MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Introduction :

 The knowledge of matrices is necessary in various branches mathematics matrices are one of the powerful tools in
mathematics .

 The evolution of concept of matrices is result of an attempt to obtain compact and simple methods of solving system
of linear equations.

 Matrices are used electronic spread sheet programs of personal computers , which in turn used in different areas of
business and science like budgeting ,sales projection, cost estimation, analyzing the result of an experiment etc.

 The mathematical tool is not only used in certain braches of science but also in genetics, economics sociology,
modern psychology and industrial management

MATRICES

DEFINITION

“ A matrix is an arrangement of numbers( real or complex)in rows (horizontal lines) and columns (vertical lines) and
enclosed by the brackets”.

Ex: [ ]

Order of matrix

If the matrix has m-rows and n-columns ,we say that it is a matrix “Order “ m read m as m cross n)

[ ] order is 2 2 [ ] order

Types of matrices

1) Row matrix

A matrix having one row and any number of column is called Row matrix

Ex :- [ ] [ ]

2) Column matrix

A matrix having one column and any number of row is called Column matrix

Ex:-[ ] [ ]

2 2

3) Square matrix

A matrix in witch the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square matrix

Ex:- [ ] [ ]

2 3

4) Null matrix

A matrix in witch all the elements are zeros is called a Null matrix
 Ex:- [ ] [ ]

2 3

5) Diagonal matrix

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix in witch all elements except the element in the principal diagonal are zero

[ ]

6) Scalar matrix

A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called scalar matrix

Ex:

A [ ]

7) Unit matrix

A scalar matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called Unit matrix and it is denoted by I

Ex:

A [ ] A [ ]

8) Transpose of a matrix

Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging the row’s and column’s .It is usually denoted by or

ex:

A [ ]

[ ]

Algebra of matrices

Equality of two matrices

Two matrices A and B are said to be equal [ A= B] , if A and B are of same order and the corresponding elements in A and B
are equal

ex [ ] [ ] by the equality of matrices x

Addition and subtraction of two matrices:

If A and B are two matrices then their sum (A+B) and their difference (A-B) exists iff i)A and B are of same order ii)A+B and A-
B are obtained by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements. T hen order of (A+B) and (A-B) is same as that of order A or
B.

In other words, If two matrices of same order they can be added or subtracted
by adding /subtracting the corresponding elements

Addition of Matrix

1) If A [ ] and B [ ] find A
Solution

A [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

2) If A [ ]and B [ ] find A

Solution

A [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

3) If A=[ ] , B=[ ]

2A =2*[ ] = [ ] =[ ]

3B=3*[ ] = [ ] =[ ]

=[ ] +[ ]

4)

[ ] =[ ]

Subtraction of matrix
1) If A= [ ] [ ]

Solution

=[ ] [ ]

[ ] = [ ]

2) If A=[ ] [ ] , find 2A

Solution

2A [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ]

= [ ]

= [ ]

3) If A [ ] ,B [ ] find 3A
 Solution

3A 3*[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

4) If [ ] 2)A
Solution
[ ]

[ ]

1) [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

2)

A [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]