General Physics Laboratory Report

EXPERIMENT 1

DETERMINING THE DENSITY OF SOLIDS

Class: CC19 / Group: 01 Lecturer’s comment

Full name:
1) Tăng Gia Bảo - 2152429
2)Lê Dương Khánh Huy - 2153380
3) Nguyễn Lê Anh Tuấn - 2153079

I. Theory and Aims/Purposes:

Aims/Purposes:
- Measuring the density of solids.
Theory:
- A density of a rigid and homogeneous body is its mass per unit volume, denoted
by symbol ρ .
II.Method, Equipment and Procedure:
Method:
- To calculate the density of a solid, we need to determine its mass and volume.
Then, the density is defined as mass divided by volume.
Equipment:
1. A Vernier Caliper 0 ÷ 150 mm with precision 0.02 mm.
2. Technical balance 0 ÷ 200 g with precision 0.02 g.
3. A weight box 0 ÷ 200 g .
4. Measuring samples: a copper ring and a steel ball.
Procedure:
Determining the volume:
A copper ring:
- Use the Vernier caliper to measure the size of the copper ring (including the outer
diameter D , the inner diameter d and the height h ). Perform 3 times measurement
of the ring’s size at different positions. Note the measured values to determine the
volume of the ring.
A steel ball:
- Use the Vernier caliper to measure 3 times the ball diameter D at different
positions. Note the measured values to determine the volume of the ball.
→ Calculate the relative errors, the total errors then write the results.
Determining the mass:
 - Use the technical balance to measure 3 times the mass of the ring and the ball.
Note the measured values.
→ Calculate the relative errors, the total errors then write the results.
III. Equations:
Calculating the volume of:
π
A copper ring: V = ( D −d ) h
2 2
4
1 3
A steel ball: V = π D
6
IV. Experimental Data:
Table 1 (for the copper ring) Accuracy of Caliper: 0.02(mm)

Experiment −3
D(10 m) ∆ D(10 m)
−3 −3
d (10 m)
−3
∆ d(10 m)
−3
h(10 m)
−3
∆ h(10 m)

1 34.92 0.333 25.08 0.007 6.78 0.033

2 34.94 0.353 25.06 0.02 6.74 0.007

3 33.90 0.007 25.12 0.033 6.72 0.027

Mean 34.587 0.458 25.087 0.02 6.747 0.022

Table 2 (for the steel ball) Accuracy of Caliper: 0.02(mm)

Accuracy of counter balance: 0.02( g)

Experiment d (10−3 m) ∆ d( 10−3 m) m(10−3 kg) ∆ m(10−3 kg)

1 7.98 0.007 2.08 0.007

2 7.98 0.007 2.08 0.007

3 8.00 0.013 2.06 0.013

Mean 7.987 0.009 2.073 0.009

Table 3: The mass of the ring, the cube and the ball

Accuracy of technical balance

−3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3
m 1 (1 0 kg) △ m1 (1 0 kg)m2 (1 0 kg) △ m2 (1 0 kg)m 3 (1 0 kg) △ m3 (1 0 kg)

1 25.96 0.007 2.08 0.007

 2 25.98 0.013 2.08 0.007

3 25.96 0.007 2.06 0.013

Average 25.967 0.009 2.073 0.009

V. Calculations:
4.1 Calculating the total absolute errors of the measurement of outside diameter D,
inside diameter d and height h
For the copper ring:
∆ D=∆ Dsys + ∆ D=0.02+0. 458=0. 478 ( 10 m )
−3

∆ d=∆ d sys+ ∆ d=0.02+ 0.02=0.0 4 ( 10−3 m)

∆ h=∆ hsys +∆ h=0.02+0.0 22=0.0 42 ( 10 m )

−3

For the steel ball: ∆ d=∆ d sys+ ∆ d=0.02+ 0.02=0.0 4 ( 10−3 m)

4.2 Calculating the total absolute errors of the measurement of mass m
For the copper ring: ∆ m=∆ msys +∆ m=0.02+ 0.009=0.029 ( 10−3 kg )
For the steel ball: ∆ m=∆ msys +∆ m=0.02+ 0.009=0.029 ( 10−3 kg )
4.3 Calculating the density of solids
π=3.14 and ∆ π =0.005
For the copper ring:
π 2 2 3.14
× (( 34.587× 10 ) − ( 25.087 ×10 ) ) × 6.747 ×10
−3 2 −3 2
V = ( D −d ) h=
−3
4 4
⇒ V =3.003× 10 (m3 )
−6

∆ V ∆ π 2( D × ∆ D+ d × ∆ d ) ∆ h 0.005 2( 34.587× 0.458+25.087 ×0,02) 0.022

= + + = + + =0.061=δ
V π 2
D −d
2
h 3.14 2
34.587 −25.087
2
6.747
⇒ ∆V =δ .V =0.061× 3.003× 10−6 =1.832 ×10−7 (m3)

For steel ball:

1 1 −3 3
V = π d = ×3.14 × ( 7.987 ×10 ) =2.666 ×10 (m )
3 −7 3
6 6
∆ V ∆ π 3 ∆ d 0.005 3 ×0.009
= + = + =0.005=δ
V π d 3.14 7.987
⇒ ∆V =δ .V =0.005 ×2.666 ×10−7=1.333 ×10−9 (m 3)

For calculate the density:

For the copper ring:
 m 25.967 ×10−3 kg
ρ= = =8.647 ×103 ( 3 )
V 3.003 ×10−6 m
∆ ρ ∆ m ∆ V 0.009 ×10−3 1.832× 10−7
= + = + =0. 061=γ
ρ m V 25.967 ×10−3 3.003× 10−6
3 3 kg
⇒ ∆ ρ=ρ . γ =8.647 ×10 × 0.610=0.5 27 ×10 ( 3 )
m
For the steel ball:
m 2.073 ×10−3 3 kg
ρ= = −7
=7.775× 10 ( 3 )
V 2.666 ×10 m
∆ ρ ∆ m ∆ V 0.009 ×10−3 1.333× 10−9
= + = + =0.009=γ
ρ m V 2.073 ×10−3 2.666 ×10−7
3 3 kg
⇒ ∆ ρ=ρ . γ =7.775 ×10 ×0.009=0.07 ×10 ( 3 )
m
VI. Conclusions:
For the copper ring:
kg
ρ=( ρ¿± ∆ ρ)=8.647× 103 ±0. 527 ×103 ( )¿
m3

For the steel ball:

kg
ρ=(ρ¿± ∆ ρ)=7.775 ×10 3 ± 0.07 ×103 ( 3
)¿
m