ‘Never’ means: at no time before now, and is the same as using ‘not …. ever’
→ We CANNOT use ‘never’ and ‘not’ together or in the same sentence.
Example:
I have never been to China.
She has never been late before.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks using ever, never, already and yet.
1. Have you _____________ been to Canada?
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2. My cousin hasn’t arrived to the party ___________.

3. You can come in, the door is __________ opened.
4. I have _________ had nightmares before. I guess I’m lucky.
5. Have you _________ seen such a tall building?
6. She has __________ been married before.
7. Have you done your homework ____________? That was fast.
8. John hasn’t been to Africa __________.
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LESSON 3
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: FOOD
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn some food-related vocabulary. Please study and
memorize the following tables.
★ Fruits
Apple Banana Blackberries Grapes
Orange Peach Pineapple Strawberry
Tomato Watermelon Cherry Lemon
★ Vegetables
Spinach Lettuce Carrot Cabbage
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Celery Cucumber Mushrooms Potato
Beetroot Bell pepper / Garlic Peas

capsicum
★ Grains, Beans and Nuts
Almonds Chickpeas Lentils Walnuts
Wheat Cashew nuts Peanuts Bread
Flour Oatmeal Corn Coconut
★ Meat
Beef Chicken Chicken wings Chicken breasts
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Sausage Ham Turkey

Bacon
★ Seafood
Lobster Octopus Oyster

Crab
Shrimp Scallops Mussels

Squid
★ Dairy foods
Butter Milk Whipped cream
yoghurt / yogurt Ice cream Cheese
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★ Cooking vocabulary
Boiling water Baking a cake Chopping Cutting

(agua hirviendo)
Grating Grilling Mashing Mixing
Melting Peeling Sprinkle Steaming
★ Extra
Hamburger Sandwich Soup Hot dog
Eggs Fries Wine Beer
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UNIT 2. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES: a / an / the
→ In English there are three articles: a, an, and the.
→ Articles are used before nouns or noun equivalents and are a type of adjectives.
★ Definite article:
❖ ‘the’ → is used before a singular or plural noun to indicate that the identity of the
noun is known to the reader.
★ Indefinite article
❖ a (before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound)
❖ an (before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound)
→ The indefinite article ‘a’, ‘an’ is used before a noun that is general or when its identity
is not known. There are certain situations in which a noun takes no article.
★ Rules:
NOTE: Count nouns = countable nouns. Non-count nouns = uncountable nouns.
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★ Rule 1: Specific identity not known:

1. Use the indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ only with a singular countable noun whose
specific identity is not known to the reader.
2. Use ‘a’ before nouns that begin with a consonant sound, and use ‘an’ before nouns
that begin with a vowel sound.
3. Use the article a or an to indicate any non-specified member of a group or category.

- example: I saw an elephant in the zoo.
- We are going to buy a house
4. Use the article a or an to indicate there is only ‘one’ (as in numbers) thing of
something.
- example: I own a cat and two dogs.
5. Use the article a before a consonant sound, and use an before a vowel sound.
- example: There is a girl knocking the door.
- I ate an apple ten minutes ago.
6. The plural form of a or an is ‘some’.

- Use ‘some’ to indicate an unspecified, limited amount.
- example: some oranges.
★ Rule 2: Specific identity known

1. Use the definite article ‘the’ with any noun, whether singular or plural, countable or
uncountable, when the specific identity of the noun is known to the reader.
2. Use the article ‘the’ when a particular noun has already been mentioned previously.
- example: I saw an elephant yesterday at the zoo. The elephant was big
and heavy.
3. Use the article ‘the’ when an adjective, phrase, or clause describing the noun
clarifies or restricts its identity.
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- example: The girl sitting over there raised her hand.
4. Use the article ‘the’ when the noun refers to something or someone that is unique.
- example: the World War II
- the 7th article of the document
★ Rule 3: All things or things in general
→ Do not use any with plural countable nouns or any uncountable nouns used to mean
all or in general.
Example
Students have vacations every year.
- meaning: all students vacations every year.
My mom doesn’t like juice.
- meaning: my mom doesn’t like all types of juice in general.
➢ Extra things to remember:
→ Use ‘some’ when indicating an unspecified, limited amount of a countable or
uncountable noun.
Example:
I would love some orange juice right now
- meaning: not orange juice in general, but a limited amount of orange juice.
→ Some geographical names require ‘the’, but not all of them.
→ Use ‘the’ with:
united countries large regions deserts peninsulas
oceans seas gulfs canals
rivers mountain ranges groups of islands
Example
the United States of America
the Sahara desert
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the United Kingdom
→ We CANNOT use the with:
streets parks cities states
counties most countries continents bays
single lakes single mountains single islands
Example
Canada
Asia
Everest mountain
San Francisco Bay
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’.
1. I like going to ________ park near my house.

2. Where is ________ jacket I lent you last week?
3. My mom has __________ headache.
4. Bob’s father is __________ electrician.
5. Are you still working in _________ same building?
6. The book is about _________ man who lives on ________ small island.
7. My cousin has _________ beach house
8. I ate ________ apple this morning
9. My father fixed _________ car this morning, we can go to _______ restaurant if
you want
10. Look at _______ ocean!
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❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Read carefully the following statements and circle or choose the
correct answer true or false.
1. Countable nouns are the ones that cannot be counted with numbers
a. true
b. false
2. The article ‘an’ is used before a singular noun beginning with a consonant
a. true
b. false
3. The article ‘the’ is considered a definite article

a. true
b. false
4. The article ‘a’ is considered an indefinite article

a. true
b. false
5. Some geographical names require ‘the’, but not all of them

a. true
b. false
6. It is correct to use ‘the’ when naming cities

a. true
b. false
7. The article ‘the’ can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns
a. true
b. false
8. The articles ‘a’ and ‘an’ can be used with uncountable nouns
a. true
b. false
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UNIT 3. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
→ It is very important to be able to distinguish between countable and uncountable
nouns and their usage because they behave differently in regards to both determiners
and verbs.
★ Countable nouns
→ We use countable nouns for things we can count using numbers.
→ They have both singular and plural form.
→ In the singular form, we use the determiners ‘a’ and ‘an’.
- We must use ‘a’ if the next word starts with a consonant

Example: a cat, a mirror, a door
- We must use ‘an’ if the next word starts with a vowel.
Example: an apple, an ear, an opera
→ If we want to ask the quantity of a countable noun, we use → ‘’how many?’’,
combined with the plural countable noun.
Singular Plural
One pencil Two pencils
One cat Two cats
One woman Two women
One idea Two ideas
One cell phone Two cell phones
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Examples:
Adrian has three dogs
I own one car
My mom bought two books
How many pets do you have?
★ Uncountable nouns
→ Uncountable nouns are used for things that cannot count with numbers such as
liquids, powders, gases, etc.
→ List of things that cannot be counted with numbers:
- Certain food and drink items: bacon, beef, bread, broccoli, butter, cabbage,
candy, cauliflower, celery, cereal, cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn,
cream, fish, flour, fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil, pasta, rice, salt,
spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine, yogurt
- Certain non food substances: air, cement, coal, dirt, gasoline, gold, paper,
petroleum, plastic, rain, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood, wool
- Abstract nouns such as emotions, feelings, among others: advice, anger,

beauty, confidence, courage, employment, fun, happiness, health, honesty,
information, intelligence, knowledge, love, poverty, satisfaction, truth, wealth
- Areas of study: history, math, biology, etc.
- Sports: soccer, football, baseball, hockey, etc.
- Languages: Chinese, Spanish, Russian, English, etc.
- Other: clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, jewelry, luggage, lumber,

machinery, mail, money, news, poetry, pollution, research, scenery, traffic,
transportation, violence, weather, work
→ They are only used in singular form. They usually do not have plural form.
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➢ IMPORTANT → We cannot use ‘a/an’ with these nouns.
→ To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use must use a word or expression
like: some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of, or else use an exact measurement
like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of.
→ If we want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun we must use: "How
much?"
Example:
How much time do we have?
He did not have much sugar left
Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer by choosing if the following words are
countable or uncountable nouns:
Example
1. Milk
a. countable
b. uncountable
Milk is an uncountable noun because it cannot be counted with numbers by itself. We

can use units of measurement, we can’t say two milks but we can say two cartons of
milk
Continue:
1. Ink (tinta) 2. Apple 3. Tree

a. countable a. countable a. countable
b. uncountable b. uncountable b. uncountable
4. Oil 5. Hair 6. Burger

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7. Student 8. Water 9. Car

10. Soup 11. Sand 12. Orange

13. Air 14. Coffee 15. Ball

UNIT 4. HOW MUCH / HOW MANY
→ The big decision between using much and many depends on the noun it is
describing.
★ Much
→ Is used to describe mass nouns or uncountable nouns like juice, rice, patience, and
happiness.
→ When using much, the noun will always be singular; it cannot be plural.
★ Many
→ Is used to describe countable nouns or nouns that can be counted with numbers like
books, ideas, leaves, and shoes.
→ When using many, the noun will always be plural.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences.
1. We read ____________ books at the library.

a. Much
b. Many
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2. How ___________ apples did you put in the box?

a. Much
b. Many
3. There isn’t __________ sugar in my tea.

c. Much
d. Many
4. I don’t have __________ pets.

e. Much
f. Many
5. The old lady hasn’t got __________ hair on his head.

g. Much
h. Many
6. I’ve packed __________ bottles of water.

i. Much
j. Many
7. I didn’t get __________ sleep last night.

k. Much
l. Many
8. How __________ time do we have?

m. Much
n. Many
9. How ____________ money do you need?

o. Much
p. Many
10. How ____________ water do you drink in a day?

q. Much
r. Many
11. How ____________ students are there in your class?

s. Much
t. Many
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❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Select the correct answer by choosing if the words below are used
with many or much.
Example
Chair
c. Much
d. Many
Continue:
1. food 2. elephants 3. water

a. much a. much a. much
b. many b. many b. many
4. bottles 5. houses 6. Cell phones

7. women 8. juice 9. pencils

UNIT 5. QUANTIFIERS: ‘a’ / ‘few’ / ‘a little’ / ‘some’ / ‘any.
→ The quantifiers are a type of determiner and are used to denote imprecise quantity.
They differ from numbers, which indicate precise quantity.
→ The most common quantifiers used in English are:
some/any much many a lot a few several enough
★ Large quantity quantifiers:
much many lots of plenty of numerious a large number of
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→ The quantifiers listed below are arranged in order of formality, from the most informal
(lots of) to the most formal (numerous). In a normal dialogue, it is more appropriate to
use the informal language and formal language in written documents, important emails
or formal presentations. These expressions are more or less synonyms.
- Lots of → un montón de…
- A lot of → un montón de…
- Plenty of → mucho de / suficiente de…
- A large number of → un gran número de…
- Numerous → numeroso
Example:
I drink lots of water every day
There is a lot of food on the table
My mom bought plenty of fruit
A large number of people are going to the superbowl
Bob has numerous ideas for today’s presentation
★ ‘Several’ and ‘a number of’:
→ These quantifiers imply there is ‘more than one, but less than enough’ of something.
They are NOT usually used in negative or interrogative forms, only in affirmative
statements.
Example
There are several books about mystery in the library.
A number of people said tomorrow was going to rain.
★ Much/many or much of / many of?

→ We must know that, as quantifiers, much and many are NOT followed by ‘of’ when
they are used to quantify a noun directly.
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→ However, they must be followed by ‘must’ if they come before a determiner such as
an article, a possessive or a demonstrative. The same rule applies to few / few of, some
/ some of…
Example
I’m going to see many of my favourite movies tonight.
Many of the trees were destroyed because of the wind storm
I didn’t drink much of that beer on the fridge
★ Small quantity quantifiers:
few a few little a little not many not much a small number of
→ These quantifiers are generally used in affirmative statements, except for not much
and not many.
→ Little, a little, not much → are used with uncountable nouns (in singular).
→ Few, a few, not many → are used with countable nouns (in plural).
★ Few and little imply that the quantity is small or smaller than expected.
★ A few and a little imply small quantity, but possibly more than expected.
Example:
Few people can speak more than three languages
There is little point on cleaning this mess, it will be dirty again soon
A few of my friends are going to the party, maybe I go as well
I’ve got a little money left, let’s go eat somewhere
★ Few or a few, little or a little?
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→ The main difference between the two expressions of each quantifiers is purely of
meaning.
→ With the article ‘a’, a few and a little imply ‘at least some, perhaps more than one
might expect’. These expressions have a positive value to them.
→ Without the article ‘a’, few and little imply ‘not much / not many, and possibly less
than expected’. These expressions have a negative value to them.
★ Neutral and relative quantifiers

→ Neutral quantifiers don’t imply either large or small quantity because they are not
really concerned with actual quantity. They are only concerned by relative quantity.
→ Some of them are:
- Some and Any

- Each and Every
- All and Whole
- Most, Most of and Enough
★ Most, most of and enough

→ These quantifiers express relative or proportional quantity.
→ Most / most of imply ‘more than half of, a majority of or almost all.’
- These two quantifiers do NOT have the same meaning as many / many of.
→ Enough implies ‘sufficient quantity’ and is used in affirmative, negative and
interrogative forms.
- We must NOT confuse enough as a quantifier:
Example: I’ve done enough work for today
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Example:
The World War II was the most destructive period in history
My grandpa spends most of his time watching the TV
I have done enough exercise for today
➢ Please study the following table:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Large quantity numerous, plenty of, a lot of, much, many, much, many,
lots of, too many too many too many
Neutral some, several, a number of, any, enough any, enough

enough
Small quantity few/a few, little/a little
❏ EXERCISE 1: much or many

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the correct answer following the grammatical rules studied in
this unit.
1. That man is ____________ taller than the boy.

a. many
b. much
2. How ____________ money do you need?

a. many
b. much
3. I have __________ brothers and sisters.

a. many
b. much
4. My dad works ____________ hours a day.

a. many
b. much
5. How ___________ water do you drink in a day?

a. many
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b. much
❏ EXERCISE 2: some or any

this unit.
1. Do you have ___________ brothers or sisters?

a. some
b. any
2. If you’re hungry, I have __________ snacks at home.

a. some
b. any
3. Do you have __________ idea of how to do this?

a. some
b. any
4. I have a list of __________ movies we can watch.

a. some
b. any
5. I don’t have ________ clothes.

a. some
b. any
❏ EXERCISE 3: a little or a few

this unit.
1. Lissa ate ____________ chips, she wasn’t very hungry.

a. a little
b. a few
2. I just need _____________ water to feel good.

a. a little
b. a few
3. I know _____________ words in german.
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a. a little
b. a few
4. I want to save ____________ money to buy new clothes.

a. a little
b. a few
5. Do you have __________ coins?

a. a little
b. a few
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LESSON 4
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: MEANS OF TRANSPORT
→ In this unit we will be able to learn the name of some means of transport.
CAR TAXI / CAB LIMOUSINE
BUS DOUBLE DECKER SCHOOL BUS
VAN MOTORBIKE BICYCLE
TRAIN TRAM (tranvía) UNDERGROUND
PICK UP TRUCK JET PLANE
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YACHT (yate) SAILBOAT SUBMARINE
UNIT 2. VOCABULARY: TRAFFIC
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn some vocabulary related to traffic, road signs,
driving and others.
➢ Please, study the following table.
a (road) sign brake / to brake car crash

(señal de tráfico) (freno / frenar) (choque de carro)
crosswalk car mirrors driver’s license

(cruce de peatones) (espejos del carro) (licencia de conductor)
driveway driving instructor fine / ticket

(entrada de coches) (instructor de conducir) (multa)
foot brake front mirror gear

(freno) (espejo delantero) (cambio de velocidad)
handbrake headlight highway / freeway

(freno de mano) (faros de luz) (autopista)
lane license plate one-way street

(carril) (placas) (calle de un sentido)
parking lot pedestrian pedestrianized street

(estacionamiento) (peatón) (calle peatonal)
police officer / traffic cop rear mirror road accident

(policía / tránsito) (espejo retrovisor) (accidente de tráfico)
rush hour / peak hour seat belt sidewalk

(hora pico) (cinturón de seguridad) (banqueta)
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speed limit steering wheel tire

(límite de velocidad) (volante) (neumático)
traffic jam traffic light wheel

(embotellamiento) (semáforo) (rueda)
windshield gas U-turn

(parabrisas) (gasolina) (vuelta en U)
hump dead end street accelerate

(tope) (callejón sin salida) (acelerar)
decelerate driver intersection

(desacelerar) (conductor) (intersección)
passenger seat(s) roundabout

(pasajero) (asiento(s)) (rotonda / glorieta)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Write the correct answer according to the definitions given to you.
Read carefully.
Example:
1. An accident with two cars bumping into each other or a car colliding with an
object: ______car crash________.
Continue:
1. Official document which gives you the right to drive: __________________.
2. A signal (green, orange or red) which tells you whether you should go or stop:
______________________.
3. The maximum speed you should not exceed: ____________________.
4. A mirror that gives a view of the area behind a vehicle: _________________.
5. A street with no car where you can walk without being disturbed by traffic:
________________________.
6. A street where the cars can only drive in one direction: _________________.
7. The person who teaches you how to drive: ____________________.
8. A financial penalty: ___________________.
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9. The official identification under which your car is registered: ______________.

10. A place where you can park your car: ____________________.
UNIT 3. THERE IS / THERE ARE
→ The choice between using ‘there is’ and ‘there are’ at the beginning of a sentence is
determined by the noun that follows it.
★ ‘There is’ is used when the noun is singular.

example: There is a dog
★ ‘There are’ is used when the noun is plural.

example: There are three dogs
→ In most sentences, the noun comes before the verb. However, in sentences that begin
with there is and there are, the noun comes later.
example: There is a cat on the porch.

* In the previous sentence, cat is singular, so we must use there is.
example: There are many opportunities to learn at this company.

* In the previous sentence, opportunities is plural, so we must use there are. (Don’t get
confused by the word many, concentrate on the noun.)
★ There is a number of… or there are a number of…?
→ It can be difficult to choose out whether we should use ‘is’ or ‘are’ when using some
quantifiers like a number of, a variety of, etc…
→ We can use ‘is’ if we want to emphasize the group we are talking about.
example: There is a wide number of flavors to choose from.

- In this example, we are emphasizing on the group of flavors.
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→ We can use ‘are’ if we want to emphasize the individual members of the group we
are talking about.

example: There are a variety of unique destinations we can visit.
- In this example, we are emphasizing on the unique destinations we can visit from
the group of all destinations we are talking about.
★ There is a lot of… or there are a lot of…?
→ We must use ‘there are’ when talking about ‘a lot’ of something.
- Correct form: There are a lot of people in this room.

- Incorrect form: There is a lot of people in this room.
★ There is or there are: lists
→ When we are making a list of things, starting using ‘there are’ doesn’t sound good.
This is because the noun that follows it is singular, that’s why even though we are
talking about multiple things, is better to use the singular verb ‘is’.
→ NOTE: it is not wrong if we use ‘there are’, but it can sound weird.
Example
There is a kitchen, a living room, and a bedroom in my apartment.
There are a kitchen, a living room, and a bedroom in my apartment.
★ Contractions
* There is → there’s
* You CANNOT contract ‘there are’.
★ Negative Form
→ The negative form is formed by putting ‘not’ after is or are:
Example:
There is not a horse in the field.
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There is not a tree in the garden.
→ We almost always use contractions when speaking. The Negative contractions are:
* There's not → There isn't
* There are not → There aren't
★ There aren't with ‘any’

→ When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use ‘there
aren't any’.
Example:
There aren't any people at the party.
There aren't any trees in my street.
→ We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:
Example:
There isn't any water in the swimming pool.
There isn't any sugar in my coffee.
★ Interrogative form
→ To form a question we place is / are in front of there.
→ ‘Any’ is used with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.
→ We also use there is / are in short answers.
Example:
Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.
Are there any kids in the park? - Yes, there are.
Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.
Are there any polar bears at the zoo? - No, there aren't.
Is there any food in the freezer? - Yes, there is.
❏ EXERCISE 1: Positive sentences
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INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer to complete the following sentences.
1. ______________ a bag of chips on the table.

a. There is
b. There are
2. ______________ many photos on the wall.

a. There is
b. There are
3. ______________ a big calendar on my office.

a. There is
b. There are
4. ______________ six chairs in the kitchen.

a. There is
b. There are
5. ______________ children playing in the yard.

a. There is
b. There are
❏ EXERCISE 2: Negative sentences

INSTRUCTION: Arrange the follow words in the correct order to form negative
sentences with ‘there is’ and ‘there are’.
1. not / food. / There / enough / is
______________________________________________________.
2. coffee / is / left. / no / There
______________________________________________________.
3. not / money / my / There / any / wallet. / is / in
______________________________________________________.
4. students / not / are / classroom. / There / the / are / any / in
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______________________________________________________.
5. garden / There / cats / no / the / in / are
______________________________________________________.
❏ EXERCISE 3: Questions and answers

INSTRUCTION: In the next exercise there are three questions with its respective three
answers. Choose the correct option for each.
1. _________________ a train to London?

a. are there
b. there are
c. is there
2. Yes, _____________ a train to London.

a. there are
b. there is
c. there’re
3. How many stores ______________ in the mall?

a. aren’t there
b. are there
c. is there
4. ______________ 10 stores at the mall.

a. there is
b. there aren’t not
c. there are
5. _______________ an Italian restaurant nearby?

a. are there
b. is there
c. aren’t here
6. No, _____________ an Italian restaurant nearby.

a. there isn’t
b. there aren’t
c. there not
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ENGLISH 3
LESSON 1
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES
→ In this unit we will be able to learn some vocabulary related to clothing and
accessories.
➢ Please, study the following table.
CLOTHING ACCESSORIES
Dress Slippers Wallet Purse Shoelace

(vestido) (pantuflas) (cartera) (bolso) (agujetas)
Skirt Blouse Umbrella Handbag Stockings

(falda) (blusa) (paraguas) (bolsa de (medias)
mano)
Singlet Jacket Walking stick Glasses Tie

(camiseta) (chaqueta) (bastón) (lentes) (corbata)
Vest T-shirt Ring Earrings Shoes

(chaleco) (playera) (anillo) (aretes) (zapatos)
Tank Top Raincoat High heels Brazalete Necklace

(camisa sin (impermeable) (tacones) (pulsera) (collar)
mangas)
Swimsuit Pijamas Sneakers Watch Belt

(traje de baño) (tenis (reloj) (cinturón)
deportivos)
Coat Suit Trousers Boots Handkerchief

(abrigo) (traje de vestir) (pantalones) (botas) (pañuelo)
Shorts Jeans Gloves Underpants Brassiere

(guantes) (calzoncillos)
Sweater Bathrobe Socks Hat Scarf
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(bata de baño) (calcetines) (sombrero) (bufanda)
Sweatshirt Overall Flip flops Keyring Beanie

(sudadera) (overol) (sandalias) (llavero) (gorro)
COMMON PHRASES
to wear to take off

(usar, utilizar) (quitarse)
ex. I am wearing a t-shirt. ex. I’m going to take off my jacket.
to get undressed to put on

(desvestirse) (ponerse)
ex. I get undressed and put on pijamas. ex. I put on my sneakers.
to get dressed tight

(vestirse) (apretado)
ex. I need to get dressed. ex. this shirt fits me tight.
loose size
(flojo, suelto) (talla)
ej. my sweatshirt fits me loose. ex. my size is small.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct answer according to the picture.
Example:
_______sun glasses_________
Continue:
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1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________
5. _____________ 6. _____________ 7. _____________ 8. _____________
9. _____________ 10.____________ 11. ____________ 12. ____________
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer from the option box.
to wear to put on tight
to take off loose get dressed
1. This jacket is too big for me, It will fit me _______________ if I buy it.
2. My boss told me I had ______________ a suit for the presentation tomorrow.
3. This dress is too ______________ for me. I will look for a bigger size.
4. I need to __________________ properly for my birthday party.
5. Where are my shoes? I need _________ them ________.
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6. I need ______________ my coat, it’s so hot in here.
UNIT 2. COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY: ‘as…….as’
→ We use comparisons of equality when two things that are being compared have the
same characteristics.
STRUCTURE IN AFFIRMATIVE FORM
as + adjective + as
ex. He is as tall as his father right now
(él está tan alto como su padre)
ex. The book is as good as the movie

(el libro está tan bueno como la película)
ex. I feel as free as a bird

(me siento tan libre como un ave)
→ The comparisons may involve adjectives (adj) or adverbs (adv) after the first as, and
noun phrases (np) or clauses after the second as.
→ When the second part of the comparison is a noun phrase, we must use much or
little + uncountable noun or many or few + plural noun:
Example:
She had as much homework as the other coworkers.
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There are as many students in business studies as there are in engineering.

He spent as little money as he could.
★ Negative
→ The negative form can be used like: not as … as …, or with not so … as …
→ The most common way is to use not as … as …
STRUCTURE IN NEGATIVE FORM
no/not + (verb) + as + adjective + as

ex. He could not run as fast as Lisa
(él no pudo correr tan rápido como Lisa)
ex. My little sister is not as shy as before

(mi hermana menor ya no es tan penosa como antes)
ex. He did not pay as much money as he thought he would.

(él no pagó tanto dinero como pensó que lo haría)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Write the comparison of equality for the sentences below using the
words in brackets ( ).
Example:
1. Dan is 23 years old. Kevin is 23 years old. (is/old)
____ Dan is as old as Kevin_______.
2. My house is not very beautiful. My grandmother’s house is more beautiful.

(is/beautiful)
_________My house is not as beautiful as my grandmother’s house_________.
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Continue:
1. Jessica is 1 metre 75 cms tall. Monica is 1 metre 80 cms tall. (is/tall)
________________________________________________________________.
2. Monterrey is 40ºC in summer. Cordoba is 40ºC in summer. (is/hot)
________________________________________________________________.
3. The blue car is not expensive. The red car is more expensive. (is/expensive)
________________________________________________________________.
4. The maths exam was difficult. The science exam was difficult too. (was/difficult)
________________________________________________________________.
5. The brown house is 100 years old. The green house is 100 years old. (is/old)
________________________________________________________________.
6. My mother is not that messy. My father is a messy person. (is/messy)
________________________________________________________________.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Use the words in brackets ( ) to complete the sentences. Use either
the affirmative form as…as or the negative form not as… as.
1. My car is ___________________________ my father’s car. (fast)

2. Peter is ___________________________ Miguel. (not/tall)
3. Today is ___________________________ yesterday. (not/hot)
4. The tomato soup was __________________ the mushroom soup. (delicious)
5. Wood is ___________________________ Steel. (not/heavy)
6. Dave is ___________________________ Fred. (brave)
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UNIT 3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
→ An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent.
Its role is to change information given by the noun. Adjectives are one of the main parts
of speech of the English language.
★ Comparative
→ Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between two objects.
→ They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared.
→ There are two ways to form a comparative adjective:
● with short adjectives we simply add "-er" at the end of the word.
● with long adjectives we use the word "more".
SHORT adjectives: add "-er" Example:
1-syllable adjective old → older

fast → faster
2-syllable adjective ending in -y happy → happier

easy → easier
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late → later
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, double the big → bigger

last consonant.
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy → happier
LONG adjectives: use "more" Example:
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2-syllable adjective NOT ending in -y modern → more modern

pleasant → more pleasant
All adjectives of 3 or more syllables expensive → more expensive

intellectual → more intellectual
★ Remember!
- EXCEPTION: irregular verbs:
- good → better
- far → farther/further
- bad → worse
STRUCTURE
noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
ex. My apartment is smaller than hers

(mi apartamento está más pequeño que el de ella)
ex. Your dog runs faster than Lisa’s dog

(tu perro corre más rápido que el perro de Lisa)
ex. Jim is taller than John

(Jim es más alto que John)
★ Superlative
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→ Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower
limit of a quality.
→ They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.
→ When we use a superlative adjective before the noun, we generally use it with 'the'.
This is because there's only one (or one group) of the thing we are talking about.
Example
Her dog is the most beautiful dog I've ever seen.
It's the best cafe in Mexico.
Jim and Jessica are the most intelligent students here.
★ Tip to Remember → we don't use 'the' when there is a possessive:
Example
He's my best student.
That's our most important goal.
→ There are two ways to make or to "form" a superlative adjective:
● with short adjectives we add "-est" at the end of the word.

● with long adjectives we use the word "most".
SHORT adjectives: add "-est" Example:
1-syllable adjective old → oldest

fast → fastest
2-syllable adjective ending in -y happy → happiest

easy → easiest
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Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -est late → latest
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, double the big → biggest

last consonant
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy → happiest
LONG adjectives: use "most" Example:
2-syllable adjective NOT ending in -y modern → the most modern

pleasant → the most pleasant
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables expensive → the most expensive

intellectual → the most intellectual
★ Remember!
- EXCEPTION: irregular verbs:
- good → better
- far → farther/further
- bad → worse
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STRUCTURE
noun (subject) + verb + ‘the’+ superlative adjective + noun (object).
ex. My apartment is the smallest in our neighborhood

(mi apartamento es el más pequeño de nuestra colonia)
ex. Your dog is the fastest.

(tu perro es el más rápido)
ex. Jim is the tallest of his class

(Jim es el más alto de su clase)
→ Some adjectives are irregular, this means that they are modified differently depending
on the form you want them to be used.
➢ Please study the following table irregular adjectives in English.
Positive Comparative Superlative

many more most
much more most
little (amount) less least
less lesser least
late later latest or last
bad worse worst
far (distance) farther furtherest
far (extent) farther furtherest
good better best
old elder eldest

older oldest
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: fill in the correct form (comparative or superlative) of the words in
brackets ( ).
Example
1. My house is (big) ___ bigger_____ than yours.
Continue:
1. This house is (beautiful) ________________ than that one.
2. This is the (interesting) ________________ movie I have ever seen.
3. Non-smokers usually live (long) ________________ than smokers.
4. Which is the (dangerous) ________________ insect in the world?
5. Going to the beach is (good) ________________ than going to a cold place.
6. Sometimes coke is (expensive) ________________ than a beer.
7. Who is the (rich) ________________ man on earth?
8. The weather this winter is even (bad) ________________ than the last
December.
9. He was the (clever) ________________ physician of all.
10. I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even (far) ________________ today.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Write down the correct form (comparative and superlative) of the words
shown in the table below.
Word in positive Comparative Superlative
ex. small smaller smallest
nice
boring
dark
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long
funny
good
interesting
smart
popular
bright
UNIT 4. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN PAST
→ The verbs that doesn’t change in their writing when converted to past tense, such as
‘lived, started, died’, are called regular past forms.

- The rule is the following: verb + ‘ed’.
→ The verbs that do change in their writing when converted to past tense, such as
‘was, wrote, broke’, are called irregular past forms.

- "was" is the simple past of the verb "to be"
- "wrote" is the simple past of "write".
→ There is no rule for these verbs. It is important to memorize them.
→ The following tables show a list of regular and irregular verbs in simple past tense and
past participle.
➢ Please study these tables.
138
REGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple past Past participle Infinitive Simple past Past participle
accept accepted accepted look looked looked
answer answered answered love loved loved
arrive arrived arrived need needed needed
call called called open opened opened
celebrate celebrated celebrated pass passed passed
close closed closed play played played
complete completed completed practice practiced practiced
cook cooked cooked prepare prepared prepared
create created created present presented presented
change changed changed rain rained rained
check checked checked relax relaxed relaxed
dance danced danced start started started
die died died stop stopped stopped
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed study studied studied
finish finished finished talk talked talked
happen happened happened travel travelled travelled
help helped helped use used used
include included included visit visited visited
invite invited invited wait waited waited
kiss kissed kissed walk walked walked
learn learned learned want wanted wanted
like liked liked wash washed washed
listen listened listened watch watched watches
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live lived lived work worked worked
IRREGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Simple past Past participle Infinitive Simple past Past participle
be was/were been hurt hurt hurt
become became became keep kept kept
begin began begun know knew known
bleed bled bled learn learnt learnt
break broke broken leave left left
bring brought brought let let let
build built built lie lay lain
burn burnt burnt lose lost lost
buy bought bought make made made
catch caught caught mean meant meant
choose chose chosen meet met met
come came come pay paid paid
cost cost cost put put put
cut cut cut read read read
do did done ride rode ridden
draw drew drawn run ran run
dream dreamt dreamt say said said
drink drank drunk see saw seen
drive drove driven sell sold sold
eat ate eaten send sent sent
fall fell fallen show showed showed
140
feel felt felt sing sang sung
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found speak sproke spoken
fly flew flown spell spelt spelt
forbid forbade forbidden stand stood stood
forget forgot forgotten steal stole stolen
forgive forgave forgiven swim swam swum
get got got take took taken
give gave given teach taught taught
go went gone tell told told
grow grew grown think thought thought
have had had throw threw thrown
hear heard heard wake woke woken
hide hid hidden wear wore worn
hit hit hit win won won
hold held held write wrote written
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct form of the words presented in the table below:
Example
1. broken
❏ infinitive
❏ simple past
❏ past participle
Continue:
141
1. swam 2. got 3. build

❏ infinitive ❏ infinitive ❏ infinitive
❏ simple past ❏ simple past ❏ simple past
❏ past participle ❏ past participle ❏ past participle
4. knew 5. were 6. ran

7. keep 8. sell 9. woken

10. have 11. say 12. went

12. teach 14. grown 15. seen

16. came 17. catch 18. do

19. speak 20. meet 21. forgiven

UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE
→ The verb ‘to be’ in simple past tense is used to describe events in the past.
→ The past tense of the verb ‘to be’ has two ways of being expressed:
➢ WAS
➢ WERE
142
★ Affirmative form
VERB ‘TO BE’: AFFIRMATIVE
Subject To be Example:
I was I was paying attention in class.
You were You were amazing today at the race.
He was He was the best of the swimming team.
She was She was late for school.
It was It was a rainy day.
We were We were at our grandmother’s house.
You were You were on holiday.
They were They were at the movies today.
★ Negative form:
→ We can make negative contractions of the verb ‘to be’ in the past tense by joining the
verb (was or were) and n't

- Example: were not = weren't.
→ We CANNOT make a contraction of the subject and the verb
- Ex: I was.
VERB ‘TO BE’: NEGATIVE
Subject To be Contractions Example:
I was not wasn’t I was not paying attention in class.

I wasn’t paying attention in class.
You were not weren’t You were not amazing today.

You weren’t amazing today.
143
He was not wasn’t He was not the best of the swimming team.
He wasn’t the best of the swimming team.
She was not wasn’t She was not late for school.
She wasn’t late for school.
It was not wasn’t It was not a rainy day.

It wasn’t a rainy day.
We were not weren’t We were not at our grandmother’s house.

We weren’t at our grandmother’s house.
You were not weren’t You were not on holiday.

You weren’t on holiday.
They were not weren’t They were not at the movies today.
They weren’t at the movies today.
→ To create questions with ‘to be’, we put the verb before the subject.
VERB ‘TO BE’: INTERROGATIVE
To be Subject Example:
was I Was I late?
were You Were you amazing today at the race?
was He Was he the best of the swimming team?
was She Was she late for school?
was It Was it a rainy day?
were We Were we ready?
were You Were you on holiday?
were They Were they at the movies today?
144
→ Before the verb we can also have a ‘WH-Question’ word (Why, Who, What, Where
etc.)
Example:
- Were you sad?
- Yes, I was.
- Why were you sad?

- Because I broke my cell phone.

INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer from the brackets ( ) to complete the
following sentences:
Yesterday...
1. I ____________ at school. (was/were)
2. You ____________ hungry. (was/were)
3. He ____________ swimming. (was/were)
4. She ____________ reading. (was/were)
5. We ____________ watching a movie. (was/were)
6. They ____________ very happy. (was/were)

INSTRUCTION: Rewrite the following sentences in the negative form. You can use
contractions if you wish.
Example:
She was my friend
____She was not my friend ______
Continue:
1. I was 10 years old last year.
_________________________________________________.
2. The cat was walking in the street.
145
_________________________________________________.
3. The boys were very kind.
_________________________________________________.
4. They were ready.
_________________________________________________.
5. Lisa was reading a book.
_________________________________________________.
6. The neighbor was talking with my dad.
_________________________________________________.

INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer to complete the following questions.
1. ___________ you at home this morning?

a. was
b. were
2. ___________ that your car?

a. was
b. were
3. ___________ the children playing?

a. was
b. were
4. ___________ your mom cooking?

a. was
b. were
5. ___________ Elvis a famous singer?

a. was
b. were
6. ___________ you learning german?

a. was
b. were
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LESSON 2
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: ENVIRONMENT
→ In this unit, we will learn some words and phrases related to our environment. As we
can see, some words are very similar in spanish, however, we must also learn how to use
them properly in a sentence.
➢ Please study this table.
ENVIRONMENTAL VOCABULARY
acid rain atmosphere to be aware biodegradable biodiversity

(lluvia ácida) (atmósfera) (ser conscientes) (biodegradable) (biodiversidad)
biosphere catastrophe to chop down climate change to contaminate

(biosfera) (catástrofe) (cortar) (cambio climático) (contaminar)
forests disaster disposal drought to dump

(bosques) (desastre) (desecho/basura) (sequía) (tirar basura)
earthquake ecology ecosystem endangered energy source

(terremoto) (ecología) (ecosistema) (peligro de extinción) (fuente de energía)
environment erosion evolution extinct fertile

(medio ambiente) (erosión) (evolución) (extinto) (fértil)
fertilizer gas emission global warming greenhouse effect harmful

(fertilizante) (emisiones de gas) (calentamiento global) (efecto invernadero) (dañino)
heavy metals industrial waste marine life natural gas oxygen

(metales pesados) (desperdicios (vida marina) (gas natural) (oxígeno)
industriales)
ozone layer poison pollution preservation radiation

(capa de ozono) (veneno) (contaminación) (preservación) (radiación)
rainforest to recycle renewable reusable sea level

(selva) (reciclar) (renovable) (reusable) (nivel del mar)
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soil starvation surface toxic waste tide

(suelo, tierra) (inanición) (superficie) (desperdicio tóxico) (marea)
urbanization paper waste waste wind energy wind-park

(urbanización) (desperdicio de (desperdicio) (energía eólica) (parque eólico)
papel)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the options below to
complete the sentences.
droughts preservation fertile catastrophes
warming wind energy biodegradable industrial waste
marine life pollution oxygen climate change
1. __________________ is one of the consequences for not taking care of our

environment.
2. One of the most important gases for humans to breathe is ______________.
3. Air _______________ damages our health condition .
4. ________________ is a natural energy source.
5. In order to cultivate food we need a ______________ soil.
6. If we keep dumping trash into the ocean ________________ will be extremely
affected.
7. food waste is considered ________________ because it breaks down back to
the soil.
8. The government have started a campaign against global
___________________.
9. Earthquakes and tsunamis are examples of terrible ___________________.
10. If we want to contribute to the _________________ of our ecosystems, we have
to be more aware of environmental issues.
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11. In some places of the world there are several _______________ because the
water is gone.
12. Industries are responsible for the majority of _____________________.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the options below.
air pollution forest global warming drought
recycle earthquake wind park fertilizer
1._________________ 2.______________ 3.______________ 4.______________
5._________________ 6.______________ 7.______________ 8.______________
149
UNIT 2. PAST TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS
→ The following table contain some time expressions used in the past tense.
Expressions like yesterday, last week, two months ago, etc. are used to say when
something happened in the past.
LAST AGO YESTERDAY

( = pasada) ( = hace) ( = ayer)
Last night 10 minutes ago yesterday
Last week an hour ago yesterday morning
Last weekend three days ago yesterday afternoon
Last month a week ago yesterday evening
Last year a month ago the day before yesterday
Last monday a year ago
★ Ago
→ Time expression + ago
- We use ago to show how far back in the past something happened
★ Last
→ Last + time expression
- We use last to mean the most recent or nearest to the present day time.
- We CANNOT use ‘the’. It is just ‘last night’ not ‘the last night’.
★ Yesterday
→ yesterday or yesterday + morning/afternoon/evening
- We use yesterday to talk about the day before today.
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentences.
Example
I went to the beach _____last week______.
a. last week
b. tomorrow
c. next monday
Continue:
1. My cousin went to Disneyland _____________________.
a. twice next week
b. last month
c. weekly
2. I just had lunch _____________________.

a. on monday
b. two hours ago
c. yesterday
3. My dad went out to the store _______________________.

a. tomorrow morning
b. in an hour
c. 10 minutes ago
4. I finished college ____________________.

a. three years ago
b. last minute
c. next friday
5. I went to the cinema ________________.

a. tomorrow
b. in the next hour
c. last week
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UNIT 3. AUXILIARY DID / DIDN’T
→ In this section, we will learn about the auxiliary verb ‘did’.
→ Remember we talked about the auxiliary verb do and does in previous sections?
Well, the auxiliary verb did is the simple past tense of the do and does auxiliaries.
STRUCTURE
Subject Auxiliary
I / you / we / they
DID
he / she / it
Examples:
I did my homework.
The doctors did everything they could.
★ Negative form
→ When creating negative sentences, we usually use the shortened form didn’t together
with the base form of the verb.
→ If we want to create emphasis in what we are saying we can use the long form did
not, giving emphasis on the ‘not’ when speaking.
152
STRUCTURE
Subject Negative auxiliary
I / you / we / they DID NOT

DIDN’T
he / she / it
➢ Creating a sentence:
Subject + Auxiliary did/didn’t + Verb in simple present + rest of the sentence
ex. We didn’t know where to go.
ex. You didn’t need to worry about me
ex. She didn’t finish her homework
→ The only difference between a question in the present tense and a question in the
past tense is the auxiliary → do/does or did
→ We can also create negative questions (didn’t).
STRUCTURE
Auxiliary Subject
Did I / you / we / they

or
Didn’t he / she / it
153
➢ Creating a sentence:
Auxiliary + Subject + Verb in simple present + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. Did you go to the party?
ex. Didn’t your sister go for a run this morning?
ex. Did she finish her homework?
UNIT 4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
→ The simple past tense is used to talk about a completed action in the past or in a time
before now.
→ The time of the action can be in the recent past or in the distant past, the duration of
the action is not important.

Example:
My cat died last year.
I lived in Germany for two years.
We went to the cinema yesterday.
→ The simple past is used when we want to say when something happened, for
example:
- When we want to know the frequency of the action we can use this time
expressions: often, sometimes, always
ex. I always went to the cinema with my friends.
- When we want to talk about a definite point in time we can use this time
expressions: last week, yesterday, six weeks ago
ex. I walked to my grandmother’s house last week
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- When we want to talk about an indefinite point in time we can use this time
expressions: a long time ago, the other day, months ago
ex. I lived in the same house for a long time.
★ Affirmative form:
STRUCTURE
Subject + Verb in simple past + rest of the sentence
ex. I walked to school.
ex. She had a headache this morning.
ex. I was in China last year.
★ Negative and Interrogative form:
→ For the negative and interrogative form we must use the auxiliary "did" since is the
simple past form of "to do" as an ordinary verb.

ex. We didn't do our homework last night.
→ The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "did",
or it is also possible by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
→ The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "did".
Example:
We didn’t have any money
I didn’t do yoga yesterday
Did you have breakfast this morning?
→ For the negative and interrogative form of ALL verbs in the simple past, we always use
the auxiliary ‘did’.
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NEGATIVE FORM STRUCTURE
Subject + Auxiliary in negative (did not/didn’t) + Verb in infinitive without ‘to’
ex. They did not (didn’t) go.
INTERROGATIVE FORM STRUCTURE
Auxiliary + Subject + Verb in infinitive without ‘to’ + ?
ex. did she arrive?
Interrogative negative: didn’t you play?
➢ The following table shows an example of the conjugation of the verb play.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I played I did not play Did I play?
You played You did not play Did you play?
He played He did not play Did he play?
She played She did not play Did she play?
It played It did not play Did it play?
We played We did not play Did we play?
You played You did not play Did you play?
They played They did not play Did they play?
★ Simple past with irregular verbs
➢ TO GO:
Statement (affirmative) → He went to the office this morning.
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Negative → He didn’t go to bed early last night.

Interrogative → Did she go out with her friends yesterday?
➢ TO GIVE:
Statement (affirmative) → They gave me a cake for my birthday.
Negative → They didn’t give me the day off at work.
Interrogative → Did James give you enough money?
➢ TO COME:
Statement (affirmative) → My cousins came to my house today.
Negative → They didn’t come because of the bad weather.
Interrogative → Did she come to the party?

INSTRUCTION: Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past tense) to complete the
sentences:
Example
I (go) _____went______ to Italy last summer.
Continue:
1. Susan (wait) _____________ for the bus.

2. My friends and I (travel) _______________ together last year.
3. We (see) ______________ a movie last night.
4. I (learn) ______________ chinese last year.
5. It (rain) _______________ all night.
6. We (visit) ______________ our grandmother this morning.
7. She (spend) _____________ a lot of money at the mall today.
8. The weather (be) _______________ great today.
9. Amelia (live) ______________ with his parents.
10. I (have) ______________ pizza for lunch.
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INSTRUCTION: Rewrite the following sentences into the negative form.
Example
She opened the door → _____ she didn’t open the door ______.
Continue:
1. They played soccer → __________________________________.
2. I cleaned the bathroom → __________________________________.
3. We went shopping → __________________________________.
4. I visited Sofia yesterday → __________________________________.
5. She asked a lot of questions → __________________________________.
6. He waited for too long → __________________________________.
7. My mom bought a computer → __________________________________.
8. I woke up early today → __________________________________.
9. I travelled last weekend → __________________________________.
10. I was sick → __________________________________.

INSTRUCTION: Rewrite the following sentences into the interrogative form.
Example
She went to school
_____ Did she go to school? ______.
Continue:
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1. He brought his girlfriend
_______________________________________.
2. They went to the game
_______________________________________.
3. They lived in Arizona
_______________________________________.
4. He ate his breakfast
_______________________________________.
5. She was sick
_______________________________________.
6. We were at the beach
_______________________________________.
7. He slept all afternoon
_______________________________________.
8. They were at home
_______________________________________.
9. My mom spoke to Alice
_______________________________________.
10. My aunt bought a new car
_______________________________________.
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UNIT 5. USED TO
→ The expression used to is a type of verb that we only use in the past tense.
→ It is used with do to make negative statements and questions.
● We already know that the form of the auxiliary verb is always did.
○ REMEMBER: when using the past tense of do (did) the following verb has
to be in present → didn’t use to, did he use to?
★ When to use ‘USED TO’?

1. To describe an action, event or activity that happened many times in the past.
Ex. Lisa always used to go for a run every morning.
Ex. He didn’t use to say things like that before.
2. To talk about an activity or statement that was true in the past but is no longer
true.
Ex. I used to watch TV all day when I was a kid.
Ex. My mom didn’t use to cook so often.
→ Used to is used with all subject pronouns:
I used to We used to
You used to You used to
He/she/it used to They used to
Example:
I used to live in Canada.
He used to paint.
My mom and dad used to go on vacation every year.
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→ The verb used to can also be used in the following forms but still in a past tense:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Pronoun/subject + Used to + Verb in simple form + rest of the sentence
Ex. Arthur used to volunteer in church on vacations.
NEGATIVE FORM
Pronoun/subject + didn't + Use to + Verb in simple form + rest of the

sentence
Ex. Arthur didn't use to volunteer in church on vacations.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Did + Pronoun/subject + Use to + Verb in simple form + rest of the sentence
Ex. Did Arthur use to volunteer in church on vacations?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentence using ‘used to’
from the sentences below.
Example
1. She / live in an apartment when she was a child.
Affirmative: _____she used to live in an apartment when she was a child______.
Negative:_____she didn’t use to live in an apartment when she was a child_____.
Interrogative: ___did she use to live in an apartment when she was a child?_____.
Continue:
1. Lisa / to dance
Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
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Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
2. Ana / study Chinese

Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
3. He / play golf every weekend

Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
4. My grandfather / smoke
Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
5. I / love eating chocolate

Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
6. I / play football when I was at school

Affirmative: ________________________________________________________.
Negative:__________________________________________________________.
Interrogative: _______________________________________________________.
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LESSON 3
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: PLACES
→ In this unit we will be able to learn the name of some common places.
➢ Study this table:
Airport Gym Motel

(aeropuerto) (gimnasio)
Bakery Hairdressers Parking lot

(panadería) (peluquería / salón de (estacionamiento)
belleza)
Bank Hospital Pharmacy / drug store

(banco) (farmacia)
Bar Hotel Police station

(estación de policía)
Bookstore / Bookshop Gallery Post office

(tienda de libros) (galería) (oficina postal)
Bus station Grocery store Park

(estación de autobús) (tienda de comestibles, (parque)
tienda de comida)
Butcher’s Jail / prison Restaurant

(carnicería) (cárcel / prisión)
Church Laundromat School

(iglesia) (lavandería) (escuela)
Court Library Train station / railway

(corte) (librería) station
(estación de tren)
Department store Mall Supermarket

(tienda departamental) (centro comercial) (supermercado)
Cinema / movies Museum Zoo

(cine) (museo) (zoológico)
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Write the correct place according to the definitions given below.
Example:
- You can buy or borrow books here: _____ library _____
Continue:
1. A place where you can wash your clothes: _____________________
2. A place where live animals are kept, studied, bred, and exhibited to the public:
_______________________
3. A place where objects of historical, artistic, or scientific interest are exhibited,

preserved, or studied: _________________________
4. A place for ill people when they need an operation or when someone is going to
have a baby: _________________________
5. Where a judge works and where they have trials and law cases:
_________________________
UNIT 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES
★ Qualitative adjectives
→ Qualitative adjectives are used to describe the qualities, characteristics or features of
a noun, for example: a person, a place, an idea, a thing, etc.

● They answer to the question: what kind?
→ These adjectives are non-countable but they are ‘gradable’, which means they are
graded with superlative, comparative and positive forms.
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➢ For example:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Nice Nicer Nicest
Happy Happier Happiest
Slow Slower Slowest
Honest More honest Most honest
→ They are generally used before the word we want to modify or describe BUT can
also be seen throughout the sentence.
→ In the following examples, you will be able to see the qualitative adjectives in bold.
Example:
Andrew is a tall girl. He is better at basketball than Henry.
The yellow plate is full of delicious appetizers.
The pizza was hot.
● Examples of QUALITATIVE adjectives

Amazing, sad, devastated, bulky, fat, thin, short, tall, sour, sugary, sweet, dirty, clean,
furry, hairy, rough, yellow, purple, black, green, red, neutral, long, dair, dark, funny,
scary, interesting, boring, among others…
★ Quantitative adjectives
→ Quantitative adjectives are used to describe the measurement, count or amount of
any living and nonliving being or object.

● They answer to the questions: how much or how many?
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→ We must remember, the measurement described with these adjectives is NOT in exact
numbers.
→ In the following examples, you will be able to see the qualitative adjectives in bold.
Example:
I drank half of my apple juice.
She ate the whole hamburguer by herself.
I have enough money for ice cream.
● Examples of QUANTITATIVE adjectives

Some, few, little, most, all, no, enough, any, whole, sufficient, none.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Rewrite the following words in the correct order to create the proper
sentence.
Example
1. homework / my / difficult / very / Maths / was.
_____ My Maths homework was very difficult _______.
Continue:
1. pizza / We / hungry. / because / the / ate / whole / so / were / we
____________________________________________________________
2. next door / The / lady / nice. / very / is / old / from
____________________________________________________________
3. today. / had / for / I’ve / enough / food
____________________________________________________________
4. very / married / She / man. / a / tall
____________________________________________________________
5. didn’t / chocolates / any / my / for / I / friends. / bring
____________________________________________________________
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6. dirty / Don’t / the / touch / garbage bag.

____________________________________________________________
7. car. / these / None / is / of / my
____________________________________________________________
8. kilometers. / I’m / because / ran / many / tired / I
____________________________________________________________
9. people / class. / few / came / Very / to
____________________________________________________________
10. reading / novel. / I’m / interesting / a / reading / very
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks writing either ‘qualitative’ or ‘quantitative’ depending
on the adjectives written below.
Example
Blue → ___qualitative____.
Continue:
1. half → __________________.
2. big → __________________.
3. short→ __________________.
4. many → __________________.
5. thin → __________________.
6. few → __________________.
7. sufficient → __________________.
8. wet → __________________.
9. dark → __________________.
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10. any → __________________.
11. boring → __________________.
12. some → __________________.
13. scary → __________________.
14. enough → __________________.
15. funny → __________________.
16. none → __________________.
UNIT 3. COMPOUND VERBS
→ A compound verb is a verb that is made up of multiple words.
→ They can take several forms such as:
● Prepositional verbs
○ Example: believe in, ask for, rely upon.
● Phrasal verbs
○ A phrasal verb is formed when we combine a verb with an adverb or a
preposition.
○ Example: take away, take down, work on.
● A verb with auxiliaries

○ A verb combined with another verb is called a helping verb or an auxiliary.
Auxiliaries are typically: have, has, had, am, be, been, is, are, was or
were.
○ Example: was swimming, will meet, are running.
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● A compound single-word verb

○ Example: double-click, water-proof, rely on.
Example:
The plane is ready to take off. (despegar)
This room is soundproof. (a prueba de sonido)
Eventually, everything will work out. (funcionar)
→ The following table shows a list of the most used phrasal verbs in english grammar.
→ Important!! You will see some abbreviations, take this in mind when studying the
table:
● ‘sth’ means ‘something’

● ‘smb’ means ‘somebody’
ask smb out back smb up blow up break down

(invitar a salir) (apoyar) (explotar) (dejar de funcionar)
break sth out break in break up break out

(dividir en pedazos) (irrumpir) (terminar una relación) (escape)
bring smb down bring smb up bring sth up call smb back
(decepcionar) (criar) (sacar/hablar de un (regresar la llamada)
tema)
call sth off calm down check in check sth/smb out

(cancelar) (calmarse) (registrarse/hotel) (investigar, observar)
cheer up cheer smb up clean sth up come across sth

(animarse) (animar a alguien) (limpiar, ordenar) (encontrar algo)
come apart come from a place count on sth/smb cross sth out
(separar) (orígen de algún lugar) (apoyarse de/contar con) (tachar algo)
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cut sth down cut in cut sth out do sth/smb over

(cortar) (interrumpir) (cortar algo) (hacerlo de nuevo)
dress up drop sth/smb off drop out eat out

(vestirse elegante) (dejar algo/a alguien) (abandonar) (comer en un restaurante)
fall apart fall down fall out figure sth out

(desmoronarse) (caer al suelo) (separar, aflojar, caer) (entender)
fill sth in fill sth out fill sth up find out

(llenar, completar) (llenar, completar) (llenar algo a tope) (descubrir)
find sth out get along get away get away with sth
(descubrir (verdades)) (llevarse bien) (ir de vacaciones) (salirse con la suya sin ser
descubierto)
get back at smb get on sth get over sth get together
(venganza contra alguien) (subirse a algo) (recuperarse de algo) (reunirse)
get up give sth away give sth back give in

(levantarse, pararse) (regalar, dar, entregar) (regresar, devolver) (rendirse, ceder)
give sth up give up go after smb go against smb

(renunciar a un hábito) (rendirse) (seguir a alguien) (competir contra alguien)
go ahead go back go out go out with smb

(empezar, proceder) (regresar) (salir) (salir con alguien)
go over sth grow apart grow back grow up

(revisar, repasar algo) (separarse, dejar de ser (crecer de nuevo) (crecer, madurar, ser
amigos) adulto)
hand sth in hand sth out hand sth over hang on

(entregar) (repartir) (dar, entregar) (esperar poco tiempo)
hang out hang up hold sth/smb back hold sth back

(pasar el tiempo) (colgar una llamada) (prevenir que algo (ocultar aguantar una
suceda) emoción)
hold on keep on doing sth keep sth/smb out keep sth up

(esperar) (seguir haciendo algo) (no permitir entrada, (seguir haciendo algo)
dejar fuera)
let smb down let smb in look after sth/smb look for sth/smb
(decepcionar a alguien) (dejar entrar a alguien) (cuidar de alguien o algo) (buscar algo/alguien)
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look into sth look out look sth up look up to smb

(investigar) (atento, ser cuidadoso) (buscar información) (admirar a alguien)
make sth up make up mix sth up pass away

(inventar/mentir de algo) (hacer las paces) (confundir) (fallecer)
pass out pass sth up pay smb back pay for sth
(desmayarse) (pasar algo a alguien) (regresar dinero prestad) (recibir un castigo por algo)
pick sth out put sth off put sth out put sth together
(escoger algo) (posponer) (extinguir) (armar, juntar)
put up with sth/smb put sth on run into sth/smb run over sth/smb
(tolerar) (ponerse ropa, (encontrarse (atropellar)
accesorios) inesperadamente)
run away run out of sth send sth back set sth up
(escapar) (ya no hay de algo) (enviar de regreso) (organizar, arreglar)
set smb up show off sleep over sort sth out

(tender trampa a alguien) (presumir) (dormir en casa de (resolver un problema)
alguien)
switch sth off switch sth on take sth back take off
(apagar algo) (prender algo) (recuperar, devolver) (despegar)
take sth off take sth out tear sth up think back
(quitarse algo) (quitar algo) (arrancar, destruir) (recordar algo)
think sth over throw sth away turn sth down turn sth down
(considerar, pensar) (tirar/deshacerse de (disminuir volumen) (rechazar)
algo)
turn sth off turn sth on turn sth up turn up

(apagar algo) (prender algo) (incrementar volumen) (aparecer)
try sth on try sth out wake up warm sth/smb up

(probarse algo) (poner a prueba algo) (despertarse, levantarse) (incrementar temperatura)
warm up wear off work out work sth out

(calentamiento) (desaparecer) (hacer ejercicio) (hacer cálculos)
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences writing down the correct phrasal
verbs according to their meanings in brackets ( ). If you have trouble answering, consult
the previous table.
Example
You need to ____dress up____ for the party. (wear nice/fancy clothes)
Continue:
1. _______________ your shoes when you come in. (remove)
2. Can you __________________ my baby while I go to the store? (take care of)
3. Please __________________, we will be late! (be quick)
4. The fireman _________________ the fire. (extinguish)
5. Don’t be sad! how can I ____________ you _________? (make happier)
6. _______________ the phone and do your homework! (end a phone call)
7. He wants to ______________ the truth. (discover)
8. _______________ the blanks of the exercise. (complete)
9. ___________ this dress _________, it would look good on you. (see if it fits)
10. Alissa lent me some money, I need to _________ her _______. (return money)
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences, select the phrasal verbs
from the box below.
wake up call off run out break out take off
work out ask out looking forward to call back passed away
1. If you smoke inside the room, a fire will ____________________.

2. She was sad because her grandmother ______________________.
3. I am very busy right now, I will __________ you _________ later.
4. My car is going to ________________ of gas.
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5. Tomorrow I have to _________________ really early.

6. Sam had to _________________ his birthday party because he got sick.
7. I am ________________________ see my friends again.
8. Please sit down, the airplane is about to __________________.
9. My investigation was successful! I never thought it would ________________.
10. Henry is going to _____________ Lisa ___________ on a date!
UNIT 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
→ The past continuous tense is also called past progressive, and is used to:
1. Describe an ongoing activity in the past.

- Example: They were studying
2. Describe an activity in the past which was interrupted.

- Example: I was sleeping when the alarm went off.
3. Describe an action taking place when another occurred.

- Example: I was cleaning the windows while they were painting the door.
4. Is also often used to set the scene for another action.
→ Remember: we use the past tense of the verb ‘to be’ which is: was (for singular) and
were (for plural).
★ Rules for forming the -ing of verbs:

● We can add -ing to most verbs.
○ Example: play → playing; cry → crying; bark → barking
● For verbs that end in -e, remove the ‘e’ and add -ing.
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○ Example: slide → sliding; ride → riding
● For verbs that end in -ie, change the ‘ie’ to ‘y’ and add -ing.
○ Example: die → dying; tie → tying
● For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant,

double the last letter before adding -ing.
○ Example: beg → begging; begin → beginning.
★ Structure
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Subject + verb ‘to be’ in past + verb with ING + rest of the sentence
(singular) Ex. He was writing an essay when his cellphone rang.
(plural) Ex. They were playing with the ball when their moms called them.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + verb ‘to be’ in past in negative form + verb with ING + rest of the
sentence
(singular) Ex. He wasn’t crying when the teacher yelled at him.
(plural) Ex. We weren’t swimming when it started to rain.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
verb ‘to be’ in past + Subject + verb with ING + rest of the sentence + ?
(singular) Ex. Was I talking to you?
(plural) Ex. Were you writing the report this morning?
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets ( ) in
past continuous to complete the sentences.
Example:
1. Sarah _______was cooking________ (cook) when I walked into the kitchen.
Continue:
1. What __________ (to be) my mom __________ (do) in the morning?
2. Adam and Lisa ________________ (walk) to the hotel when it started to rain.
3. Sophie ____________________ (work) in the sales department when I met her.
4. My father ____________________ (watch) the TV while I
___________________ (pack) for our family trip.
5. ___________ (to be) you _____________ (pay) attention when the teacher
__________________ (call) your name?
6. I ____________________ (prepare) dinner while my sister
_____________________ (work) upstairs.
7. She _____________ (to be) not ______________ (study).
8. It’s true what I said earlier, I ____________ (to be) not ______________ (lie).
9. My brother _________ (to be) not _____________ (sleep) when I came home.
10. Lisa __________(to be) not ___________ (cry) when she fell from the bike.
UNIT 5. PAST PERFECT TENSE
→ The past perfect is a verb tense which is used to show that an action took place once
or many times before another point in the past. The past perfect is formed using had +
past participle.
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→ Structure:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Subject + Had + Verb past participle + rest of the sentence
ex. She had studied English before she moved to New York.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + had + not + verb past participle + rest of the sentence
ex. She had not studied English before she moved to New York.
→ To form questions we just invert the order of the subject and ‘had’.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Had + Subject + verb past participle + rest of the sentence
ex. Had she studied English before she moved to New York.
★ Past perfect uses

1. Completed action before something in the past:
→ The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in
the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Example:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Cancun.
Had you ever visited the Mexico before your trip in 2010?
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2. Duration before something in the past (non-continuous verbs)
→ We use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up
until another action in the past using non-continuous verbs.
→ Even though the use of past perfect is normally limited to non-continuous verbs and
non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT non-continuous verbs.
Example:
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Tess finished her studies, she had been in Japan for over eight years.
★ Specific times with the past perfect tense
→ Unlike with the present perfect tense, it is possible to use specific time words or
phrases with the past perfect. However, it is usually not necessary:
Example:
She had visited her Italian relatives once in 2017 before she moved in with them in
2019.
→ If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can be used
instead of the past perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words
"before" and "after" indicates you what happens first, so the past perfect is optional. For
this reason, both examples below are correct.
Example:
1. She had visited her Italian relatives once in 2017 before she moved in with them
in 2019.
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2. She visited her Italian relatives once in 2017 before she moved in with them in
2019.
However, if the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, past perfect is
not optional. Comparing the examples below, we can see that the past perfect is
referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason,
simple past cannot be used:
Example:
1. She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. (Correct)
2. She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. (Incorrect)
★ Adverb placement
→ The placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
in an affirmative statement is placed after the ‘had’ and before the verb in past
participle; for questions is placed after the subject and before the verb in past participle.
Examples:
She had previously studied English before she moved to New York.
Had she previously studied English before she moved to New York?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the following sentences using the past perfect tense
according to the verbs in brackets ( ). Remember to conjugate the verbs correctly.
Example:
1. It’s already 11 pm and I (wait) _____had waited______ here for over an hour.
Continue:
1. I (see) ____________ many pictures of the Tenochtitlan pyramids before I went
to Mexico.
2. Sarah (climb) __________ many mountains, (sail) _____________ around the
world and (go) ___________ on safari in Africa by the time she turned 25.
3. By the time Doris got to the party, everyone (go) ____________ home.
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4. John (visit) ____________ so many beautiful places since he moved to Brazil.

5. Michael didn’t want to see the movie because he (not read) ______________
the book yet.
6. _________ Sara ever (drive) __________ by herself before?
7. How many fish ________ the boys (catch) ___________ by the time it started
raining?
8. After Sofie (finish) _______________her work, she went to lunch.
9. My friends ________ never (go) __________ to the Australia either.
10. ________ Adam ever (speak) ____________ to the CEO before he was fired?
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LESSON 4
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: SPORT ACTIVITIES
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn the name of some sports in english.
Football soccer Baseball Swimming
Chess Basketball Cricket
Horse racing Fencing Surf
Jogging Boxing Skateboarding
Ice skating Dancing Ice hockey
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Cycling Scuba diving Weight lifting
Wrestling Football Archery
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: In the following exercise, we have the name of some sports in
spanish, translate them to english.
Example:
Ciclismo → ____ Cycling _____
Continue:
1. Levantamiento de pesas → _____________________.
2. Lucha → _____________________.
3. Ajedrez → _____________________.
4. Patinaje en hielo → _____________________.
5. Natación → _____________________.
6. Buceo → _____________________.
7. Esgrima → _____________________.
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UNIT 2. IMPERATIVE VERBS
→ Imperative verbs are those used in imperative sentences. An imperative sentence
gives an order or command. Therefore, imperative verbs are used to tell someone to
do something as an order. They are also used in manuals, recipes and instructions.
Examples:
● To tell someone to do something
Clean your room. (limpia tu cuarto)
Do your homework. (haz tu tarea)
Give me your cellphone. (dame tu celular)
Take the trash out. (saca la basura)
● To tell someone NOT to do something

Don’t touch anything. (no toques nada)
Don’t open the door. (no abras la puerta
Don’t speak during class. (no hables durante la clase)
● Asking politely
Please don't yell at me.
Please clean the table.
take the trash out, please.
Help me with the homework, please.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box. The negative
sentences are indicated with ( - ) and must include the negative form ‘don’t’.
drink call leave help take off
open sit drive walk give
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1. _____________ your shoes, I just cleaned the floor.

2. Please _________ Andrew, today is his birthday.
3. It’s very hot inside here, __________ the window.
4. _____________ me clean the kitchen, please.
5. _____________it in the table! ( - )
6. _________________ and drive. ( - )
7. Please, ___________ your dirty boots outside
8. ___________ them to the airport.
9. ______________ through the park at night ( - )
10. _____________ me my candy!
UNIT 3. MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS
can would may shall will

(puede) (haría) (puede) (deberá) (será)
could must might should ought to

(podría) (debe) (podría) (debería) (debería)
→ Modal verbs are used when:
1. We want to show if we believe something is certain, possible or impossible.
- ex. My wallet must be in the car → (I am sure my wallet is in the car)
- ex. It might rain tomorrow → (it is possible it may rain)

- ex. Those can’t be my shoes, they’re too small. → (it is impossible)
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2. We want to talk about ability, ask permission and make offers or/and
requests:
- ex. I can’t ride the bike
- ex. May I go to the bathroom?
- ex. Would you like some water?
- ex. Could I go now?
3. We want to express obligation and advice:

- ex. I must go to work
- ex. I should wear uniform to school
4. We want to express habits → we can use ‘will’ and ‘would’ to talk about habits or
things we usually do, or did in the past.

- ex. When I lived in Canada, I would often go skiing.
- ex. Anne will always be late!
→ The following table shows a further explanation of modal verbs in affirmative form.
Modal verb Meaning Example:
can to express ability I can speak French.
can to request permission Can I open the door?
may to express possibility I may arrive late.
may to request permission May I come in, please?
must to express obligation I must go now.
must to express strong belief She must be over 80 years old.
should to give advice You should stop smoking.
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would to request or offer What would you like to drink?
would in if-sentences If I were you, I would go to the party.
★ Negative form
→ Just as studied previously, to form the negative form we only add the word ‘not’ at
the end of the modal verb to express negativity:
Complete form With abbreviation
cannot can’t
may not (no abbreviation)
must not mustn’t
should not shouldn’t
would not wouldn’t
could not couldn’t
NEGATIVE FORM STRUCTURE
Subject + Modal verb + NOT + Verb + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. I could not arrive in time.
INTERROGATIVE FORM STRUCTURE
Modal verb + Subject + Verb + rest of the sentence + ?
ex. Should I go to the party tonight?
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct modal verb in order to complete the following
sentences.
1. Marie ___________ swim really well.

a. might b. can c. may
2. I _____________ go to the beach on holidays, but I’m still not sure.

a. must b. could c. might
3. My mom thinks my dad ___________go to the doctor, but he doesn't want to.
a. can b. might c. should
4. You _________________ come with us if you don’t want to.

a. don’t have to b. can c. may not
5. I will tell you a secret but you _____________ tell anyone!

a. would b. mustn’t c. could
6. You ______________ go into deep water if you ____________ swim!

a. can’t/will b. might/must not c. shouldn’t/can’t
7. What ______________ you like to drink?

a. would b. can c. could
8. I don’t feel good today so I ___________ stay at home.

a. might b. mustn’t c. may not
9. All passengers_________remain seated and___________use the cellphone.

a. must/must not b. can/could c. have to/will
10. __________ I go to the bathroom, please?

a. can’t b. may c. will
11. __________ you call me later, please?

a. will not b. can c. must
12. Anne said she ___________ come unless Sarah came too.
a. can’t b. might not c. would
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UNIT 4. LINKERS AND CONNECTORS
→ First, later, after that, next, then, finally, at the end… These words are called
sequencers or connectors because they help us to connect ideas and clarify which
action comes first in order to make it easier to understand a sequence.
→ They are divided into three categories depending on the use you want to give them:
Function Connectors
1. Introduction of ideas first (primero)

first of all (primero que nada)
to start with (para empezar)
2. Sequencing then (luego)

later (luego o más tarde)
after (después)
after that (después de eso)
next (siguiente)
3. Conclusion of ideas finally (finalmente)

at the end (al final)
lastly (por último)
→ These connectors are usually used at the beginning of the sentence or paragraph.
→ They are always followed by commas (,) .
Example: how to make hot tea.

First of all, we put some water in a cooking pot. Then, we wait for the water to start
boiling. After that, we pour the boiling water in a teacup. Next, we add a tea bag into
the teacup. Finally, we add sugar and enjoy!
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★ Other linkers and connectors:
LINKERS
Function: Linker When to use them:
in spite of / despite of Link two contrasting ideas.

(a pesar de) Followed by a noun phrase.
although / even though Link two contrasting ideas.

(a pesar de que / aunque) Followed by a sentence.
on one hand / on the other Links two contrasting ideas or

1. To create contrast
hand paragraphs.
(por un lado / por otra parte)
in contrast to / contrary to Link two contrasting ideas

(en contraste con / contrario followed by a noun phrase.
a)
whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not

(mientras, mientras que…) separated by commas.
because
(porque, debido a que…)
as
(como) Introduces a sentence.
since
(ya que)
seeing that
(visto que, observado esto)
2. Reason and cause because of
(porque, debido a)
owing to
(debido a…) Introduce a noun phrase.
due to
(debido a…)
in order to Introduce an infinitive of

(a fin de que…) purpose.
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in order that
3. Purpose (para que)
Introduce a sentence.
so that
(así que eso, para que)
as a consequence
(como consecuencia…)
Introduce a sentence explaining
as a result a previous argument.
(como resultado…)
therefore
4. Consequence (por lo tanto…)
as a consequence of
(como consecuencia de…)
Followed by a noun.
as a result of
(como resultado de…)
so Introduces a sentence.
(entonces) No commas used.
moreover
(además)
furthermore Used after a strong pause and

(además) separated from the sentences.
They are introduced by a
in addition comma.
(adicionalmente)
besides
(además)
5. Addition as well as
(tanto como, al igual que)
Used to add one more piece of
in addition to information. Followed by a
(además de…) noun phrase.
besides
for example
(por ejemplo) Introduces an example referring
to previously stated ideas.
6. Exemplification for instance
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(por ejemplo)
such as Introduces an example referring

(tal como) to the last idea.
CONNECTORS
but
(pero) Followed by a noun phrase or a
sentence.
yet
(todavía)
in spite of / despite of It is placed at the beginning or

(a pesar de) in the middle of the sentence.
although / though / even Followed by a complete

though sentence.
(a pesar de que / aunque) They can be placed at the
beginning or in the middle of
in spite of the fact that the sentence.
(a pesar del hecho que…) If it is placed at the beginning
we need to use a comma after
the clause.
1. Contrast however
(sin embargo) Examples:
nevertheless ‘He was quite ill however/

(sin embargo) nevertheless/ even so, he
went to school’
even so
(aún así)
on one hand / on the other ‘This film is very interesting,

hand while/whereas that one is
(por un lado / por otra parte) quite boring’
on the contrary
(de lo contrario)
while
(mientras)
whereas
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(mientras)
because
(porque)
Examples:
seeing that
(viendo el hecho de que…) ‘Because / as / since / seeing
that it’s late, we should go
because of home’
(porque, debido a)
owing to ‘Because of / on account of /

2. Reason and cause (debido a…) owing to / due to the weather,
we stayed at home’
due to
(debido a…) ‘She uses her video in order to
/ so as to / to record TV
in order to programmes’
(a fin de que…)
to
(a…)
for example Examples:

(por ejemplo)
‘Vegetables are a good source
for instance of vitamins: for example / for
(por ejemplo) instance, oranges have
vitamin C’
such as
(tal como)
moreover
(además)
furthermore
(además) Example:
in addition ‘In addition to soul music, she
(adicionalmente) likes rap’
3. Add information
besides
(además)
in addition to
(además de…)
apart from Example:
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(aparte de…)
‘Apart from English, she
except for speaks French’.
(excepto por, a excepción
de…)
first of all / firstly / to begin To use in a first paragraph.

with / first (primero que nada, primero,
para comenzar, primeramente)
second / secondly / then... To use in a second paragraph.

(segundo, en segundo lugar,
después…)
4. Succession third / thirdly / after that... To use in a third paragraph.

(tercero, en tercer lugar,
después de eso…)
the next stage... To explain next steps.

(el siguiente paso es…)
finally / to sum up / in To use in the last paragraph.

conclusion / lastly / last (finalmente, para resumir, en
but not least conclusión, finalmente, último
pero no menos importante…)
as a result of Example:
(como resultado de…)
‘As a result of his brave
action, he was awarded a
military medal.
5. Result as a result
(como resultado…)
Example:
therefore
(por lo tanto…) ‘Consequently / for this
reason, it always passes its
consequently annual road test’.
(por consiguiente)
for this reason

(por esta razón)
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct connector in order to complete
the sentences.
1. I called you _______________I needed to talk to you.

a. however
b. in order to
c. because
d. so
2. ____________ it's his birthday on Monday, he's having a party.

a. besides
b. since
c. because of
d. but
3. We're leaving now, _____________ we can arrive early.

a. more over
b. while
c. so that
d. yet
4. ______________, take your shoes off before getting in bed.

a. lastly
b. later
c. first of all
d. next
5. She started a diet ________________lose weight.

a. in order to
b. because of
c. whereas
d. although
6. ____________ she studied a lot, she didn’t pass the exam

a. however
b. despite
c. nevertheless
d. due to
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7. I’ve never been to Canada. ___________, I would love to go.

a. in order to
b. in spite of
c. however
d. in addition
8. ___________ clean your space, __________ get back to work.

a. finally / because
b. later / net
c. however / yet
d. first of all / then
9. He eats very healthy, _____________ his sister has bad food habits.
a. whereas
b. because of
c. then
d. net
10. You almost complete all the steps. ____________, submit your work and you
can go.
a. beside
b. morever
c. at the end
d. although
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ENGLISH 4
LESSON 1
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: DESCRIBING PEOPLE
→ In this unit we will learn some vocabulary to describe people. In previous units we
studied qualitative adjectives, which are used to describe the qualities, characteristics or
features of a noun, for example: a person, a place, an idea, a thing, etc. In this case, we
will use them to describe people. The following table shows some words that are
considered qualitative adjectives. The tables will be divided by the different
characteristics to describe a person such as height, complexion, and others.
➢ Please, study the following table:
FACE AND HAIR
oval-shaped face round-shaped face square-shaped face

(cara ovalada) (cara redonda) (cara cuadrada)
triangle-shaped face long-shaped face blond hair

(cara triangular) (cara alargada) (cabello rubio)
brown hair / brunette red hair / redhead black hair

(cabello castaño) (pelirrojo) (cabello negro)
grey hair short hair long hair

(cabello gris) (cabello corto) (cabello largo)
wavy hair curly hair bald

(cabello ondulado) (cabello rizado/chino) (calvo)
green eyes blue eyes dark eyes

(ojos verdes) (ojos azules) (ojos oscuros)
hazel eyes brown eyes oval eyes
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(ojos color avellana) (ojos cafés) (ojos ovalados)
big eyes small eyes small nose

(ojos grandes) (ojos pequeños) (nariz pequeña)
pointy nose straight nose long nose

(nariz puntiaguda) (nariz recta) (nariz alargada)
large/full lips thin lips cuved lips

(labios grandes/llenitos) (labios delgados) (labios curveados)
HEIGHT
tall short average

(estatura alta) (estatura baja) (estatura promedio)
medium height normal height

(estatura media) (estatura normal)
BUILD
(forma corporal)
fit body skinny thin / slim

(cuerpo en forma) (flaco/a) (delgado/a)
slender overweight plump

(esbelto/a) (sobrepeso) (llenito/a)
COMPLEXION
pale skin tanned skin dark skin

(piel pálida) (piel bronceada) (piel oscura)
light-brown skin fair skin yellow skinned

(piel morena) (piel blanca) (de piel amarilla)
CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY
polite friendly honest

(cortés) (amigable) (honesto/a)
rude lazy funny

(grosero/a) (flojo/a) (gracioso/a)
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cheerful kind sensitive

(alegre) (amable) (sensible)
jealous selfish shy

(celoso/a) (egoísta) (tímido/a) (penoso/a)
anxious liar mean

(ansioso/a) (mentiroso/a) (malo/a)
nice crazy naughty

(agradable) (loco/a) (travieso/a)
EXTRAS
young middle aged old aged

(joven) (edad media / adulto) (edad avanzada)
beautiful pretty handsome

(hermoso/a) (bonito/a) (guapo)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Match the following images with their corresponding description by
writing the correct letter of the picture in the blanks after the sentences.
197
1. Blond little girl with fair skin and blue eyes: ______________.
2. Middle-aged man with sunglasses, dark hair and pale skin: __________.
3. Blond young woman with fair skin, long hair and blue eyes: ___________.
4. Young man with brown hair, beard, moustache and glasses: __________.
5. Old man with grey curly hair, glasses and moustache: _________.
6. Middle-aged woman with green eyes, brown hair and pink thin lips:
________.
7. Young man with tanned skin, short dark brown hair and thin lips: _________.
8. Old woman with grey hair and glasses: _________.
UNIT 2. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
→ The simple future tense is used to talk about things, events and actions that have not
happened yet but will happen. It is also used to talk about an action or condition that will
begin and end in the future.
→ It expresses facts or certainty.
→ When to use simple future:
1. To predict a future event.

- ex. It will rain tomorrow
2. To express a spontaneous decision using ‘I’ and ‘We’.

- ex. I will pay for the cinema tickets.
3. To express willingness in the affirmative form, and unwillingness in the negative

form.
- ex. Henry will carry your bag for you
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- ex. The baby will not drink the milk
4. To make an offer in the interrogative form using ‘shall’.

- ex. Shall I open de window?
5. To make a suggestion in the interrogative form using ‘shall’.

- ex. Shall we go out for dinner?
6. To give orders using ‘you’.

- ex. you will clean your room as I told you so.
7. To make an invitation in the interrogative form using ‘you’.

- ex. Will you come to the party with me?
➢ It doesn’t matter if the subject is singular or plural, the formula for the simple
future tense doesn’t change.
→ In modern English ‘will’ is more used than ‘shall’. Shall is mainly used with ‘I’ and
‘we’ to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice.
STRUCTURE
Subject + Will + Verb in simple present Subject + Shall + Verb in simple

+ rest of the sentence present + rest of the sentence
Ex. I will learn a new language. Ex. I shall go now
★ Negative form
→ Won’t is the abbreviation for will not.
STRUCTURE
Subject + will + not + Verb in simple Subject + Won’t + Verb in simple

present + rest of the sentence present + rest of the sentence
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Ex. I will not finish my homework in Ex. I won’t finish my homework in time
time
STRUCTURE
Will + Subject + Verb in simple present Won’t + Subject + Verb in simple

+ rest of the sentence + ? present + rest of the sentence + ?
Ex. Will Jane come to the party? Ex. Won’t you see?
★ Abbreviations:
I will → I’ll
you will → you’ll
he / she / it will → he’ll / she’ll / it’ll

we will → we’ll
they will → they’ll
→ The abbreviations are only possible with subjective nouns, not with names or other
nouns:
Example:
Susan will … NOT Susan’ll
The kids will … NOT the kids’ll
The teachers will … NOT the teachers’ll
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Rearrange the words in the correct order to create a sentence in
simple future tense. If you need help sorting the words out, follow the grammatical rules
studied in the unit.
Example:
200
1. later. / will / you / call / I

______ I will call you later_________.
Continue:
1. travel / Lisa / by / will / train.
________________________________________________.
2. tomorrow. / The / will / better / weather / be
________________________________________________.
3. will / pizza / We / for / have / dinner.
________________________________________________.
4. beach / They / to / will / go / the / holidays. / on
________________________________________________.
5. us. / Rose / play / with / will
________________________________________________.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Write sentences in affirmative, negative and interrogative using the
simple future tense according the subject + verb below. You can use abbreviations if
you want to.
Example:
1. She / travel / by boat.
Affirmative: ____She will travel by boat_______.
Negative: ____She won’t travel by boat_______.
Interrogative: ____Will she travel by boat?_______.
Continue:
1. I / wash / the windows.
A (✓): ___________________________________.
N (⤬): ___________________________________.
I (?): ___________________________________.
201
2. You / call / Andrew
A (✓): ___________________________________.
N (⤬): ___________________________________.
I (?): ___________________________________.
3. It / be / scary
A (✓): ___________________________________.
N (⤬): ___________________________________.
I (?): ___________________________________.
4. We / go / for a walk to the beach
A (✓): ___________________________________.
N (⤬): ___________________________________.
I (?): ___________________________________.
5. The children / do / it
A (✓): ___________________________________.
N (⤬): ___________________________________.
I (?): ___________________________________.
202
UNIT 3. IDIOMATIC FUTURE: be going to
→ The simple future tense has two different forms in English: "will", as we studied in the
previous unit, and "be going to." Even though the two forms can be used
interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. Both "will" and "be
going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
(be going to)
→ The ‘be going to’ form is more common to be used in informal or casual speech
and/or writing. The ‘will’ form is more formal.
→ We use the idiomatic future:
1. To express a future plan.

- ex. She is going to spend her holidays with her parents.
2. To express a prediction.
- ex. The year 2024 is going to be a very interesting year.
★ ‘be going to’ form with different subjects:
Example with another verb:
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★ Structure:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Subject + (am/is/are) + Going to + Verb in simple present + rest of the

sentence
Ex. I am going to learn a new language.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + (am/is/are) + not + Going to + Verb in simple present + rest of the

sentence
Ex. I am not going to finish my homework in time
INTERROGATIVE FORM
(am/is/are) + Subject + Going to + Verb in simple present + rest of the

sentence + ?
Ex. Is Jane going to come to the party?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using idiomatic future ‘going to’
according to the verbs in brackets ( ). Be careful using ‘am/is/are’ depending on the
subject.
Example
1. It (rain) _____is going to rain_____ tomorrow morning.
Continue:
1. We (eat) _______________________ chicken soup for dinner.
2. I (not / help) _______________________ you, I’m busy.
3. Sarah said she (wear) _______________________ a dress for tonight.
4. Steven (not / walk) _______________________ alone back home.
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5. (you / cook) _______________________ dinner?

6. I (spend) _________________________ Christmas with my parents.
7. (they / leave) _______________________ the party?
8. Susan (not / share) ________________________ her food.
9. I (do) _______________________ my homework.
10. My mom (paint) _______________________ a painting.
11. He (call) _______________________ his friends.
12. We (play) _______________________ a new videogame.
13. My brother (watch) ______________________ TV.
14. (she / visit) _______________________ her aunt?
15. (you / be) _______________________ available tonight?
205
UNIT 4. FUTURE TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS
→ The following table shows the most common time expressions used in the future
tense. These time expressions are often used for expressing future plans, predictions and
goals as shown in the examples below.
→ Please, study this table.
Common future time Example: Similar expressions

expressions
tomorrow I’ll go swimming tomorrow. tonight, tomorrow morning,

(mañana) I will see my grandmother tomorrow afternoon, tomorrow
tomorrow morning. evening.
the day after tomorrow Joe is coming over the day after the week next week.
(pasado mañana) tomorrow.
next week Lisa starts college next week. next month.

(la próxima semana) next year.
in a year Sarah is going to graduate in a in a week, in a month, in an

(en un año) year. hour.
this morning I will see Tracy this morning. this week, this month, this year,
this weekend.
on Monday I’ll start work on Monday. on the weekend.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct future time expression to complete the following
sentences.
Example
1. John and I are going to meet for dinner _____tonight_______.
a. on morning
b. tonight
c. on a month
206
Continue:
1. The plane leaves ___________________.
a. yesterday
b. on the week
c. in an hour
2. Mary is giving a presentation ___________________ at work.

a. at midnight
b. this next year
c. this afternoon
3. Charlie and Mike are going for a run ___________________.

a. on Saturday
b. in the morning
c. next day
4. Stephanie is having a baby ____________________.

a. now
b. last year
c. next month
5. Susan is going to get married ____________________.

a. next year
b. last month
c. next day
6. Johnny is going to visit his grandmother ______________________.

a. on morning monday
b. tomorrow morning
c. in a morning
7. I am going to a concert ______________________.

a. this day
b. right now
c. next weekend
8. My mom is baking a cake for __________________ party.

a. next day
b. tonight’s
207
c. morning
9. Bobby has an exam _________________.

a. at night
b. next week
c. in a monday
10. Chris is having surgery _____________________.

a. tomorrow morning
b. in next week
c. yesterday
208
LESSON 2
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn the vocabulary for units of measurement.
Yard Litre Milligrams Matter

(yarda) (litro) (materia)
Metre Millilitre Ton Weight

(metro) (tonelada) (peso)
Centimetre Decilitre Kilograms Length

(centímetro) (longitud)
Inches Gallon Ounce Minutes

(pulgadas) (onza) (minutos)
Foot Pint Volume Seconds

(pies) (medio litro) (segundos)
Kilometre Grams Mass Hour

(masa) (hora)
UNIT 2. ZERO CONDITIONAL: If + simple present
→ The zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world and express
general truths, such as scientific facts. It is also often used to give instructions, using the
imperative in the main clause.
→ In zero conditional, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.
We are always talking about now or always and the situation must be real and possible.
→ We may replace "if" with "when", because both express general truths. The
meaning will be unchanged.
209
→ Structure:
ZERO CONDITIONAL
‘If’ clause (conditional) main clause (result)
if + simple present simple present
Ex 1. If this event happens that other thing happens.
Ex 2. When this event happens that other thing happens.
1. Example: General truths
→ Observe that there are 3 different ways to write a zero conditional sentence:
1. if you heat ice, it melts.

2. ice melts if you heat it.
3. when you heat ice, it melts.
1. if it rains, the ground gets wet.

2. the ground gets wet if it rains.
3. when it rains, the ground gets wet.
2. Example: Giving instructions

If my mom calls, tell her I’m on my way to her house.
If you want to come to the party, let me know later
Meet me at the store if you arrive late.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using zero conditional
(if / when + simple present) according to the words in brackets ( ).
Example:
1. _______if she arrives_________ (she / arrive), please call me.
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Continue:
1. ________________ (you / ask) properly, I answer.
2. ________________ (my mom / be) busy, I offer my help.
3. What do you eat _________________ (you / be) hungry?
4. ________________ ( I / not / make) it, go without me.
5. I get sad _________________ (you / not / say) you love me.
6. We are not sure _________________ (we / can) do that.
7. Let me know ________________ (you / like) it.
8. ________________ (you / heat) water, it boils.
9. Sarah can sit here ________________ (she / want).
10. I can’t run _______________ (I / eat) too much.
UNIT 3. FIRST CONDITIONAL: If + simple future ‘will’
→ First conditional sentences are used to talk about actions/events in the future which
are likely to happen or have a real possibility of happening. We can't know exactly what
will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come
true.
→ Structure:
FIRST CONDITIONAL
‘If’ clause (conditional) main clause (result)
if + verb in simple present + will + infinitive
Ex. If this event happens that other thing will happen.
Example
→ Observe that there are 2 different ways to write a first conditional sentence:
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1. If it rains, I won't go to the park.

2. I won't go to the park If it rains.
1. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new clothes.

2. I'll buy some new clothes If I have enough money.
1. If I see her, I'll tell her.

2. I'll tell her If I see her
★ Zero conditional vs First conditional

→The first conditional describes a particular situation, where as the zero conditional
describes what happens in general.

Example (zero conditional):
- if you sit in the sun, you get burned
(We’re talking about every time a person sits in the sun they get sunburned because is a natural
consequence of the sitting in the sun. It is a general truth).
vs.
Example (first conditional):

- if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned
(We’re talking about what will happen today if you sit in the sun but maybe another day might be
different. It is not a general truth, is a particular situation)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using first conditional (if + future will)
according to the verbs in brackets ( ).
Example
1. ____If I decide____ ( I / decide) to go out tonight, _____I will go ____ ( I / go) to
the movies with my friends.
2. I ___won’t go_____ (go) ____if you don’t come____ (you / not come) with me.
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Continue:
1. ____________ (we / arrive) late, my mom ______________ (be) so angry.
2. ________________ (we / not see) each other today, we _____________ (meet)
tomorrow.
3. _______________ (he / come), _____________ (I / be) surprised.
4. _______________ (the weather / not improve), we _____________ (not / go) to
the park.
5. _______________ (you / eat) a lot, you _____________ (feel) sick.
6. ________________ (you / not want) to go out, I __________ (cook) dinner
tonight.
7. She _____________(stay) in London ______________ (she /get) the job.
8. I _______________ (buy) a new dress ________________ (I / have) enough
money.
9. It _______________ (start) to rain __________________ (we / not hurry).
10. She ____________ (take) the bus _______________ (it / rain).
UNIT 4. SECOND CONDITIONAL: if + simple past
→ The second conditional is a structure used to:
1. Talk about impossible or imaginary situations.

2. Talk about things in the future that are probably not going to happen.
3. Talk about something in the present which is totally impossible, because it’s not
true.
Example:
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello to her.
- (I’ll probably never meet the Queen)
Hannah would pass her exam if she ever studied.
- (She never studies, so this won’t happen.)
If I had his number, I would call him.
- (I don’t have his number, so it’s impossible for me to call him)
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→ Structure:
SECOND CONDITIONAL
If + Subject + Past simple, … + Subject + Would + Infinitive
ex. If I won the lottery, I would buy the car of my dreams
* The order could also change just as shown on the other conditionals without altering
the meaning.
Subject + Would + Infinitive ... + If + Subject + Past simple
ex. I would buy the car of my dreams If I won the lottery.
★ Second conditional vs First conditional
→The second conditional talks about a situation that is a lot more unlikely to happen
than a situation expressed in first conditionals.

Example (first conditional):
- if I have enough money, I’ll buy new shoes.
(It is more likely that I’ll have enough money to buy me new shoes).
vs.
Example (second conditional):

- if I had enough money I would buy a big house with a swimming pool.
(It is very unlikely for me to have enough money to buy a house that big. It’s just a dream, not
very real.)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Complete the following sentences using second conditional (if + simple
past… would + infinitive) according to the verbs in brackets ( ).
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Example:
1. If ____ I were____ ( I / be) you, I ____would get ____ ( I / get) a new job.
2. She ___would be_____ (be) happier If ____she had____ (she / have) more
friends.
Continue:
1. If _____________ (I / be) younger, I ______________ (travel) more.
2. If ________________ (we / not be) friends, I _____________ (be) so angry with
you.
3. If _______________ (you / have) a better job, you _____________ (be) able to
buy a new car.
4. If _______________ (she / pass) the exam, she _____________ (be) able to
enter to a university.
5. We _______________ (come) to dinner If we _____________ (have) time.
6. You ________________ (lose) weight If you __________ (eat) a healthy diet.
7. I _____________(marry) someone famous If I ______________ (be) a movie
star.
8. I _______________ (not / come) If you ________________ (not be) here.
9. He _______________ (call) her If he __________________ (have) her number.
10. She ____________ (have) more money If she _______________ (spend) less in
clothes.
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LESSON 3
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONS AND OCCUPATIONS
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn the name of some professions and occupations.
Accountant Actor (male) Air hostess Architect

(contador) Actress (female) (azafata) (arquitecto)
Astronaut Author Baby-sitter Baker

(astronauta) (autor) (niñero/a) (panadero)
Bank clerk Barber Bus driver Butcher

(empleado/a bancario) (barbero) (conductor de autobús) (carnicero)
Cook Carpenter Chemist Dentist

(cocinero) (carpintero) (químico) (dentista)
Doctor Driver Designer Electrician

(médico) (chofer) (diseñador) (electricista)
Engineer Farmer Fireman Fisherman

(ingeniero) (granjero) (bombero) (pesquero)
Gardener Hairdresser Journalist Judge

(jardinero) (estilista) (periodista) (juez)
Lawyer Lecturer Lifeguard Mechanic

(abogado) (conferencista) (salvavidas) (mecánico)
Model Mailman Nurse Optician

(modelo) (cartero) (enfermera) (oculista)
Painter Photographer Plumber Pilot

(pintor) (fotógrafo) (plomero) (piloto)
Policeman / Politician Psychiatrist Psychologist

Policewoman (político) (psiquiatra) (psicólogo)
Receptionist Reporter Real estate agent Salesman

(recepcionista) (reportero) (agente bienes raíces) (vendedor)
Scientist Sailor Secretary Soldier

(científico) (marinero/a) (secretario/a) (soldado)
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Teacher Translator Taxi driver Travel agent

(maestro/a) (traductor) (taxista) (agente de viajes)
Tailor Veterinarian Waiter / Waitress

(sastre) (veterinario) (mesero / mesera)
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTIONS: Write the correct profession or occupations according to the
definitions given to you.
Example:
They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery: ______baker_____.
Continue:
1. a person who has the job of designing things __________________.
2. a person that works on a farm, usually with animals __________________.
3. a person that save lives where people swim (at a beach or swimming pool)
__________________.
4. a person trained to help a doctor look after the sick or injured
________________.
5. a person who flies a plane __________________.
6. a person that checks your eyes and try to fix any problems with your sight
______________________.
7. a person that takes photos _________________.
8. a person that passes knowledge to students, usually at school
____________________.
9. a person that works in a food outlet, looking after customers and serving food
_________________________.
10. a person who works in politics ________________________.
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UNIT 2. THE UNREAL PAST
→ In English, the past tense is not only used to describe actions that already happened
but it is also used to talk about an unreal situation. Although the verb is in past tense,
we are actually talking about something that didn’t happened. This is what in English is
called ‘the unreal past’.
→ The unreal past is used:
1. After conditional words and phrases like: if, supposing, if only, what if.
2. After the verb to wish
3. After the expression I’d rather.
★ Conditional words and phrases

→ The expressions if, supposing, if only, what if are often used to introduce a
hypothetical situation and are followed by the simple past tense to indicate that the
condition introduced is imaginary.
Example:
What if we painted the house blue?
If you went to the movies, I would go with you.
If only I had more money, I could buy many clothes.
Supposing we went on a trip together…
→ We can also use these expressions to talk about a hypothetical situation in the past
followed by the past perfect.
Example:
If only I hadn’t kissed him.
What if my cellphone had fallen into the water?
Supposing I had given that man all my money.
★ Wishes
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→ The verb ‘to wish’ is used with the unreal past when we want to talk about situations
in the present that we are not happy about they happened but we cannot change them.
Example
I wish I had more money.
She wishes she never gave up painting class.
We wish we could go on vacation.
→ We use the verb ‘to wish’ followed by the past perfect tense when we want to talk
about situations in the past that we are not happy about or certain actions we regret.
Example:
I wish I had gone to the party.
He wishes he hadn’t said that.
She wishes she hadn’t bought that expensive lipstick
→ We use the verb ‘to wish’ followed by would + infinitive when we want to talk about a
situation we are not happy about and where we want someone else to change it.
Example:
I wish she would stop smoking
I wish he would go away
I wish you wouldn’t leave the door open every time you go out.
★ Using I’d rather

→ The expression ‘I’d rather’ translates to ‘yo preferiría’ in spanish. It is used when we
talk about a course of action we would prefer someone else had taken.
→ This expression is also followed by the unreal past and is used as: I’d rather + past
tense.
Example:
I’d rather you went. (instead of me going)
She’d rather you called the police. (instead of her calling the police)
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❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the most suitable word or phrase from the underlined words in
each sentence. Pay attention to the time expressions when choosing the right tense.
Example:
1. I wish I would / could meet my friends during my stay in Italy.
Continue:
1. She wishes she had / had had gone to the party.
2. If only Lucy hadn’t sold / didn’t sell her previous cellphone.
3. I wish it had stopped / would stop raining tomorrow.
4. If only I learned / had learned German when I was younger.
5. I wish they weren’t leaving / didn’t leave the party right now.
6. If only I was told / had been told about the meeting yesterday.
7. I wish you could / would be quiet while I’m studying.
8. He wishes he was / could be more attractive.
9. I wish I could visit / had visited my grandmother more often.
10. She wishes she was / would be famous now.
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UNIT 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
→ The future continuous tense, also called future progressive tense, is a verb tense that
indicates that something will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of
time. The future continuous tense is only used with action verbs, because it is possible
to do them for a duration.
→ Action verbs describe activities like running, thinking, and seeing whereas stative
verbs describe states of existence, like being, seeming, and knowing.
→ Structure:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Subject + Simple future of the verb ‘to be’ + Verb in present participle (-ing) +
rest of the sentence
ex. She will be staying for the rest of the week.
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + Simple future of the verb ‘to be’ in negative + Verb in present
participle (-ing) + rest of the sentence
ex. She won’t be staying for the rest of the week.
(ex. without abbreviation) She will not be staying for the rest of the week.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
Simple future of the verb ‘to be’ + Subject + Verb ‘to be’ + Verb in present
participle (-ing) + rest of the sentence
ex. Will she be staying for the rest of the week?
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NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE FORM
Simple future of the verb ‘to be’ in negative + Subject + verb past participle +
rest of the sentence
ex. Won’t she be staying for the rest of the week?
★ Future continuous uses
→ The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes:
1. It can be used to project ourselves into the future.

Example:
This time next week I will be travelling all over the world.
By Christmas I will be cooking like a pro.
Next Monday, Adrianne will be working in your new job.
2. The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future
events.
Example:
I expect he'll be coming to the meeting.
I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after long hours of exercise.
You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.
3. In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for
information about the future.
Example:
Will you be bringing your friend to the party tonight?
Will Jim be coming with us?
Will I be sleeping in this room?
4. It can also be used to refer to continuous events that we expect to happen in the
future.
Example:
I'll be seeing Marian at the conference next week.
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When she is in France she will be staying with friends.

I'll be eating with Jane this evening.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Conjugate correctly the verbs in brackets ( ) in order to complete the
following sentences. Use the future continuous tense.
Example:
1. At midnight we (sleep) ______will be sleeping______.
Continue:
1. This time next week we (sit) ____________________ at the beach.
2. At nine I (go) ________________ to the cinema with by friends.
3. Tonight we (watch) _________________ the soccer game at John’s.
4. We (dance) _________________ all night.
5. He (not / play) __________________ all afternoon.
6. I (not / work) __________________ from home today.
7. (you / eat) ___________________ at six?
8. (she / drive) ______________________ ?
9. (they / fight) ____________________ again?
10. she (no / stay) __________________ for dinner tonight.
UNIT 4. CAUSE AND EFFECT
→ Cause and effect is used to talk about a situation that makes another situation to
happen. It indicates a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are
the result of the other or others.
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★ Cause
→ as a noun: a person or thing that makes something happen.
- ex. the cause of the accident was the broken chair.
→ as a verb: an action that makes something happen.
- ex. the broken chair caused Sarah to fall.
★ Effect
→ Effect (noun): a change that is a result of an action or cause.
- ex. the bad weather had an effect on my mood today.
→ Affect: when an effect is used as a verb, it is spelled with an ‘a’ = affect. It is used to
produce an effect or to cause a change in something.

- ex. the bad weather affected my mood today.
★ Vocabulary for cause and effect: Signal word/phrase

In English, we use certain words and phrases to express a cause and effect. If we want
to express cause and effect, these words/phrases will either be followed by a noun or a
verb.
➢ Please, study the following list for words:
- due to → debido a
- because of → por
- owing to → debido a
- thanks to → gracias a
- as a consequence of → como consecuencia de

- as a result of → como resultado de
- because → porque
- since → ya que
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- as → como
- for → para
★ Followed by a noun:
These words and phrases from the previous list are always followed by a noun or noun
phrase.
- due to
- because of
- owing to
- thanks to
- as a consequence of
- as a result of
→ Structure:
The cause always comes after the cause/effect signal word or phrase.
CAUSE AND EFFECT STRUCTURE
Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect
Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause
Example:
1. Due to his laziness, he failed his math test.
2. He failed his math test because of his laziness.
3. As a result of the bad weather, we cancelled the party.
4. John didn’t go to school owing to his illness.
5. He was fired as a consequence of his bad work.
★ Followed by a verb:
These words and phrases from the previous list are always followed by a subject +
verb or verb phrase.
- because
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- since
- as
- for
→ Structure:
The cause always comes after the cause/effect signal word or phrase.
CAUSE AND EFFECT STRUCTURE
Signal word/phrase + Cause, + Effect
Effect + Signal word/phrase + Cause
In the examples, try to spot the difference when the cause is followed by a noun or a
verb:
Example:
1. Because he was lazy, he failed his math test.
2. He failed his math test because he was lazy.
3. The party was cancelled since the bad weather was approaching.
4. John couldn’t go to school because he was ill.
5. As he arrived late to work, he was being fired.
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer in order to complete the sentences with the
right cause or effect.
1. The music of my neighbor’s party was so loud that _____________________.

a. I was so happy
b. I couldn’t sleep
c. I watched TV
2. The boy throw the ball and ____________________.

a. his dog went after the ball
b. his dog bit him
c. his dog fell asleep
3. If you eat too much junk food and don’t exercise, ____________________.
a. you will be more hungry
b. you will be thirsty
c. you will gain weight
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4. ____________________ so my mom grounded me.

a. I was studying
b. I was not behaving well
c. I cleaned my room
5. Since it was a sunny day today, ____________________.

a. the soccer game was cancelled
b. we went to the beach
c. we stayed at school
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer by identifying the correct cause or effect
according to the following sentences.
1. What is the CAUSE in this sentence?
→ (The cat scratched me) because (I was annoying him)
a. (the cat scratched me)

b. (I was annoying him)
→ (We got late to the airport), (so we missed our flight)
a. (we got late to the airport)

b. (so we missed our flight)
→ (There was a traffic accident) so (I was late for school)
a. (there was a traffic accident)

b. (I was late for school)
4. What is the EFFECT in this sentence?
→ (I passed my Maths test) because (I studied a lot)
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a. (I passed my maths test)

b. (I studied a lot)
5. What is the EFFECT in this sentence?
→ (She got very sick) so (she didn’t go to school)
a. (she got very sick)

c. (she didn’t go to school all week)
LESSON 4
UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: HEALTH
→ In this unit, we will be able to learn some health-related vocabulary. The vocabulary
words will be divided in three: medical assistants, health-related words and illness
vocabulary.
➢ Please, study the following tables:
MEDICAL ASSISTANTS
doctor family doctor nurse

(médico) (médico de cabecera) (enfermera)
cardiologist chemist / pharmacist general practitioner

(cardiólogo) (químico, farmacéutico) (médico general)
physiotherapist surgeon
(fisioterapeuta) (cirujano)
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HEALTH-RELATED VOCABULARY
health blood hospital

(salud) (sangre) (hospital)
injection medicine pill

(inyección) (medicina) (pastilla, píldora)
prescription vaccine painful

(receta médica) (vacuna) (doloroso)
painless bandage band aid

(indoloro) (venda) (curita)
crutch(es) plaster wheelchair

(muleta(s)) (yeso) (silla de ruedas)
a cure disability drug

(una cura) (discapacidad) (droga)
drugstore / pharmacy health hazard relapse

(farmacia) (peligro para la salud) (recaída)
scar syringe ambulatory

(cicatriz) (jeringa) (ambulatorio)
epidemic blood pressure alleviate

(epidemia) (presión arterial (aliviarse)
EXTRA
to feel good to catch a cold

(sentirse bien) (atrapar un resfriado)
to have a cold to sneeze

(tener un resfriado) (estornudar)
to cough to blow one’s nose

(toser) (sonarse la nariz)
to feel sick to feel dizzy

(sentirse enfermo) (sentirse mareado)
to faint / to pass out to have a black eye

(desmayarse) (tener un ojo morado)
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to have temperature / fever to have spots

(tener fiebre) (tener granitos)
to get burnt to break one’s arm

(quemarse) (fracturarse el brazo)
to twist one’s ankle to vomit / to throw up

(torcerse el tobillo) (vomitar)
to swell to have a runny nose

(hincharse) (moquear, nariz suelta)
❏
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct answer from the box in order to complete the
following sentences.
runny nose numb rash itchy sprained
dizzy migraine asthma prescription fainted
1. My sister has ____________. She needs her inhaler when she can’t breathe
well.
2. Tony _____________ his ankle playing soccer. He needs to rest.
3. I can’t feel my leg. I think it’s gone ______________.
4. I’ve got a headache and feeling nauseous. I think I have a _____________.
5. My mom has a _________________. She’s got a cold.
6. My head is so ____________. I can’t stop scratching it.
7. I’m allergic to fish, if I eat it I get a red ___________ all over my skin.
8. My doctor gave me a _____________ for antibiotics because I’m sick.
9. I am feeling ___________. I’ll sit down for a moment.
10. Lisa _____________ at the gym class because she didn’t eat her breakfast.
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UNIT 2. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
→ The future perfect is a verb tense used for actions that will be completed before some
other point in the future. The future perfect tense is only for actions that will be complete
before a specified point in the future. In other words, the action you’re talking about
must have a deadline. If you don’t mention a deadline, use the simple future tense
instead of the future perfect tense.
→ Structure
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
subject + will have + past participle of the main verb
ex. Linda will have left before you get there.
→ Making a negative future perfect construction is simple! Just add ‘not’ between ‘will’
and ‘have’.
NEGATIVE FORM
subject + will not + have + past participle of the main verb
ex. They will not have finished decorating the room before the party.
(ex. with abbreviation) They won’t have finished decorating the room before the
party.
INTERROGATIVE FORM
will + subject + have + past participle of the main verb
ex. Will you have eaten lunch already when we arrive?
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→ When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and
looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now. It is most
often used with a time expression.
Example:
I will have been here for six months on May 17th.
I am sure that by the time I arrive she will not have arrived yet.
Will you have eaten when I pick you up?
❏ EXERCISE 1
INSTRUCTION: Conjugate correctly the verbs in brackets ( ) in order to complete the
following sentences. Use the future perfect tense.
Example:
1. I ______will have left________ (leave) by six.
Continue:
1. ______________________ (you / finish) the homework by the deadline?
2. I ___________________ (read) the book before the class.
3. They ___________________ (arrive) by dinner time.
4. Lissa __________________ (not / finish) the essay by the weekend.
5. He __________________ (complete) the project by July.
6. __________________ (she / get) home by lunch time?
7. We ________________ (be) in Canada for 3 months next week.
8. By this time tomorrow, I ______________ (meet) my boyfriend’s parents.
9. It __________________ (stop) raining by this time tomorrow.
10. By 10 pm tonight, Shane _________________ (fall) asleep.
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UNIT 3. EXPRESSING LIKES AND PREFERENCES
★ Like, love, hate, prefer
I like... Me gusta...
I love... Me encanta... / yo amo...
I hate... Yo odio...
I prefer... Yo prefiero…
→ We can use hate, like, love and prefer with an -ing form or with a to-infinitive:
Example:
- I hate to watch horror movies. (odio ver peliculas de miedo)
- I love going to the park. (me encanta ir al parque)
- I like to cook. (me gusta cocinar)
- I prefer listening to music than watching TV. (prefiero escuchar música que ver
la TV)
→ The small difference between the -ing form and the to-infinitive is that the -ing
emphasises the action or experience and is often used to suggest enjoyment or the lack
of it, and the to-infinitive gives more emphasis to the results of the action or event and is
used to express habits or preferences.
★ Verbs: infinitives and gerunds to express likes and preferences
→ One of the difficulties of the English language is to know whether to use a gerund (ex
: doing) or an infinitive (ex : to do).
→ The following tables present the list of the different verbs followed by infinitives or
gerunds or both.
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➢ Please study the following tables
→ Verbs that are normally followed by gerunds: -ing form
Example: They enjoyed travelling by plane.
admit delay finish permit resist
advice deny forbid postpone resume
appreciate detest get through practice risk
avoid dislike have quit spend (time)
can’t help enjoy imagine recall suggest
complete escape mind report tolerate
consider excuse miss resent waste (time)
→ Verbs that are normally followed by infinitives:
Example: She agreed to cook for tonight.
agree consent happen offer shoot
aim continue have ought start
appear dare hesitate plan shop
arrange decide hooe prefer strive
ask deserve hurry prepare swear
attempt detest intend proceed threaten
be able dislike leave promise try
beg expect like propose use
begin fail love refuse wait
care forget mean remember want
choose get neglect say wish
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→ Verbs that are normally followed by infinitives and gerunds:
Example: It started to rain / It started raining
stand start quit continue hate
like try regret love prefer
propose stop remember bear begin
★ Would + like, love, hate, prefer
→ When we use would or ‘d with like, love, hate and prefer, we MUST use it with the
to-infinitive form. We CANNOT use it with the -ing form.

Example:
We would love to hear you sing. (nos encantaría escucharte cantar)
They would hate to cause a problem. (ellos odiarían causar un problema)
I would prefer not to go to the party. (yo preferiría no ir a la fiesta)
★ Difference in meaning: prefer and would prefer.
→ We tend to use 'prefer' to talk generally about likes, dislikes and what we want.
Example:
He prefers reading books.
I prefer going to the beach than going to a swimming pool.
→ The expressions 'would prefer' and 'would rather', to are used to be a little more
specific.
Example:
I would prefer to see him in person.
I would rather go home now.
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★ Would rather
→ We use would rather or ’d rather to talk about preferring one thing to another.
Would rather has two different constructions: using the same subject and a different
subject.
Same subject + Base form Different subject + Past simple clause
I’d rather stay at home than go out I’d rather you stayed at home tonight.
tonight.
I’d rather not go out tonight. I’d rather you didn’t go out tonight
➢ Same subject:
→ When the subject is the same person in both clauses, we use would rather or its
negative form would rather not followed by the base form of the verb:
Example:
We’d rather go by bus.
→ When we want to refer to the past we use would rather + have + verb in past
participle (perfect infinitive without to):

Example:
She would rather have spent the money on a holiday.
- (meaning: the money wasn’t spent on a holiday.)
I’d rather have seen it at the cinema than on DVD.

- (meaning I saw the film on DVD.)
➢ Different subject:
→ When the subjects of the two clauses are different, we often use the past simple to
talk about the present or future, and the past perfect to talk about the past:
Example:
236
I would rather they did something about it instead of just talking about it.
- (past simple to talk about the present or future)
Would you rather I wasn’t honest with you?

- (past simple to talk about the present or future)
I’d rather you hadn’t called me at work.

- (past perfect to talk about the past)
→ In negative sentences with a different subject, the negative comes on the clause that
follows, not on would rather.
Example:
She’d rather you didn’t phone after midnight.
➢ Remember!
→ Would rather is followed by a bare infinitive without to.
→ Prefer requires to + infinitive.
→ Would rather (but not would prefer to) is also followed by a past tense when we
want to involve other people in the action, even though it has a present or future
meaning.
→ Rather than means instead of and can be used in combination with would prefer
to and would rather.
★ Different prepositions to state the choice.

→ prefer, would prefer go with 'to' infinitive
Example:
I'd prefer living in a city to living in the country.
I would prefer being alone to being with the wrong person.
→ would rather goes with 'than'
237
Example:
I would rather talk to him in person than call him on the phone.
❏ EXERCISE 1: Like, love, hate, prefer + infinitive or -ing form.

INSTRUCTION: Write the correct verb form (-ing form or to+infinitive) in each sentence.
1. My friends and I would like (celebrate) ________________ my birthday at the
beach.
2. Cassandra loves (work) ______________ with children.
3. My cousin hates (play) ________________ alone.
4. Little Shane would love (have) _______________ a brother.
5. I like (go out) ______________ with my friends.
6. My sister hates (get up) ____________ early every day.
7. I would prefer (spend) ______________ Christmas Eve with my family.
❏ EXERCISE 2
INSTRUCTION: Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. I prefer black coffee ____________ tea.

a. to
b. than
c. that
2. I don’t want to go out. I’d rather _____________ home.

a. staying
b. stay
c. to stay
3. I like skiing, but I prefer ____________ to the beach.

a. to going
b. go
c. going
4. I’d rather travel in July ____________ in December.

a. than
b. to
c. that
238
5. I’d rather come with you _____________ here alone.

a. than stay
b. to stay
c. than staying
6. I prefer travelling by train _____________ by plane.

a. to travel
b. rather than travel
c. to travelling
7. I usually have coffee, but today I’d prefer ____________ tea.

a. having
b. to have
c. have
8. I’d prefer to read ____________TV.

a. that watch
b. rather than watch
c. watching
9. I’d rather you ___________.

a. to stay
b. stay
c. stayed
10. He ________________ to stay in a hotel.

a. would prefer
b. rather
c. would rather
239
INGLÉS
CUADERNO DE RESPUESTAS DEL LIBRO

RESPUESTAS DEL LIBRO
ENGLISH 1 3
LESSON 1 3
1. UNIT 1: NUMBERS 3
3. UNIT 3: DAYS AND MONTHS 4
4. UNIT 4. PERSONAL INFORMATION 4
LESSON 2 5
1. UNIT 2. PERSONAL PRONOUNS 5
2. UNIT 3. OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS 5
3. UNIT 4. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES 5
4. UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN PRESENT TENSE 6
LESSON 3 7
1. UNIT 1. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES 7
2. UNIT 3. AUXILIARY ‘DO’, ‘DOES’. 7
3. UNIT 4. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 7
LESSON 4 8
1. UNIT 2. ‘WH’ QUESTIONS 8
2. UNIT 4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY 9
3. UNIT 5. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 9
ENGLISH 2 10
LESSON 1 10
1. UNIT 1. SEASONS OF THE YEAR 10
2. UNIT 4. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 10
3. UNIT 5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS 11
LESSON 2 11
1. UNIT 2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 11
2. UNIT 3. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘for’ and ‘since’ 12
3. UNIT 4. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘yet’, ‘already’, ‘never’ and ‘ever’. 12
LESSON 3 12
1. UNIT 2. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES: ‘a’ / ‘an’ / ‘the’ 12
2. UNIT 4. ‘HOW MUCH’ / ‘HOW MANY’ 13
3. UNIT 5. QUANTIFIERS: ‘a’ / ‘few’ / ‘a little’ / ‘some’ / ‘any 13
LESSON 4 14
1. UNIT 3. ‘THERE IS’ / ‘ THERE ARE’ 14
ENGLISH 3 16
1
LESSON 1 16
1. UNIT 2. COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY: ‘AS....AS’ 16
2. UNIT 3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES 16
3. UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE 17
LESSON 2 18
1. UNIT 2. PAST TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS 18
2. UNIT 4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE 18
3. UNIT 5. USED TO 19
LESSON 3 20
2. UNIT 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES 20
2. UNIT 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 21
3. UNIT 5. PAST PERFECT TENSE 21
LESSON 4 21
1. UNIT 2. IMPERATIVE VERBS 21
2. UNIT 3. MODAL VERBS 22
3. UNIT 4. LINKERS AND CONNECTORS 22
ENGLISH 4 23
LESSON 1 23
1. UNIT 2. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE 23
2. UNIT 3. IDIOMATIC FUTURE: be going to 24
3. UNIT 4. FUTURE TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS 24
LESSON 2 25
1. UNIT 2. ZERO CONDITIONAL: If + simple present 25
2. UNIT 3. FIRST CONDITIONAL: If + simple future ‘will’ 25
3. UNIT 4. SECOND CONDITIONAL: if + simple past 25
LESSON 3 26
1. UNIT 2. THE UNREAL PAST 26
2. UNIT 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 26
3. UNIT 4. CAUSE AND EFFECT 26
LESSON 4 27
2. UNIT 2. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE 27
3. UNIT 3. EXPRESSING LIKES AND PREFERENCES 27
2
ENGLISH 1
LESSON 1
1. UNIT 1: NUMBERS
❏ EXERCISE 1
Eighteen 18 One hundred and eleven 111
Twelve 12 Three hundred and seventy- 374

four
Fifty-six 56 Two thousand one hundred 2,161

and sixty-one
Two hundred 200 Seven hundred and eighty- 789

nine
Seventy-nine 79 Sixteen thousand seven 16,790

hundred and ninety
Fourteen 14 Five thousand four hundred 5,452

and fifty two
Ninety-two 92 Nine hundred and eighty-four 984
❏ EXERCISE 2
11 eleven 600 six hundred
57 fifty-seven 568 five hundred and sixty

eight
987 nine hundred and eighty-seven 129 one hundred and twenty
nine
88 eighty-eight 1,600 a thousand and six

hundred
90 ninety 1,350 one thousand three

hundred and fifty
35 thirty-five 1,300,000 one million three

hundred thousand
3
3. UNIT 3: DAYS AND MONTHS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1st month of the year January
2nd month February
3rd month March
4th month April
5th month May
6th month June
7th month July
8th month August
9th month September
10th month October
11th month November
12th month December
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. Monday.
2. May.
3. twelve (12)
4. ordinal numbers.
5. seven (7)
6. December.
7. Thursday.
4. UNIT 4. PERSONAL INFORMATION
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. Are you married?
2. What is your surname?
3. Where do you work?
4. What is your name?
5. Where were you born?
6. When is your birthday?
4
7. What do you do / what is your job?

8. Do you have any brothers or sisters?
9. What is your cell phone number?
10. Where do you live?
LESSON 2
1. UNIT 2. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. she
2. he
3. I
4. she
5. you
2. UNIT 3. OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. him
2. it
3. her
4. them
5. me/her
6. me
7. us
8. him
9. them
10. me
3. UNIT 4. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. whose keys are these?
1. is this her
2. their
3. my
4. your
5. his
6. our
7. your
2. Antonio’s pen?
3. is she your mom?
4. whose car is this?
5. are they your children?
5
4. UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN PRESENT TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1: Affirmative form.

1. am
2. are
3. is
4. are
5. is
6. are
7. are
8. is
9. is
10. am

1. are not - aren’t
2. is not - isn’t
3. is not - isn’t
4. is not - isn’t
7. is not - isn’t
8. is not - isn’t
10. is not - isn’t
❏ EXERCISE 3: Interrogative form.

1. is she twelve years old?
2. are they from England?
3. is Martha a tennis player
4. are the dogs under the table?
5. is the cat in the garden?
6. are we from the same family?
7. is Mariah Carey your favorite pop star?
8. are your friends at the party?
9. is he sick?
10. are you at school?
6
LESSON 3
1. UNIT 1. COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. I am swedish / I am from Sweden / I speak swedish
2. you are chinese / you are from China / you speak chinese
3. he is korean / he is from Korea / he speaks korean
4. she is egyptian / she is from Egypt / she speaks Arabic
5. they are vietnamese / they are from Vietnam / they speak vietnamese
6. we are greek / we are from Greece / we speak greek
2. UNIT 3. AUXILIARY ‘DO’, ‘DOES’.
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. doesn’t go
2. do / need
3. do / use
4. don’t live
5. don’t understand
6. doesn’t like
7. do / want
8. does / go
9. does / work
10. don’t like
3. UNIT 4. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. We play card games
2. He reads comics
3. Chris sings in a rock band
4. Lucas and Jane likes soda
5. They help their parents
6. I buy the newspaper everyday
7. She is nice
8. I have a hamster
9. The plane flies high
10. You have a cat
7

1. John isn´t nice
2. This car doesn’t make a lot of noise
3. I don’t like computer games
4. They don’t speak English
5. He doesn’t watch TV
6. I’m not from Germany
7. Anne doesn’t paint everyday
8. My cat is not white
9. She doesn’t like to run

1. Does it rain in England?
2. Does she like parrots?
3. Does Wendy share a room with her sister?
4. Do they go to the same school?
5. Do we invite our friends to the party?
6. Do we wait at the bus stop?
7. Does he like to travel?
LESSON 4
1. UNIT 2. ‘WH’ QUESTIONS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. who
2. how old
3. what
4. which
5. where
6. when
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. How many cars are in the garage?
2. How far is the bar?
3. What are you doing tonight?
4. How old is she?
5. Whose keys are these?
6. Where is the mall?
7. What day is today?
8. Where is David?
8
2. UNIT 4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. Have you ever been to Canada?
2. Dan hardly ever watches TV.
3. They don’t always go to the beach.
4. We seldom have meat for dinner.
5. It never rains in California.
6. He sometimes plays tennis on the weekend.
7. Usually, Ana doesn’t go for a run in the mornings.
a. Ana doesn’t usually go for a run in the mornings.
8. She rarely visits her grandmother.
9. He constantly goes to the doctor.
10. They often go skiing.
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. a month
2. every year
3. weekly
4. daily
5. next
3. UNIT 5. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. on
2. in
3. at
4. on
5. at
6. in
7. at
8. in
9. on / in
10. on
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. next to
2. in front of
3. between
4. under
5. near
6. above
7. below
9
ENGLISH 2
LESSON 1
1. UNIT 1. SEASONS OF THE YEAR
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. summer
2. spring
3. winter
4. autumn / fall
2. UNIT 4. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. playing
2. swimming
3. smoking
4. singing
5. taking
6. dreaming
7. making
8. being
9. eating
10. cooking
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. to invite
2. to fight
3. complaining
4. to concentrate
5. to pick up
6. to join
7. to ride
8. crying
9. tying
10. to bake
❏ EXERCISE 3
1. Ana hates washing his father’s car.
2. WASIN
3. My father’s friend loves travelling by plane.
4. Tom loves to dance.
5. My sister doesn’t like getting up early.
10
3. UNIT 5. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. are using
2. is washing
3. are studying
4. are going
5. am visiting
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. is not raining / isn’t raining
2. is not / isn’t
3. are not going / aren’t going
4. is not / isn’t
❏ EXERCISE 3
1. are they playing a game?
2. is she watching TV?
3. are they cleaning the windows?
4. am I dreaming?
5. are they listening to the radio?
LESSON 2
1. UNIT 2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. has written
2. have read
3. has lived
4. have lost
5. has gone

1. We have not planned our holiday yet.
2. I haven’t seen my grandmother in a long time.
3. School has not started yet.
4. My father has never travelled by plane.
5. I haven’t had the time to do my homework.
11

1. have you been
2. has he spoken
3. has he met
4. have they taken
5. have you drank
2. UNIT 3. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘for’ and ‘since’
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. since
2. for
3. for
4. since
5. since
6. for
7. since
8. for
9. for
10. for
3. UNIT 4. PRESENT PERFECT: using ‘yet’, ‘already’, ‘never’ and ‘ever’.
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. ever
2. yet
3. already
4. never
5. ever
6. never
7. already
8. yet
LESSON 3
1. UNIT 2. DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES: ‘a’ / ‘an’ / ‘the’
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. the
2. the
3. a
4. an
5. the
6. a/a
7. a
12
8. an
9. the / a
10. the
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. false
2. false
3. true
4. true
5. true
6. false
7. true
8. false
2. UNIT 4. ‘HOW MUCH’ / ‘HOW MANY’
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. many
2. many
3. much
4. many
5. much
6. many
7. much
8. much
9. much
10. much
11. many
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. much
2. many
3. much
4. many
5. many
6. many
7. many
8. much
9. many
3. UNIT 5. QUANTIFIERS: ‘a’ / ‘few’ / ‘a little’ / ‘some’ / ‘any
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. much
13
2. much
3. many
4. many
5. much
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. any
2. some
3. any
4. some
5. any
❏ EXERCISE 3
1. a few
2. a little
3. a few
4. a little
5. a few
LESSON 4
1. UNIT 3. ‘THERE IS’ / ‘ THERE ARE’
❏ EXERCISE 1: positive sentences

1. there is
2. there are
3. there is
4. there are
5. there are
❏ EXERCISE 2: negative sentences

1. There is not enough food.
2. There is no coffee left.
3. There is not any money in my wallet.
4. There are not any students in the classroom.
5. There are no cats in the garden.
❏ EXERCISE 3: questions and answers

1. is there
2. there is
14
3. are there
4. there are
5. is there
6. there isn’t
15
ENGLISH 3
LESSON 1
1. UNIT 2. COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY: ‘AS....AS’
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. Jessica is as tall as Monica.
2. Monterrey is as hot as Córdoba in summer.
3. The blue car is not as expenas the red car.
4. The maths exam was as difficult as the science exam.
5. The brown house is as old as the green house.
6. My mother is not as messy as my father.
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. as fast as
2. not as tall as
3. not as hot as
4. as delicious as
5. not as heavy as
6. as brave as
2. UNIT 3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. more beautiful
2. most interesting
3. longer
4. most dangerous
5. better
6. more expensive
7. richest
8. worse
9. most clever
10. farther
16
❏ EXERCISE 2
Word in positive Comparative Superlative
ex. small smaller smallest
nice nicer nicest
boring more boring the most
dark darker darkest
long longer longest
funny funnier funniest
good better best
interesting more interesting the most interesting
smart smarter smartest
popular more popular the most popular
bright brighter brightest
3. UNIT 5. VERB ‘TO BE’ IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1: affirmative form

1. was
2. were
3. was
4. was
5. were
6. were
❏ EXERCISE 2: negative form

1. I was not/wasn’t 10 years old last year.
2. The cat was not/wasn’t walking in the street.
3. The boys were not/weren’t very kind.
4. They were not/weren’t ready.
5. Lisa was not/wasn’t reading a book.
6. The neighbour was not/ wasn’t talking with me dad.
17
❏ EXERCISE 3: interrogative form

1. were
2. was
3. were
4. was
5. was
6. were
LESSON 2
1. UNIT 2. PAST TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. last month
2. two hours ago
3. 10 minutes ago
4. three years ago
5. last week
2. UNIT 4. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1: affirmative form

1. waited
2. travelled
3. saw
4. learned
5. rained
6. visited
7. spent
8. was
9. lived
10. had
❏ EXERCISE 2: negative form

1. They didn’t play soccer
2. I didn’t clean the bathroom
3. We didn’t go shopping
4. I didn’t visit Sofia yesterday
5. She didn’t ask a lot of questions
18
6. He didn’t wait for too long

7. My mom didn’t buy a computer
8. I didn’t wake up early today
9. I didn’t travel last weekend
10. I wasn’t sick
❏ EXERCISE 3: interrogative form

1. Did he bring his girlfriend?
2. Did they go to the game?
3. Did they live in Arizona?
4. Did he eat his breakfast?
5. Was she sick?
6. Were we at the beach?
7. Did he sleep all afternoon?
8. Were they at home?
9. Did my mom speak to Alice?
10. Did my aunt buy a car?
3. UNIT 5. USED TO
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. Lisa / to dance
Affirmative: Lisa used to dance.
Negative: Lisa didn’t use to dance.
Interrogative: Did Lisa use to dance?
2. Ana / study Chinese

Affirmative: Ana used to study Chinese.
Negative: Ana didn’t use to study Chinese
Interrogative: Did Ana use to study Chinese?
3. He / play golf every weekend

Affirmative: He used to play golf every weekend.
Negative: He didn’t use to play golf every weekend.
Interrogative: Did he use to play golf every weekend?
4. My grandfather / smoke
Affirmative: My grandfather used to smoke.
Negative: My grandfather didn’t use to smoke.
Interrogative: Did my grandfather use to smoke?
5. I / love eating chocolate
19
Affirmative: I used to love eating chocolate.

Negative: I didn’t use to love eating chocolate.
Interrogative: Did I use to love eating chocolate?
6. I / play football when I was at school

Affirmative: I used to play football when I was at school.
Negative: I didn’t use to play football when I was in school.
Interrogative: Did I use to play football when i was in school?
LESSON 3
2. UNIT 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. We ate the whole pizza because we were so hungry.
2. The old lady from next door is very nice.
3. I’ve had enough food for today.
4. She married a very tall man.
5. I didn’t bring any chocolates for my friends.
6. Don’t touch the dirty garbage bag.
7. None of these is my car.
8. I’m tired because I ran many kilometres
9. Very few people came to class.
10. I’m reading a very interesting novel.
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. quantitative
2. qualitative
3. qualitative
4. quantitative
5. qualitative
6. quantitative
7. quantitative
8. qualitative
9. qualitative
10. quantitative
11. qualitative
12. quantitative
13. qualitative
14. quantitative
15. qualitative
16. quantitative
20
2. UNIT 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. was / doing
2. were walking
3. was working
4. was watching / was packing
5. Were / paying / was calling
6. was preparing / was working
7. was / studying
8. was / lying
9. was / sleeping
10. was / crying
3. UNIT 5. PAST PERFECT TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. had seen
2. had climbed / had sailed / had gone
3. had gone
4. had visited
5. had not seen / hadn’t seen
6. had / driven
7. had / catched
8. had finished
9. had / gone
10. had / spoken
LESSON 4
1. UNIT 2. IMPERATIVE VERBS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. take off
2. call
3. open
4. help
5. don’t sit
6. don’t drink
7. leave
8. drive
9. don’t walk
10. give
21
2. UNIT 3. MODAL VERBS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. can
2. might
3. should
4. don’t have to
5. mustn’t
6. shouldn’t / can’t
7. would
8. might
9. must / must not
10. may
11. can
12. would
3. UNIT 4. LINKERS AND CONNECTORS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. because
2. since
3. so that
4. first of all
5. in order to
6. despite
7. however
8. first of all / then
9. whereas
10. at the end
22
ENGLISH 4
LESSON 1
1. UNIT 2. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. Lisa will travel by train.
2. The weather will be better tomorrow.
3. We will have pizza for dinner.
4. They will go to the beach on holidays.
5. Rose will play with us.
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. I / wash / the windows.
A (✓): I will wash the windows. / I’ll was the windows.
N (⤬): I will not wash the windows. / I won’t wash the windows.
I (?): Will I wash the windows?
2. You / call / Andrew
A (✓): You will call Andrew / You’ll call Andrew.
N (⤬): You will not call Andrew. / You won’t call Andrew.
I (?): Will you call Andrew?
3. It / be / scary
A (✓): It will be scary. / It’ll be scary.
N (⤬): It will not be scary. / It won’t be scary.

I (?): Will it be scary?
4. We / go / for a walk to the beach
A (✓): We will go for a walk to the beach. / We’ll go for a walk to the beach.
N (⤬): We will not go for a walk to the beach. / We won’t go for a walk...
I (?): Will we go for a walk to the beach?
23
5. The children / do / it
A (✓): The children will do it.
N (⤬): The children won’t do it.

I (?): Will the children do it?
2. UNIT 3. IDIOMATIC FUTURE: be going to
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. are going to eat
2. am not going to help
3. is going to wear
4. is not going to walk
5. are you going to cook
6. am going to spend
7. are they going to leave
8. is not going to share
9. am going to do
10. is going to paint
11. is going to call
12. are going to play
13. is going to watch
14. is she going to visit
15. are you going to be
3. UNIT 4. FUTURE TENSE TIME EXPRESSIONS
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. in an hour
2. this afternoon
3. on Saturday
4. next month
5. next year
6. tomorrow morning
7. next weekend
8. tonight’s
9. next week
10. tomorrow morning
24
LESSON 2
1. UNIT 2. ZERO CONDITIONAL: If + simple present
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. if you ask
2. if my mom is busy
3. when you are
4. if I don’t make
5. when don’t say
6. if we can
7. if you like
8. If you heat
9. if she wants
10. when I eat
2. UNIT 3. FIRST CONDITIONAL: If + simple future ‘will’
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. If we arrive / will be
2. If we don’t see / will meet
3. If he comes / I will be
4. If the weather doesn’t improve / will not go
5. If you eat / will feel
6. If you don’t want / will cook
7. will stay / if she gets
8. will buy / if I have
9. will start / if we don’t hurry
10. will take / if it rains
3. UNIT 4. SECOND CONDITIONAL: if + simple past
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. I were / would travel
2. we were not / would be
3. you had / would be
4. she passed / would be
5. would come / had
6. would lose / ate
7. would marry / was
8. would not come / were not
9. would call / had
10. would have / spent
25
LESSON 3
1. UNIT 2. THE UNREAL PAST
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. had
2. hadn’t sold
3. would stop
4. had learned
5. weren’t leaving
6. was told
7. would be
8. was
9. had visited
10. was
2. UNIT 3. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. will be sitting
2. will be going
3. will be watching
4. will be dancing
5. will not be playing
6. will not be working
7. will you be eating
8. will she be driving?
9. will they be fighting
10. will not be staying
3. UNIT 4. CAUSE AND EFFECT
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. I couldn’t sleep
2. his dog went after the ball
3. you will gain weight
4. I was not behaving well
5. we went to the beach
26
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. I was annoying him
2. We got late to the airport
3. There was a traffic accident
4. I passed my Maths test
5. she didn’t go to school
LESSON 4
2. UNIT 2. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. will you have finished
2. will have read
3. will have arrived
4. won’t have finished / will not have finished
5. won’t have completed / will not have completed
6. will she have got
7. will have been
8. will have met
9. will have stopped
10. will have fallen
3. UNIT 3. EXPRESSING LIKES AND PREFERENCES
❏ EXERCISE 1
1. to celebrate
2. to work / working
3. to play / playing
4. to have
5. to go out / going
6. to get up / getting
7. to spend
❏ EXERCISE 2
1. to
2. stay
3. going
4. than
5. than stay
6. rather than travel
7. to have
8. rather than watch
9. stayed
10. would prefer
27

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INGLÉS

UNIT 2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 88

UNIT 1. VOCABULARY: SPORT ACTIVITIES 180

something there are, such as one, two, three… etc.

→ Most ordinal numbers end in -TH except for:

★ Easy tip to remember:

→ The numbers from 13 to 19 always end up in teen.

→ 100 numbers are called hundreds

- 101: one hundred and one

→ 1,000 numbers are called thousands

- 1,000 (one thousand)

→ 1,000,000 numbers are called millions

➢ Study the following table:

1 - one 23 - twenty three 1st - first 23rd - twenty third

2 - two 24 - twenty four 2nd - second 24th - twenty fourth

3 - three 25 - twenty five 3rd - third 25th - twenty fifth

4 - four 26 - twenty six 4th - fourth 26th - twenty sixth

5 - five ... 5th - fifth ...

6 - six 30 - thirty 6th - sixth 30th - thirtieth

7 - seven 31 - thirty one 7th - seventh 31st - thirty first

8 - eight 32 - thirty two 8th - eighth 32nd - thirty second

9 - nine 33 - thirty three 9th - ninth 33th - thirty third

10 - ten 34 - thirty four 10th - tenth 34th - thirty fourth

11 - eleven 35 - thirty five 11th - eleventh 35th - thirty fifth

12 - twelve ... 12th - twelfth ...

13 - thirteen 40 - forty 13th - thirteenth 40th - fortieth

14 - fourteen 50 - fifty 14th - fourteenth 50th - fiftieth

15 - fifteen 60 - sixty 15th - fifteenth 60th - sixtieth

16 - sixteen 70 - seventy 16th - sixteenth 70th - seventieth

17 - seventeen 80 - eighty 17th - seventeenth 80th - eightieth

18 - eighteen 90 - ninety 18th - eighteenth 90th - ninetieth

19 - nineteen 100 - one hundred 19th - nineteenth 100 - hundredth

20 - twenty ... 20th - twentieth ...

22 - twenty two ... 22nd - twenty second ...

Thirteen 13 One thousand and ten 1,010

Eighteen One hundred and eleven

Twelve Three hundred and seventy-

Fifty-six Two thousand one hundred

Two hundred Seven hundred and eighty-

Seventy-nine Sixteen thousand seven

Fourteen Five thousand four hundred

Ninety-two Nine hundred and eighty-four

43 Forty-three 1,200 One thousand two hundred

UNIT 2. WRITING THE DATE

Format American English British English

A October the Fourteenth, 2020 the Fourteenth of October, 2020

B October 14th, 2020 14th of October, 2020

C October 14, 2020 14 October, 2020

→ In Mexico, we use the british format → day/month/year.

● In format A write → Year: 2017, Day: 20, Month: 3.

○ American english: _____March the Twentieth, 2017_____.

● In format C write → Day: 25, Year: 2003, Month: 5

● In format B write → Month: 9, Year: 2013, Day: 31

○ American english: _____________________________.

● In format A write → Year: 2001, Month: 12, Day: 2

○ American english: ____________________________.

○ British english: _______________________________.

UNIT 3. DAYS AND MONTHS

→ Days of the week:

→ Months of the year:

July December January March June September May October

1st month of the year January

2nd month February

○ American english: _March the Twentieth, 2017_.