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 UNIT-2
 Insight into future mobility technology;
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

 Components of Electric and Hybrid

Vehicles

 Drives and Transmission Advantages

and disadvantages of EVs and Hybrid
vehicles
Unit-2
Insight into future mobility technology; Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles, Components of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Drives and
Transmission Advantages and disadvantages of EVs and Hybrid
vehicles

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It
can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can
be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by
converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator) EVs include, but are not limited
to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric
spacecraft.

In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and
an increased focus on renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's
impact on climate change and other environmental issues.

Most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries (Li-Ions or LIBs). Lithium ion batteries have
higher energy density, longer life span and higher power density than most other practical
batteries. Complicating factors include safety, durability, thermal breakdown and cost. Li-ion
batteries should be used within safe temperature and voltage ranges in order to operate
safely and efficiently

Increasing the battery's lifespan decreases effective costs. One technique is to operate a
subset of the battery cells at a time and switching these subsets.

Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor,
which uses energy stored in batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge
the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal
combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for a
smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when
stopped. Together, these features result in better fuel economy without sacrificing performance
Key Components of a Hybrid Electric Car
Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the low-voltage auxiliary battery provides
electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged; it also powers vehicle
accessories.
DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack
to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary
battery.
Electric generator: Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking, transferring
that energy back to the traction battery pack. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform
both the drive and regeneration functions.
Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the
vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and
regeneration functions.
Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out through
the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out emissions within the exhaust
system.
Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to fill the
tank.
Fuel tank (gasoline): This tank stores gasoline on board the vehicle until it's needed by the
engine.
Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is injected into either
the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with air, and the air/fuel
mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.
Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the
traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the
engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric
traction motor to drive the wheels.
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
What exactly is an HEV? The definition available is so general that it anticipates future
technologies of energy sources. The term hybrid vehicle refers to a vehicle with at least two
sources of power. A hybrid-electric vehicle indicates that one source of power is provided by an
electric motor. The other source of motive power can come from a number of different
technologies, but is typically provided by an internal combustion engine designed to run on
either gasoline or diesel fuel. As proposed by Technical Committee (Electric Road Vehicles) of
the International Electro technical Commission, an HEV is a vehicle in which propulsion energy
is available from two or more types of energy sources and at least one of them can deliver
electrical energy

Hybrid vehicle drive train

Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that
can both individually drive the car or both coupled up jointly giving drive.

If they are joined at an axis (in parallel), the speeds at this axis must be identical and the
supplied torques will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only one of
the two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way clutch or freewheel so
it can rotate freely.

With cars the two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the electric
motor connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speeds and the
torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as
necessary

Advantages and disadvantages of EVs and Hybrid vehicles

Advantages
 Electric cars are energy efficient
 Electric cars reduce emissions
 Electric cars require lower maintenance

Disadvantages
 Electric cars can't travel as far
 "Fueling" takes longer
 Electric cars are sometimes more expensive