The Purpose of Protection

The protection can not prevent system faults,

but it can:
Limit the damage caused by short circuits
while:
Protecting people and equipment from damage
Selectively clearing faults in milliseconds
Protecting equipment from overload
conditions
 Requirements of Protection
Systems
Fast

fast means recognising and clearing the fault in milliseconds
Safety

safety means always switching off if a fault really occurs
Selectivity

selectivity means switching off only the part of the system where the
fault occurs
 Why Numarical Relaying
?

Self checking facility

Multi functionality

Very Low Burden

Why Numerical Relaying?
More Flexibility because of programmable capability

Fibre optic communication with substation LAN

Adaptive Relaying scheme

Allows GPS time stamping(Geographical Positioning system)

Permits Event logging

Captures disturbances
Numarical Relay Hardware
 User-definable Logic via CFC for:

Control interlocking / Command processing

Measured value processing ->
> limit value supervision

User defined(additional protection) logic / automation
functions

combination of existing functions

Input values Value processing Outputs:

- Binary information: Available function blocks: - For Trip and

- logic gates / flip-flops
flops Interlocks
- measurements - command processing
- thresholds / arithmetic
- timers / clocks
- counters
Total costs are reduced
in comparison with conventional design!

Savings in:

scheme engineering
(CAD tools and work)

wiring work

testing of panel wiring

hardware

maintenance

operational costs
 Run & Error LED’s

Large illuminated Display

Cursor Keys

LEDs with reset Key

Local operating Interface

Function Keys

Numerical Keypad
Voltage inputs /
binary inputs and - outputs

Current inputs

2 serial communication ports

(options)

Time synchronization port

(IRIG B)
 Variable Interfaces

with light electrical

Protocols
IEC 60870-5-103
IEC 60870
Profibus FMS
Profibus
Profibus DP
Profibus
Modbus
Modbus
DNP 3
DNP
Ethernet IEC61850 Ethernet
IEC61850
 Switchyard Protection
1) Teed
a) High Impedance
b) Low Impedance
2)Re Trip
a) Tie-CB
b) Main-CB
3)LBB
a) Main CB
b) Tie CB
4)Pole Discrepancy
5)BUS BAR Differential
3 PH TRIP RELAYS
86A1-GRP CLASS A CH-1
1 TRIP RELAY

86A2-GRP CLASS A CH-2

2 TRIP RELAY

86.1- MAIN CB TRIP RELAY CH-1

86.2 – MAIN CB TRIP RELAY CH-2

86T.1- TIE CB TRIP RELAY CH-1

86T.2-TIE CB TRIP RELAY CH-2

1 PH TRIP RELAYS
21 RA.1 – Main CB R-Ph Trip relay-1

21 RB.1- TIE CB R-Ph Trip Relay-1

21 RA.2 – Main CB R-Ph Trip relay-2

21 RB.2- TIE CB R-Ph Trip Relay-2

Like wise 21YA.1 21 YB.1,21YA.2,21YB.2

21BA.1,21BA.2,21BB.1,21 BB.2
TYPICAL 400KV,2000/1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CORE:1- 1000-2000/1

CORE:2:1000-2000/1

CORE:3-500-1000-2000/1

CORE:4-500-1000-2000/1

CORE:5-500-1000-2000/1
5
1 CORE:3 Metering class

Remaining all are protection

class
2 4

3
 Low Impedance -Teed

GT
Bay

87TT.1
ST
Bay

87TT.1
Low Impedance -Teed(GT-Bay)
Adapted CT Ratio:1000/1A

Setting:

1) Idiff>

a) Trip :200mAmp (Inst)

Pickup:170mAmp(85% of Trip Value)

b) Slope:0.25

c) Slope:0.5

2) Idiff>>

7.5(I/Ino)

Trip Relays operated

86.1,86T.1,86.A,86.2,86T.2
 High Impedance -Teed
GT

GT
Bay

87TT.2
ST
Bay

87TT.2
High Impedance -Teed(GT-Bay)
Adapted CT Ratio:1000/1A

Setting
Ires> 100mAmp (Trip :Inst)

TRIP RELAYS OPERATED:

86.1,86T.1,86.A,862,86T.2
 Teed Protection contd…
Trips Main CB
Trips TIE CB
Initiates LBB
 TIE CB-Re
Re Trip (RT)
Master Trip Relay of Tie CB operated (86 T1 or
86T2 )or GRP Master Trip ( 86A or 86B or 86C)
and
2)Current through Tie CT is >40mAMP

50 msec Trip Coils of Tie

CB
2
TIE CB-Local
Local Breaker Backup(LBB)
Backup(LBB
Master Trip Relay of Tie CB operated(86 T1 or
86T2) or GRP Master Trip ( 86A or 86B or 86C )
and
2)Current through Tie CT is >40mAMP
1 Trip
200 ST(HV)- Main CB
msec
2 ST- LV.1

ST- LV.2

GT-Main CB

GRP- Class-A
 POLE DISCREPANCY

1.5 SEC DELAY IN GENERATORBAYS

2.0 SEC DELAY IN LINE SIDE BAYS

 Line Protection
1) Over Voltage
2) Earth Fault Over current
3) SOFT(Switch on to Fault)
4)Back up over current
5)Distance protection
 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

Settings
OVER VOLTAGE STAGE:1

110% ,Time Delay:5 Sec

OVER VOLTAGE STAGE:2

140% ,Time Delay:100 msec

TRIP RELAYS OPERATED

21RA,21YA,21BA,21RB,21YB,21BB,86.1,86.2,86T.1 and 86T.2

PLCC DT send(Code:3) for CH-1 & CH--2

 Earth fault Over current(3Io Inverse)
Earth fault over current protection will be blocked, if Dist protection pickups in
any Zone

Setting:
CT Ratio adopted:2000/1A

3Io>150mAMP

Time Dial:0.8sec

Curve:IEC Normal Inverse

Eg.150mAMP-45 Sec
300mAMP-10 Sec
750mAMP-5 Sec.

TRIP RELAYS OPERATED

21RA,21YA,21BA,21RB,21YB,21BB,86.1,86.2,86T.1 and 86T.2

PLCC DT send(Code:3) for CH-1

1 & CH-2
CH
 SOTF(Switch onto Fault)

Setting:
1) I>> 1. 5Amp

Time Delay:0mSec

2) Main CB or Tie CB Manual Close command

1
0 msec

TRIP RELAYS OPERATED

21RA,21YA,21BA,21RB,21YB,21BB,86.1,86.2,86T.1 and 86T.2
 Backup Over current
Active only with VT fuse fail

Setting:
1) Ip> Pickup 0.93 Amp

T Ip Time dial 0.6sec

IEC Curve-Normal Inverse

Eg:Ip-1.0Amp,40 sec

Ip-2 times,5.2 sec

Ip-5 times, 2.5sec

2) VT Fuse fail
1
IEC
Normal
Inverse
2 curve
TRIP RELAYS OPERATED

21RA,21YA,21BA,21RB,21YB,21BB,86.1,86.2,86T.1 and 86T.2

High Impedance -Teed(GT-Bay)
Adapted CT Ratio:1000/1A

Setting
Ires> 100mAmp (Trip :Inst)

TRIP RELAYS OPERATED:

86.1,86T.1,86.A,862,86T.2
 ?? Distance Protection
Zones of protection
Zone:1

Setting:80% of protected line

Time Delay:0mSec

Zone:2

Setting: 100% of Protected line+50% shortest line emanating from

Adjacent station

Time Delay:0.4 Sec

Zone:3

Setting:100% Protected line +100% of Longest line emanating from

the adjacent station.
Time Delay:1 Sec

Zone:4(Reverse Zone)

Setting: 25% of Zone1

Time Delay:1 Sec
 Z3
∆t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1

D1 D2 D3

distance
Grading rules:
Safety margin is 20
Z1 = 0,80 ZAB %:
Z2 = 0,80 (ZAB + 0,80 ZBC)
line error

CT, VT error
Z3 = 0,80 (ZAB + 0,80 (ZBC + 0,80 ZCD))
measuring error
Selectivity in distance protection,
Teleprotection is the solution
1
Normal setting: X1 = 0.80 XL

1 2

20% 60% 20
%
Faults in this area Faults in this area are tripped Faults in this area
are from both sides in first-zone
first are tripped from
tripped from side 2 time side 1 in t2
in t2
Faults on approximately 60% of the line length are cleared
without delay at both line ends

Faults in the remaining 40% of the line length

are cleared with a time delay.

Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends

Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Teleprotection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)
 Teleportation Overview

CT WAVE TRAP

CVT

LA

LMU

Relay
PLCC PLCC
Ch
Ch-1 Ch-1
 Teleprotection Schemes

Permissive Underreach (PUTT)

Permissive Overreach (POTT)
Permissive under reach transfer
trip (PUTT)
A Z1(A) B Z1B(A)

Z1B(B) Z1(B)

Z1 Z1
TS trans- trans- TS
(A) (B)
T1 mit mit T1
Z1B Z1B
T1B T1B
(A) & OR Trip &
Trip OR (A)
Further Further
re- re-
zones zones
ceive ceive
Permissive overreach transfer trip
(POTT)

A Z1(A) B Z1B(A)

Z1B(B) Z1(B)

Z1B Z1B
T1B trans- trans- OR T1B
OR TS
(A) & TS mit mit & (B)

& &
OR Trip Trip OR Z1 or
Z1 or
further re- further
re-
zones ceive zones
ceive
 Single Phase Fault in Zone:1

For initiating single phase (Any one pole) trip permissive:

a) Carrier selector switch- IN

&
b) PLCC Carrier Healthy
&
c) Main (or) Tie CB Close

Otherwise relay will issue 3Ph Trip command ,even for single phase
faults.

1) Corresponding single phase Trip Relay picks up

Eg for Rph-E fault

21RA.1,21RB.1,21RA.2 and 21RB.2 PICKS UP: Which initiates 1Ph

Trip command(R-Ph) to
a) Main and Tie CB,
b) Initiates Main and Tie CB LBB,
c) Initiates Auto Reclose (through BCU).

2) PLCC CH-1 , TX code -1,CH-2

2 TX code:2 and CH-1
CH TX code:2 and
CH-2
2 TX Code:1 increments(Carrier send)
 Multi Phase Fault in Zone:1

1) All single phase Trip Relay picks up(21 R,21 Y and 21B)

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

3) PLCC CH-1 TX code -1,CH--2 TX code:2 and CH-1 TX code:2 and

CH-2
2 TX Code:1 increments(Carrier send)

Time delay of tripping:0 mSec

 Single Phase Fault in Zone:2

a) Without carrier receive

1) Corresponding single phase Trip Relay picks up

Eg for Rph-E fault

21RA.1,21RB.1,21RA.2 and 21RB.2 PICKS UP

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

Time delay for trip:0.4Sec

 Multi Phase Fault in Zone:2

a) Without carrier receive

1) All single phase Trip Relay picks up

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

Time delay for trip:0.4Sec

b) With carrier receive

1) All single phase Trip Relay picks up

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

Time delay for trip:0.0Sec

Single Phase Fault (or) multi phase faults in Zone:3

1) All single phase Trip Relay picks up(12No.s)

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

Time delay for trip:1.0 Sec

Single Phase Fault (or) multi phase faults in Zone:4

1) All single phase Trip Relay picks up(12No.s)

2 ) All 3Ph Trip Relays 86.1 ,86.2 ,86T.1 ,86T.2 Picks up

Time delay for trip:1.0 Sec

THANK U
 Why impedance protection?
Situation: Meshed network and two in feeds
Directional over current time relays

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s
0,3s

0,6s 0,3s
non-selective
selective trip
Unlike phase and neutrall o
over current protection, the
key advantage of distance protection is that its
fault coverage of the protected circuit is virtually
independent of source impedance variations.