CRIM 3

Human Behavior

Human Behavior is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a person adopts in order to fit society’s idea of
right or wrong. It is partly determined by heredity and environment and modified through learning. It is
also the way human beings act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct. But in psychology
and other behavioral sciences, behavior is regarded as any activity of a person

1. Biological / Neurological View

Deals with human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body such as the brain and the
nervous system. Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant
influence on human behavior, for example, gender.

2. Behavioral View (Ivan Petrovich Pavlov)

Emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be observed and measured.

3. Cognitive View
- it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information into various ways.

4. Psychoanalytical View
-Emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from aggressive impulses in childhood.

5. Humanistic View
-Focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization

Two Basic Types of Behavior

Inherited (Inborn) behavior

- refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited
capabilities or the process of natural selection.

Learned (Operant) behavior

involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances of survival.
Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.
 Social structure theory
 Disorganizational theory
 Classifications of Human Behavior

Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen
among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.

Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and shown
through symbols or body signs.

Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones

Causes of Human Behavior

Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause that leads to a
particular reaction or behavior.

Human Senses:

Visual – sight

Olfactory – smell

Cutaneous – touch

Auditory – hearing

Gustatory – taste

Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to
determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation
Awareness – refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation of past experiences with
a given stimulus or object.
 Factors that affect Human Behavior

Heredity – it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the
process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism.

Environment – refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that

surround and influence behavioral pattern.

Learning – is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience

or practice.

Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior

1. Extroversion – characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people

and things rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.

2. Introversion – characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.

3. Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally

comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away
from the crowd.
4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy,
depressed, sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental stress,
and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as
hopelessly difficult.

5. Psychoticism – is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger,

troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on
psychoticism tends to be impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for
others.
 LESSON 2

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

STAGES OF GROWTH

1. PRE-NATAL PERIOD
CONCEPTION OCCURS AND DEVELOPMENT BEGINS.

 PERIOD OF OVIUM – FIRST TWO WEEKS 0-2 WEEKS

 PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO – SECOND WEEK TO THE SECOND MONTH 3-8 WEEKS
 PERIOD OF FETUS – SECOND MONTH OF BIRTH 9 WEEKS

2. INFANCY – FIRST TWO WEEKS AFTER BIRTH.

3. BABYHOOD- SECOND WEEK TO THE SECOND YEAR. – WITH THE KEEN ,SENSE OF HEARING BUT
VERY POOR OF VISION ,TRANSFORM INTO WALKING, TALKING TODDLER WITHIN THE
RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME

4. CHILDHOOD– REFERRED TO AS THE PRE-SCHOOL YEARS CONSISTING OF THE YEARS WHICH

FOLLOW TODDLERHOOD AND PRECEDE FORMAL SCHOOLING.

5. ADOLESCENCE – IS A PERIOD OF DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGE MARKED BY AN OVERALL

PHYSICAL GROWTH SPURT AND SEXUAL MATURATION. KNOWN AS PUBERTY. IT IS ALSO A TIME
OF COGNITIVE CHANGE AS THE ADOLESCENT BEGINS TO THINK OF NEW POSSIBILITIES AND TO
CONSIDER ABSTRACT CONEPTS SUCH AS LOVE, FEAR, AND FREEDOM.

A. EARLY ADOLESCENCE – FROM PUBERTY TO ABOUT SEVENTEEN YEARS.

B. LATE ADOLESCENCE – FROM SEVENTEEN TO TWENTY ONE YEARS.

6. ADULTHOOD – TWENTY-ONE TO FORTY YEARS

- THE TWENTIES AND THIRTIES ARE OFTEN THOUGHT OF AS EARLY ADULTHOOD. IT IS A TIME
WHEN WE ARE AT OUR PHYSIOLOGICAL PEAK BUT ARE MOST AT RISK FOR INVOLVEMENT IN
VIOLENT CRIMES AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE. IT IS A TIME OF FOCUSING ONT THE FUTURE AND
PUTTING A LOT OF ENERGY INTO MAKING CHOICES THAT WILL HELP ONE EARN THE STATUS OF
A FULL ADULT IN THE EYES OF OTHERS. LOVE AND WORK ARE PRIMARY CONCERNS AT THIS
STAAGE OF LIFE.
7. MIDDLE AGE – FORTY TO SIXTY YEARS.
- THE LATE THIRTIES TO THE MID-SIXTIES IS REFERRED TO AS MIDDLE ADULTHOOD. THIS IS A
PERIOD WHICH AGING, THAT BEGAN EARLIER, BECOMES MORE NOTICEABLE AND A PERIOD AT
 WHICH MANY PEOPLE ARE AT THEIR PEAK OF PRODUCTIVITY IN LOVE AND WORK. IT MAY BE A
PERIOD OF GAINING EXPERTISE IN CERTAIN FIELDS AND BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND
PROBLEMS AND FIND SOLUTIONS WITH GREATER EFFICIENCY THAN BEFORE.

8. OLD AGE – FROM SIXTY YEARS AND ABOVE.

- THIS PERIOD OF THE LIFE SPAN HAS INCREASED IN THE LAST 100 YEARS, PARTICULARLY IN
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. LATE ADULTHOOD IS SOMETIMES SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO OR
THREE CATEGORIES SUCH AS THE “YOUNG OLD” AND “OLD OLD” OR THE “YOUNG OLD”, “OLD
OLD”, AND OLDEST OLD. WE WILL FOLLOW THE FORMER CATEGORIZATION AND MAKE THE
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE “YOUNG OLD” WHO ARE PEOPLE BETWEEN 65 AND 79 AND THE
“OLD OLD” OR THOSE WHO ARE 80 YEAR AND OLDER.

DEVELOPMENT TASK

IN EARLY CHILDHOOD- WALKING, SELF-FEEDING, AND SPEAKING SHOULD BE MASTERED.

IN LATE CHILDHOOD- ONE SHOULD BE ABLE TO PLAY AS A MEMBER OF A TEAM AND MASTER THE 3
R’S. READING SHOULD ALSO BE MASTERED AT THIS STAGE, AS WELL AS THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS
ONE’S SELF ORALLY AND IN WRITING.

IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE – THE INDIVIDUAL SHOULD LEARN TO COOPERATE WITH THE GROUP AND
SUBMERGE HIS INDIVIDUALITY FOR THE COMMON. HE SHOULD DEVELOP THE SPIRIT OF
BELONGING AND TEAMWORK.

IN LATE ADOLESCENCE – ONE SHOULD LEARN SOCIAL DANCING AND THE ART OF ENTERTAINING.
SOCIAL GRACES SHOULD BE MASTERED IN LATE ADOLESCENCE AND BOYS AND GIRLS SHOULD
KNOW THE PROPER ETHICS REGARDING DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.

IN EARLY ADULTHOOD – THE INDIVIDUAL SHOULD LEARN TO EARN A LIVING. AT THIS STAGE,
COURTING SHOULD ALSO TAKE PLACE.

BY LATE ADULTHOOD – PEOPLE SHOULD BE MARRIED AND HAVE FAMILY. THE INDIVIDUAL SHOULD
ALSO WORK TOWARD HAVING A SUCCESSFUL CAREER, WHICH MAY NECESSITATE SOME MINOR
SACRIFICES.

IN MIDDLE AGE – WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL IS AT THE PEAK OF HIS PROFESSIONAL CAREER, HE NAY BE
A BOSS AND HAVE THE CHANCE TO LORD IT OVER THE OTHERS.

IN OLD AGE - THE INDIVIDUAL MAY HAVE TO CONTINUE HIS ACTIVITIES, BUT ON SMALLER SCALE;
OR HE MAY HAVE TO SUBSTITUTE OTHER ACTIVITIES. THE OLDER SHOULD HAVE SAVED FOR HIS OLD
AGE SO THAT HE NEED NOT RELY ON THE BOUNTY OF OTHERS
 Lesson 3

Topic No. 3

Classification of Human Behavior

Human Behavior

Human behavior if often classified as voluntary or involuntary. Speaking at a meeting appears to be

voluntary and breathing after running seems to be involuntary. But both types of behavior may change
with experience. 

Two Basic Types of Human Behavior

1. Inherited Behavior

Inherited or innate behavior refers to any behavioral responses or reflex exhibited by people due to
their genetic endowment or the process of natural selection. The survival of the species is contingent on
behavior like breathing, ingesting food, voiding waste, mating and adaptation as the environment acts
on an individual.

2. Learned Behavior

Learned or Operant behavior involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s ability to
cope with changes in the environment and to manipulate the environment in ways which improve the
chances for survival, such as verbal communications, logical problem-solving techniques, job skills, etc.
it gives people more control over their lives. The key to this behavior lies in its consequences for the
person and for the environment.
 Consideration for Inherited Behavior

1. Physical Traits

Humans inherit many physical traits from parents and ancestors. Some physical traits known to be
hereditary are color and shape of eyes, color and texture of hair, color or shade of skin, size and shape
of nose, quality of teeth, shape of lips, size of ears, height, body build, and shape of face, some
physical defects like extra fingers, fuse digits, two-jointed fingers and clubbed feet.

2. Mental Traits

Many scientists believe that level of intelligence and special talents are inherited. Some mental defects
like feeble-mindedness, and some forms of insanity can be traced to hereditary. Other scientists
however, believe that environment factors can cause such abnormalities.

Consideration for Learned Behavior

1. Environment

After birth, the infant is exposed to an external environment that is extremely variable. One part of it,
the social environment, includes human beings who influence the infant one way or another. Language,
customs, and many other aspects of culture are also important influences.

2. Training

Training is closely related to  educational, cultural, moral and religious agencies with which the child
comes in contact from where one can acquire most of the training.

3. Efforts of the Will

By means of the will, inherited capacities are realized and intellectual opportunities are utilized. Will is
man’s capacity to direct and restrain thoughts, actions and power and emotions.

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

  Eysenck (1952, 1967, 1982) proposed a theory of personality based on biological factors, arguing
that individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to
the environment.
 During 1940s Eysenck was working at the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in London. His job
was to make an initial assessment of each patient before their mental disorder was diagnosed
by a psychiatrist.
 Through this position, he compiled a battery of questions about behavior, which he later
applied to 700 soldiers who were being treated for neurotic disorders at the hospital (Eysenck
(1947).
 He found that the soldiers' answers seemed to link naturally with one another, suggesting that
there were a number of different personality traits which were being revealed by the soldier's
answers. He called these first-order personality traits
 He used a technique called factor analysis. This technique reduces behavior to a number of
factors which can be grouped together under separate headings, called dimensions.

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

Eysenck (1947) found that their behavior could be

represented by two dimensions:
Introversion / Extroversion (E); Neuroticism /
Stability (N). Eysenck called these second-order
personality traits.

He was especially interested in the characteristics of

people whom he considered to have achieved their
potential as individuals.

According to Eysenck, the two dimensions

of neuroticism (stable vs. unstable) and introversion-
extroversion combine to form a variety of
personality characteristics.

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

Extraversion/introversion

Extraverts are sociable and crave excitement and change, and thus can become bored easily. They tend
to be carefree, optimistic and impulsive. They are more likely to take risks and be thrill seekers. Eysenck
argues that this is because they inherit an under aroused nervous system and so seek stimulation to
restore the level of optimum stimulation.
Introverts on the other hand lie at the other end of this scale, being quiet and reserved. They are already
over-aroused and shun sensation and stimulation. Introverts are reserved, plan their actions and control
their emotions. They tend to be serious, reliable and pessimistic.

Neuroticism/stability

A person’s level of neuroticism is determined by the reactivity of their sympathetic nervous system. A

stable person’s nervous system will generally be less reactive to stressful situations, remaining calm and
level headed.

Someone high in neuroticism on the other hand will be much more unstable, and prone to overreacting
to stimuli and may be quick to worry, anger or fear. They are overly emotional and find it difficult to
calm down once upset. 

Eysenck’s Personality Theory

Psychoticism/normality

Eysenck (1966) later added a third trait / dimension - Psychoticism – e.g., lacking in empathy, cruel, a
loner, aggressive and troublesome. This has been related to high levels of testosterone. The higher
the testosterone, the higher the level of psychoticism, with low levels related to more normal balanced
behavior.

Psychoticism, extroversion and Neuroticism = PEN

 Lesson 4

Psychological explanations of human behavior

Psychologist – attempted to explain behavior as well for example: inherited traits thru intelligence

The mind and its Relationship to crime

Development of more scientific theories on human behavior and mental illness, one of the most
popular explanations was demology. Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits,
which caused good or evil behavior.

18th century, scholars begin developing knowledge about human anatomy, physiology, neurology,
general medicine and chemistry. Discovery of an organic basis

Psychiatry approach – field of medicine that specializes in the understanding diagnoses, treatment,
and prevention of problems is psychiatry. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychiatry which employs a
particular personally theory and a specific treatment method, usually and individual case study.
Psychiatry views each person as a unique personally who can be understood only by a thorough case
study.

Personality theory – These studies emphasized the frequency of an association between mental
disorders caused humans to become criminals led to the confinement of the mentally ill in jails and
prison rather than hospitals.

Personality disorder

Paranoid personality

Schizo personality

Narcissi’s personality

Intelligence and crime – early studies of family histories that found many people of lower intelligence
in a family line of criminals concluded that the human behavior that became criminal was caused by
low intelligence.
Cognitive development theory – this theory approach based on the belief that the way in which
people organize their thought about rules and laws result in either criminal or non-criminal behavior

2 stages of moral reasoning

Behavior theory – this theory is that all behavior is learned and can be unlearned

Learning theory – emphasize that learning may be accomplished by the using other people as a
models; it is not necessary to engage in all the behavior only if they have learn.

Symptoms of mental disorders

Generally, symptoms cannot be sharply classified because some of these are in combination with
others. Some adolescents have delusion of grandeur but also suffer imagine persecution. Another
case is one who suffer extreme melachonlia.

Symptoms of mental disorder

1. Physical

Physical symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include rapid changes in pulse,
temperature, respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of appetite, marked changes in
weight, excessive fatigue, pain, coughs, lack of motor coordination, and speech disturbance.  

2. Mental

Symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include flights of fancy; aphasia-loss of

understanding or of producing language; amnesia-loss of memory; phobias-strong, irrational fears,
such as the fear of dark, high in some form of behavior – kleptomania, pyromania; obsession like end
of the world; false perception – illusions, hallucinations, delusions and false beliefs.

3. Emotional

Some symptoms of mental and emotional disorders are apathy – indifference, accompanied
by expressions of worry, crying, refusal to eat or speak; unnatural state of happiness; behavior
symptoms – psychomotor activity, crying, laughing, constant, repetition of acts, and profane language.

Several types of mental disorders

 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are those that are typically diagnosed during infancy,
childhood, or adolescence. These psychological disorders include:

Intellectual disability
Global development delay
Communication disorder
Autism Spectrum disorder
Attention-Deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd)

2. Bipolar and related disorders

Bipolar disorder is characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes in activity and energy levels.
The disorder often involves experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression.
Such elevated moods can be pronounced and are referred to either as mania or hypomania.

 Mania
 Depressive Episodes

3. Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are those that are characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, anxiety and
related behavioral disturbances. Fear involves an emotional response to a threat, whether that threat
is real or perceived. Anxiety involves the anticipation that a future threat may arise. Types of anxiety
disorders include:

 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

 Agoraphobia 
 Social Anxiety Disorder 
 Specific Phobias 
 Panic Disorder 
 Separation Anxiety Disorder 

4. Stress related disorder

Trauma and stressor-related disorders involve exposure to a stressful or traumatic event. These

were previously grouped with anxiety disorders but are now considered a distinct category of
disorders. Disorders included in this category include:

 Acute Stress Disorder

  Adjustment Disorders
 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
 Reactive Attachment Disorder

5. Dissociative disorders

Dissociative disorders are psychological disorders that involve a dissociation or interruption in

aspects of consciousness, including identity and memory. Dissociative disorders include:

 Dissociative Amnesia
 Dissociative Identity Disorder
 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

6. Somatic symptoms disorders

Formerly referred to under the heading of somatoform disorders, this category is now known as
somatic symptoms and related disorders. Somatic symptom disorders are a class of psychological
disorders that involve prominent physical symptoms that may not have a diagnosable physical cause.

In contrast to previous ways of conceptualizing these disorders based on the absence of a medical
explanation for the physical symptoms, the current diagnosis emphasizes the abnormal thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors that occur in response to these symptoms. Disorders included in this category:

 Somatic Symptom Disorder

 Illness Anxiety Disorder
 Conversion Disorder
 Factitious Disorder

7. Eating disorders

Eating disorders are characterized by obsessive concerns with weight and disruptive eating patterns
that negatively impact physical and mental health. Feeding and eating disorders that used to be
diagnosed during infancy and childhood have been moved to this category in the DSM-5. Types of
eating disorders include:

 Anorexia Nervosa
 Bulimia Nervosa
 Rumination Disorder
 Pica
  Binge-Eating Disorder

8. Sleep disorders

Sleep disorders involve an interruption in sleep patterns that lead to distress and affects daytime
functioning. Examples of sleep disorders include:

 Narcolepsy
 Insomnia Disorder
 Hypersomnolence
 Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
 Parasomnias
 Restless Legs Syndrome

9. Disruptive disorders

Impulse-control disorders are those that involve an inability to control emotions and behaviors,
resulting in harm to oneself or others. These problems with emotional and behavioral regulation are
characterized by actions that violate the rights of others such as destroying property or
physical aggression and/or those that conflict with societal norms, authority figures, and laws. Types
of impulse-control disorders include:

 Kleptomania
 Pyromania
 Intermittent Explosive Disorder
 Conduct Disorder
 Oppositional Defiant Disorder

10. Depressive disorders

Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder that include a number of conditions. They are
all characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and
cognitive symptoms. They differ in terms of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Major depressive disorder

 Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

  Other or unspecified depressive disorder
 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
 Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder
 Depressive disorder due to another medical condition

11. Neurological disorders

Neurological Disorders

Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by acquired deficits in cognitive function. These disorders
do not include those in which impaired cognition was present at birth or early in life. Types of
cognitive disorders include:

 Delirium
 Neurocognitive Disorders

12. Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, and behavior.
It is a complex, long-term condition

13. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 specify that in order to be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive
disorder, a person must experience obsessions, compulsions, or both.

 Obsessions: defined as recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, and urges that lead to

distress or anxiety
 Compulsions: repetitive and excessive behaviors that the individual feels that they must
perform. These actions are performed to reduce anxiety or to prevent some dreaded outcome
from occurring.

14. Personality disorder

Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring pattern of maladaptive thoughts, feelings,

and behaviors that can cause serious detriments to relationships and other life areas.
 Factors that Affect Mental Disorders

1. Heredity

This is the most frequent with family histories revealing mental illness.

2. Incestuous Marriage - nIncest sexual intercourse through blood related

Blood incompatibility of parents, maternal infection during the early stages of pregnancy is
some disorders associated with incestuous disorders.

3. Impaired Vitality

Mental worry, grief, physical strain, unhygienic surroundings, infections and birth trauma
may predispose a person to mental disorders.

4. Poor Moral Values Training and Breeding

Improper breeding and poor moral values training particularly those affecting free will and self-
control undesirable associations, etc. may result in an impaired mental state.

5. Psychic Factors

Emotional disturbance such as, love, hatred, passion, frustration, and disappointment.

6. Physical Factors
Non-Toxic – Exhaustion resulting from severe physical and mental strain, cerebral
haemorrhage trauma on the skull affecting the brain.

Toxic – This may be produced by excessive formation of deficient elimination of waste

products; by infection, or excessive use of certain drugs.

Some Manifestation of Mental Disorders

The condition of mental disorder cannot be chemically considered by the manifestation of one sign
or symptom, rather, it is essential to appreciate to condition of them as whole. Although certain
behaviors may be observed in certain types of insanity, they may also be observed in the clinically
non-insane.
1. Cognitive Disorder – Knowing

a. Perception Disorder

1. Illusion

A false interpretation of an external stimulus. It may be touch and smell. A normal person may also
suffer from illusions but further investigation by oneself may prove that his judgment is wrong.

2. Hallucination

An erroneous perception without an external object of stimulus. There are some types
of hallucination, i.e., visual, seeing things although not present; auditory, hearing voices in absolute
science; olfactory, false perception of smell; gustatory, false perception of taste; tactile, false
perception of touch, as feeling that a worm is creeping on the skin; kinesthetic, false perception of
movement; hypnagogic, false falling asleep and being awake; and Lilliputian, perception of objects as
reduced in size.

b. Memory Disorder

1. Dementia – forgetfulness

A form of mental disorder resulting from the degeneration or disorder of the brain characterized
by general mental weakness, forgetfulness, loss of coherence, and total inability or uncontrollable
impulse.

2. Amnesia - Totally loss of memory

Loss of memory, there are two kinds, i.e., anterograde amnesia, loss of memory of recent events;
and retrograde amnesia, loss of memory of past events and observed in traumas of the head.

C. Content of thought Disorders

1. Delusion– beliefs

A false or erroneous belief on something which is not a fact, person suffering from delusion is
not always insane. If he can correct his wrong beliefs by subsequent experiences, by logic or by
information from other sources, such delusion is not a proof of insanity.
 

2. Obsession

Thoughts and impulses which continually occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep
them out, It is an idea constantly obtruding on the suffering despite efforts to drive it way.

Obsession is a condition of the mind bordering on sanity and insanity. It is sometimes associated
with some sort of fear and usually occurs in persons suffering from nervous exhaustion.

d. Trend of Thought Disorder

1. Mania– excitement of happiness over whelming

A state of excitement accompanied by exaltation or a feeling of well-being which is out of

harmony with the surrounding circumstances of the patient, The mind is hyperactive, with flights of
fancy which may amount to incoherence. Delusions may be present, but are usually fleeting in
character. 

2. Melancholia – always having miserable thoughts (depression or sadness)

An intense feeling of depression and misery which is unwarranted by his physical condition
and external environment, He is absorbed by his miserable thoughts. Aural hallucination is common.
Every patient suffering from melancholia is a potential suicide case.

2. Emotional Disorder – Feeling

a. Exaltation – State of always being happy

Feeling of unwarranted well-being and happiness

b. Depression

Feeling of miserable thoughts, that a calamitous incident occurred in his life, something has
gone wrong with his body functions and prefers to be quite and in selection.

c. Apathy- numb

Serious disregard for the surrounding and the environment

d. Phobia
Excessive, irrational, and uncontrollable for a perfectly natural situation or object , There are
some types of phobia, i.e., fear of specific objects, e.g., birds, ornithophobia; blood, anthophobia;
men, androphobia; robbers, harpaophobia; sacred things, hierophobia; sharp objects, belophobia;
sun, heliophobia; and trees, dendrophobia.

3. Volition Disorder – Conation

a. Impulsion – Are the feeling against the free will.

Sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to the conscious performance of some
action without motive or forethought. The person has no power to control it, however, bad the
consequences may be:

b. Compulsion

Although not included in the manifestation of mental disorders, it is an act wherein a person
is compelled to perform some actions against his free will, and with duress as a result of external
factors. It may be through the use of force, violence or intimidation.

CRIM 3 - HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY

lesson No. 5

Frustration and Defense Mechanism

Frustration in Human Behavior

Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the individual’s motivated
behavior. Sustained frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue
or depression. 

ETO YUNG MGA BAGAY NA HUMAHARANG UPANG MAGING MASIGASIG (KABIGUAN)

What is Conflict? HIDWAAN O PAGTATALO SA MGA BAGAY NA MAGKASALUNGAT ANG

PANANAW NG ISAT ISA

 Pertains to a serious disagreement or argument typically a protracted one it is also defined

as a competitive or opposing action of incompatibles the mental struggle resulting from
incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands. In relation
to our study, there are three basic forms of conflict, they are the following:

Approach-Avoidance Conflict 
Occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the
potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against the closing
behavior.  WALANG INIISIP KUNG DI ANG BAGAY NA NINANAIS NGUNIT MADAMING
MAGIGING PROBLEMA DAHIL SA MABILISANG PAGDEDESISYON.

Approach-Approach Conflict
This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two desirable alternatives.
There are usually two desirable things wanted, but only one option can be chosen.
MAY ALINALANGAN SA PAGPILI DAHIL SA MGA POSIBLENG MANGYARI

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict 
This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive alternatives where a person has
to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things. 
PAGPILI NG HINDI KAGUSTUHAN DAHIL SA SITWASYON.

Coping Mechanism
it is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to
frustration. This could be attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in
the developmental task they faced during the early stages of their life.

ITO ANG MGA BAGAY O REACTION NA GINAGAWA NG TAO KAPAG SILA AY DUMADANAS NG
PROBLEMA O KABIGUAN NAAYON ITO KUNG PAANO KA NAMULAT

Frustration Tolerance
it is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response
such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.

Accept feelings of frustration. Frustration is a normal human emotion.

Ride out frustration. Sitting with our feelings before reacting is necessary for
finding effective solutions to issues.
Practice mindfulness.
Talk to a mental health professional.

Broad Reactions to Frustration 

Fight 
is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking
down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
USING PHYSICAL FORCES

Flight
it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.
LOOSING HOPE
 Different types of Reaction to Frustration 
Direct approach
can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way they identify
first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with
the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.

Detour
When an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always
end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction
first and find out if the solution or remedy is there. 

Substitution
most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve
the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the
problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.

PLAN A. PLAN B PLAN C

Withdrawal or Retreat 
is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is the safest way. 

Developing feeling of inferiority

comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result. Being
discourage to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could result to diminishing
self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.
DOWNERS..

Aggression
is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in
physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the
personal and professional aspect.

Use of Defense Mechanism

is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person
attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.

Defense Mechanism 
Defense Mechanism
is an unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that provides relief from
emotional conflict and anxiety. 

Ex:  defense mechanisms include rationalization, denial, repression, projection, rejection,

and reaction formation.

Common Defense Mechanism

Displacement
strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or object as the recipient of
said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was
the cause of said emotion. 
IBINABALING SA IBANG TAO O BAGAY:
PAGPUNTA SA COM SHOP PAG GALIT PARA MAWALA YUN PROBLEMA or Tropa

Rationalization
is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and
others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to convince
themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable
ex: when a person lack of preparation in exam. he might blame a poor exam score on the
instructor. Palaging may dahilan
Compensation
is the psychological defense mechanism through which people attempt to overcome the
anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body
image, by concentrating on another area where they can excel.

Projection
Manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are
projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which free the
individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them. 

example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that they do not like
you. Projection works by allowing the expression of the desire or impulse,  (INTUITION)

Reaction formation
is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we
do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the
opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control. 

EX: know how to control his behavior in opposite way.

Denial
when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner
needs.

Ex: Addiction is one of the best-known examples of denial

Repression
is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
completely prevented from entering consciousness. 
ACQUIRING PHOBIA OR EXPERIENCE IN THEIR EARLY STAGES. MAY PAG PIGIL NA
NAGAGANAP DAHIL SA PAST EXPERIENCE MO NG BATA KAPA.
EX: A man got a spider bite in childhood and may develop intense spider
phobia but doesn’t recollect the incidence.

Suppression 
which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing
them out of his mind. 
PINIPILIT NA LUMITIN O TANGGALIN SA ISIPAN ANG MGA NANGYARI

Identification 
an individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by
taking on the characteristics of someone who is important to him. 

EX: nanay mo

Substitution
through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and
anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications. 
EX:
For example, a business man who has been angry over certain events of the day may redirect
his energies into games, gardening or any other manual work.

Fantasy 
this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives do not materialize.
Ex: Retreat to a fantasy world : Watching movies

Regression
a person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an
earlier stage of development. 
PANUNUMBALIK NG UGALI NOONG PAGKABATA
Sublimation
is the process by which instinctual drives which consciously unacceptable are diverted into
personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for
defending against own unacceptable impulses and needs.

EX: a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration.

Topic no. 7

Affective disorders, schizophrenia

Schizophrenia = d na nya madifferentiate yun reality yo fantasy “splitting of the minds”

Simple schizophrenia – introvert (person don’t want to socialize in other people)

don’t have enough symptoms in schizaophrenia

Paranoid schizophrenia – delusion of persecution (akala nya may mananakit sa kanya) – grandeur
(mahalagang tao) – hallucinations , usually auditory

Hebephrenic schizophrenia – inappropriate giggling and smiling (biglang tumatawa ng walang dahilan)
both delusion and hallucinations are present

Catatonic schizophrenia – manifest extreme violence

grimancing ( don’t have control sa facial expression)

Paranoia -
Human behavior and victimology

Topic no. 8