UNIVERSAL EDUCATION

ICSE 2022-23
CLASS X
MATHEMATICS

Ch. 9 - Matrices
Points to remember –
1. Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers, arranged in rows and
columns. Each number or entity in a matrix is called its element.

2. Order of a matrix: Order of a matrix is equal to the Number of rows in it x

Number of columns in it; If there are m rows and n columns, then order is m x n
(read as m by n). The horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called
columns.
Note: While writing order of a matrix, the number of rows is given first and then number
of columns, then it is written as Amxn.

3. Types of Matrices:
(i) Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row it is called row matrix.
(ii) Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column, is called column matrix.
(iii) Square Matrix: A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns, is called
a square matrix.
(iv) Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are not equal to number
of columns is called a rectangular matrix.
(v) Zero or Null Matrix: A matrix, whose each element is zero is called a zero or null
matrix.
(vi) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix, which has all its elements zero each except
those on the leading diagonal, is called a diagonal matrix.
(vii) Unit or Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix in which each element of its leading
diagonal is unity or identity, is called a unit or identity matrix. In this matrix
elements of leading diagonal is equal to 1 and remaining elements are zero each.

4. Transpose of a Matrix: A matrix which is obtained by interchanging its rows and

columns, is said to be transpose of a matrix and is denoted by At.

5. Equality of Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if:

(a) both the matrices have the same order.
(b) the corresponding elements of both the matrices are equal.

6. Addition of Matrices: Two matrices of the same order can be added by adding
the corresponding elements of both the matrices. It is commutative [A + B = B + A]
as well as associative [ A + (B + C) ] = [ (A + B) + C ].

7. Subtraction of Matrices: Two matrices of the same order can be subtracted by

subtracting the corresponding elements of both the matrices.

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8. Additive Identity: If any matrix is added to a zero or null matrix, the result
remains the same matrix then, this zero or null matrix is called the additive
identity. [A + O = O + A = A]

9. Additive Inverse: If A and B are two matrices of the same order such that
A + B = B + A = a null matrix; then A is said to be an additive inverse of B and
B is said to be additive inverse of A. In fact, additive inverse of a matrix A is
negative of matrix A i.e. – A. [A + (-A) = (-A) + A = O]

10. Solving Matrix Equations: Let A and B be two matrices of the same order such
that: A + X = B ; where X is an unknown matrix ; then X = B – A and the order of
matrix X is also the same as that of A and B.

11. Multiplication of Matrices: Two matrices A and B can be multiplied only if, the
number of columns in A(the left hand matrix) is equal to the number of rows in B
(the right hand matrix).

12. Identity Matrix for Multiplication: A × I = I × A = A where I is an identity matrix.

13. Product of matrices is not commutative i.e. AB ≠ BA.
14. Product of matrices is associative i.e. A(BC) = (AB)C.
15. Laws of algebra are not applicable to matrices.

EXERCISE 9 (A)
1. State, whether the following statements are true or false. If false, give a
reason.
(i) If A and B are two matrices of orders 3 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively;
then their sum A + B is possible.
(ii) The matrices A2 × 3 and B2 × 3 are conformable for subtraction.
(iii) Transpose of 2 × 1 matrix is a 2 × 1 matrix.
(iv) Transpose of a square matrix is a square matrix.
(v) A column matrix has many columns and only one row.
Ans. (i) False, because the orders of both the matrices are not same. (ii) True.
(iii) False, because transpose of a 2 × 1 matrix is a 1 × 2 matrix. (iv) True.
(v) False, because it has only one column and may have many rows.

 x y + 2  3 1 
2. Given  =  ; find x, y and z.
 3 z - 1  3 2 
Sol. Comparing the elements in order, by equality of matrices.
x=3
y + 2 = 1  y = 1 – 2 = -1
z-1=2  z=2+1=3
Hence x = 3, y = -1, z = 3 Ans.

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3. Solve for a, b and c; if:
 -4 a + 5  b + 4 2  a a - b  3 -1 
(i)   =  (ii)  =
 3 2   3 c - 1 b + c 0  2 0 
Sol. (i) Comparing the elements in order, by equality of matrices.
-4 = b + 4  -b = 4 + 4 = 8
 b = -8
a + 5 = 2  a = 2 – 5 = -3
2=c–1c=2+1=3
Hence a = -3, b = -8, c = 3 Ans.

(ii) Comparing the elements in order, by equality of matrices.

a=3
a – b = -1  3 – b = -1  -b = -1 -3
 -b = -4  b = 4
b + c = 2  4 + c = 2  c = 2 – 4 = -2 Ans.

4. If A = [8 -3] and B = [4 - 5]; find: (i) A + B (ii) B – A

Sol. (i) A + B = [8 + 4 –3 –5] = [12 –8]
(ii) B – A = [4 - 8 –5 – (–3)]
= [– 4 – 5 + 3] = [– 4 – 2] Ans.

2  1   6
5. If A =   , B =   and C =   find:
5 4  - 2 
(i) B + C (ii) A – C (iii) A + B – C (iv) A – B + C
2
  1
   6
Sol. A =   , B =   and C =  
5  4  2 
1  6  7 
(i) B + C =     Ans.
 4  2  2 
 2  6    4   4
(ii) A – C =       Ans.
5  (2)  5  2   7 
2  1  6   3
(iii) A + B – C =     Ans.
 5  4  (2) 11
2  1  6   7 
(iv) A – B + C =     Ans.
 5  4  2   1

6. Wherever possible, write each of the following as a single matrix.

1 2   -1 -2 
(i)  +  (ii) [ ] [ ] (iii) [ ] [ ]
3 4   1 -7 
1 2   -1 -2 
Sol. (i)  +  =[ ] [ ]
3 4   1 -7 
(ii) [ ] [ ]
2  0 3  2 4  3   2 1 1 
=    
5  6 6  (1) 7  0   1 7 7 
(iii) [ ] [ ]
This is not possible because both the matrices are not of the same order.

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7. Find, x and y from the following equations:
5 2  1 x - 1  4 7 
(i)  - = 
-1 y - 1 2 - 3  -3 2 
(ii) [-8 x] + [y -2] = [-3 2]
5 2  1 x - 1  4 7 
Sol. (i)  - = 
-1 y - 1 2 - 3  -3 2
5 -1 2 - (x - 1)   4 7 
  =
-1 - 2 y - 1 - (-3) -3 2
4 2 - x + 1   4 7
  =
-3 y - 1 - (-3) -3 2 
4 3 - x   4 7
  
-3 y + 2  3 2
Comparing, the elements of two equal matrices:
3 – x = 7  x = -7 + 3 = -4
y+2=2y=2–2=0
Hence x = -4 and y = 0 Ans.

(ii) [-8 x] + [y -2] = [-3 2]

 [-8+y x – 2] = [-3 2]
Comparing the elements of two equal matrices:
-8 + y = -3  y = -3 + 8 = 5
x–2=2x=2+2=4
Hence x = 4 and y = 5 Ans.

 5 - 3
8. Given: M =   , find its transpose matrix M .
t
 -2 4 
If possible, find : (i) M + Mt (ii) Mt – M.
 5 3   5 2
Sol. M =   Mt =  
 2 4   3 4 
 5 3  5 2
(i) M + Mt =     
 2 4   3 4 
 5  5 3  2 10 5 
=      Ans.
 2  3 4  4   5 8 
 5 2  5 3
ii) Mt - M =   -  
 3 4   2 4 
 5 5 2  (3)  0 2  3
=    
 3  (2) 4  4   3  2 0 
 0 1
=   Ans.
 1 0 

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9. Write the additive inverse of matrices A, B and C:
-2 0  -7 
Where A = [6 -5]; B =   and C =  
 4 -1 4
Sol. Additive inverse of A = [6 - 5] is – A = [-6 5] Ans.
-2 0 
Additive inverse of B =   is – B = [ ] Ans.
 4 -1
-7 
Additive inverse of C =   is – C = [ ] Ans.
4

10. Given A = [2 -3], B = [0 2] and C = [-1 4];

find the matrix X in each of the following:
(i) X + B = C – A (ii) A – X = B + C
Sol. A = [2 -3], B = [0 2], C = [-1 4]
(i) X + B = C - A
X + [0 2] = [–1 4] – [2 –3]
 X + [0 2] = [–1 – 2 4 – (–3)]
X + [0 2] = [–3 4 + 3]
 X = [–3 7] – [0 2]
= [-3 – 0 7 – 2]
X = [-3 5]
(ii) A – X = B + C
X=A–B–C
= [2 –3] – [0 2] – [–1 4]
= [2 – 0 – (–1) – 3 – 2 – 4]
X = [3 -9] Ans.

-1 0   3 -3 
11 Given A =   and B =   ; find the matrix X in each of the following:
 2 -4  -2 0 
(i) A + X = B (ii) A – X = B (iii) X – B = A
Sol. (i) A + X = B  X = B – A
3  (1) 3  0  3  1 3
 X= 
 2  2 0  ( 4)   4 4 
  
 4 3
X=   Ans.
 4 4 
(ii) A – X = B
 X=A–B
 1 0   3 3
=    
 2 4  2 0 
 1  3 0  (3)  4 3
=    
2  (2) 4  0  2  2 4
 4 3 
X=   Ans.
 4 4
(iii) X – B = A
X=A+B
 1 0   3 3
=     
 2 4  2 0 
 1  3 0  3  2 3
X =    Ans.
 2  2  4  0  0 4
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 EXERCISE 9 (B)
1. Evaluate –
-1 2 
i. 3 [5 -2] ii. 7  
 0 1
-1 0  3 3  3 -8
iii. 2  +  iv. 6   - 2  
 2 -3 5 0  -2 1 
Sol. i. 3 [5 -2] = [3 × 5 – 2 × 3] = [15 - 6] Ans.
-1 2 7  (1) 7  2  7 14
ii. 7 
0 1    7  0 7  1  
    0 7 Ans.
-1 0  3 3 
iii. 2  + 
 2 -3 5 0 
 1  2 0  2  3 3
   
 2  2 3  2 5 0 
 2 0  3 3  2  3 0  3 
      
 4 6 5 0   4  5 6  0 
1 3 
 
9 6
3 -8 
iv. 6   - 2  
-2 1
6  3  2  (8) 18   16
=        
6  (2) 2  1   12 2 
18  16  34 
=     Ans.
 12  2  14

2. Find x and y if :
(i) 3[4 x] + 2 [y -3] = [10 0]
-1 -2 7 
(ii) x   - 4   =  
2   y  -8
Sol. (i) 3[4 x] + 2 [y -3] = [10 0]
[12 3x] + [2y -6] = [10 0]
[12 + 2y 3x - 6] = [10 0]
By equality of matrices;
12 + 2y = 10  2y = 10 – 12 = -2
 y = -1
3x – 6 = 0  3x =6
6
 x= 2
3
-1 -2 7 
(ii) x   - 4   =  
2   y  -8 
-x  -8  7 
2x  - 4y  = -8 
     

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 -x + 8  7 
2x - 4y  = -8 
   
By equality of matrices;
-x + 8 = 7  -x = 7 – 8 = -1
 x=1
2x – 4y = -8  2 (1) – 4y = -8
 2 – 4y = -8
-4y = -8 -2 = -10
10 5
y=   2.5
4 2
Hence x = 1, y = 2.5 Ans.

3. Given A = [ ] [ ] [ ]; Find: (i) 2A – 3B + C (ii) A + 2C –

B
Sol. (i) 2A – 3B + C
2 1  1 1   3 1
= 2  3    
3 0  5 2  0 0 
4 2  3 3  3 1
=      
6 0  15 6  0 0 
 4  3  3 2  3  1  4  6 2  4 
=    
6  15  0 0  6  0  6  15  6 
=[ ] Ans.

(ii) A + 2C – B
2 1   3 1 1 1
=   2   
3 0  0 0  5 2
2  6  1 1  2  1  2  7 1  3 
=     3  5 0  2
 3  0  5 0  0  2  
= [ ] Ans.

4. If [ ] [ ]; find A .
 2 2 4 2  2  4 2  2   6 0 
Sol. 3A       
 1 3 4 0  1  4 3  0   3 3
 A= [ ]
 2 0 
A =   Ans.
 1 1

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 1 4  -4 -1
5. Given A =   and B =  
2 3  -3 -2
0 0 
(i) Find the matrix 2A + B (ii) Find a matrix C such that C + B =  
0 0 
1 4  4 1
Sol. (i) 2 A + B = 2     
2 3   3 2
2 8   4 1
=     3 2
4 6   
=[ ] Ans.
0 0 
(ii) C + B =  
0 0 
0 0  0 0   4 1
C=   B    
0 0  0 0   3 2
C= [ ] Ans.

3 x  1 3 z -7 
6. If 2   +3 =  ; find the values of x, y and z.
0 1   y 2 15 8 
3 x  1 3 z -7 
Sol. 2  +3 = 
0 1   y 2 15 8 
6 2x  3 9  z -7 
  + = 
0 2 3y 6 15 8 
6 + 3 2x + 9  z -7 
  = 
0 + 3y 2 + 6  15 8 
9 2x + 9  z -7 
  =
3y 8  15 8 
Comparing the elements, we get:
9=zz=9
2x + 9 = -7  2x = -7 -9 = -16
16
x=  8
2
3y = 15  y = 5
Hence x = -8, y = 5, z = 9 Ans.

-3 6 
7. Given A =   and A is its transpose matrix.
t
 0 -9 
1 1 t 1
Find (i) 2A + 3At (ii) 2At – 3A (iii) A- A (iv) At - A
2 3 3
-3 6   3 0 
Sol. A =   ,  At =  
0 -9 6 9

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  3 6   3 0 
(i) 2A + 3At = 2   +3  
 0 9 6 9
 6 12   9 0 
=     
 0 18  18 27 
 6  9 12  0   15 12 
=      Ans.
0  18 18  27   18 45 
 3 0   3 6 
(ii) 2At – 3A = 2   3  
 6 9  0 9
 6 0   9 18 
=     
12 18   0 27 
 6  9 18   3 18 
=   Ans.
 12 18  27  12 9 
1 1 1 -3 6  1 -3 0 
(iii) A - At = -
2 3 2  0 -9 3  6 -9
 3 3  0 
   (1) 
= 2 9
  (3)
 0  2 2 
=[ ] Ans.

1
(iv) At - A =[ ] [ ]
3
 3 0   1 2 
=     
 6 9  0 3
 3  (1) 0  2   3  1 2 
=    
 6  0 9  (3)  6 9  3
  2 2 
=   Ans.
 6 6 

 1 1 2 -1
8. Given A =   and B =   . Solve for matrix X:
-2 0  1 1 
(i) X + 2A = B (ii) 3X + B + 2A = O (iii) 3A – 2X = X – 2B.
Sol.
(i) X + 2A = B
X = B – 2A
2 1  1 1
=   2  
1 1   2 0 
2 1  2 2
=    
1 1   4 0 
 2  2 1  2  0 3 0 3
=      Ans.
1  (4) 1  0  1  4 1  5 1 

9
 (ii) 3X + B + 2A = O
3X = O – B – 2A
3X = [ ] [ ] [ ]

3X = [ ]

X=[ ] Ans.

(iii) 3A – 2X = X – 2B
3X = 3A + 2B
2
X=A+ B
3
 1 1  2 2 1
=    
 2 0  3 1 1 
2  2 2  4 2 
 
 1 1  3 3  1 1  3 3 
=          
 2 0   2 2   2 0   2 2 
 3 3   3 3 
 4 2  7 1
 1  3 1 3   3 3
=     Ans.
 2  2 0  2   4 2
 3 3   3 3 

0  1  5
9. If M =   and N =   , show that: 3M + 5N =  
1  0  3 
0  1 
Sol. M =  , N =  
1  0 
0  1 
L.H.S. = 3M + 5N = 3   + 5  
1  0 
0  5  0  5  5 
=         
 3  0  3  0  3 
= R.H.S.

10. If I is the unit matrix of order 2 × 2; find the matrix M, such that:
-1 0   2 -5 
(i) M – 2I = 3   (ii) 5M + 3I = 4  
 4 1  0 -3 
 1 0 
Sol. (i) M – 2I = 3  
 4 1
1 0   1 0 
= 2   3 
0 1   4 1
2 0   3 0   2  3 0  0 
=       
0 2 12 3 0  12 2  3 
 1 0 
M=   Ans.
12 5 

10
 2 5 
(ii) 5M + 3I = 4  
0 3 
5M = [ ] [ ]
8  3 20  0  5 20 
=  
0  0 12  3  0 15 
1 5 20  1 4
 M=  Ans.
5 0 15  0 3

 1 4 3 2 
11. If   + 2M = 3   , find the Matrix M.
-2 3  0 -3
 1 4 3 2 
Sol. -2 3 + 2M = 3 0 -3
   
 1 4 9 6 
   + 2M =  
-2 3 0 -9
9 6   1 4  9  1 64
 2M =  
    
0 9  2 3 0  (2) 9  3
 2M = [ ]
4 1 
 M=   Ans.
1 6

EXERCISE 9 (C)
1. Evaluate: if possible:
2  -2 3  6 4  -1
(i) [3 2]   (ii) [1 - 2]  -1 4  (iii)     (iv)
0    3 -1  3 
6 4 
3 -1 [-1 3]
 
If not possible, give a reason.
2
Sol. (i) [3 2]   = [3 × 2 + 2 × 0] = [6 + 0] = [6]
0 
-2 3
(ii) [1 - 2]   = [1(-2) – 2(-1) 1(3) – 2(4)] = [0 - 5]
-1 4
6 4  -1  6  (1)  4  3   6  12 6
(iii)     = 3  (1)  (1) (3) =  3  3    6
3 -1  3       
(iv) It is not possible, because number of columns of the first matrix is not equal to
number of rows of the second matrix.

11
 0 2  1 -1
2. If A =   ,B =   and I is a unit matrix of order 2 × 2, find:
 5 -2  3 2 
(i) AB (ii) BA (iii) AI (iv) IB (v) A2 (vi) B2A
0 2  1 1
Sol. (i) AB =   
5 2 3 2 
 0 1  2  3 0  (1)  2  2 
=  
5  1  (2)  3 5  (1)  (2)  2
AB = [ ] Ans.

1 1 0 2 
(ii) BA =   
3 2  5 2
1  0  (1)(5) 1  2  (1)(2)
=  
 3  0  2  5 3  2  2 (2) 
 0  5 2  2  5 4
BA = 
0  10 6  4   10 2 Ans.
   
0 2  1 0 
(iii) AI =   
5 2 0 1 
 0 1  2  0 0  0  2 1 
= 
5  1  (2)  0 5  0  (2)  1
0  0 0  2  0 2 
AI =   5 2 Ans.
5  0 0  2  
AI = A
(iv) IB = [ ][ ]
1  1  0  3 1   1  0  2 1 1
=     Ans.
0  1  1  3 0   1  1  2 3 2 
IB = B
0 2  0 2 
(v) A2 = A × A = 
5  2   5 2
   
 0  0  2  5 0  2  2  (2) 
=  
5  0  (2)  5 5  2  (2)   2
0  10 0  4   10 4
A2 =     Ans.
0  10 10  4  10 14 
(vi) B2A = B × B × A
1 1 1 1
=   A
3 2  3 2 
1  1  (1)  3 1  (1)  (1)  2
=  A
 3  1  2 3 3  (1)  2  2 
=[ ][ ]
 2  0  (3) (5) 2  2  (3) (2)
= 
 9  0 1 5 9  2  1  (2) 
B2A = [ ] Ans.

12
 3 x   9 16 
3. If A =   and B =   , find x and y when A = B.
2
 0 1   0 -y 
Sol. A =B
2

[ ][ ]=[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]=[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 4x  9 16
  = 
0 1  0 -y 
By equality of matrices;
16
4x = 16  x = 4
4
–y = 1  y = -1
x = 4, y = - 1 Ans.

4. Find x and y, if:

 4 3x  5  y   x 0  1 1   2 2 
(i)    =  (ii)    = 
 x -2  1   8  -3 1  0 y  -3 -2
 4 3x  5   y 
Sol. (i)    = 
 x -2  1  8 
 4 × 5 + 3x × 1   y 
  = 
 x × 5 + (-2) × 1 8 
20 + 3x   y 
   
 5x - 2  8 
Comparing the corresponding elements;
5x – 2 = 8
5x = 8 + 2 = 10
10
x= 2
5
Substituting the value of x in 20 + 3x = y
y = 20 + 3 × 2 = 20 + 6 = 26
 x = 2, y = 26 Ans.

 x 0  1 1   2 2 
(ii)    = 
-3 1  0 y  -3 -2
x × 1 + 0 × 0 x × 1 + 0 × y   2 2 
  = 
-3 × 1 + 1 × 0 -3 × 1 + 1 × y  -3 -2
x + 0 x + 0  2 2 
    
-3 + 0 -3 + y   3 2
x x  2 2
  = 
-3 -3 + y  -3 -2
Comparing the corresponding elements;
x = 2 and
-3 + y = -2
y = -2 + 3 = 1
 x = 2, y = 1 Ans.

13
 1 3  1 2  4 3
5. If A =   ,B=  and C =   , find:
2 4  4 3 1 2 
(i) (AB) C (ii) A (BC) Is A (BC) = (AB) C?
 1 3   1 2 
Sol. (i) (AB) C =   × ×C
2 4   4 3 
1×1+3×4 1×2+3×3 
=  × C
2×1+ 4×4 2×2+ 4×3 
= [ ][ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=[ ]

(AB) C = [ ] Ans.
1 2   4 3
(ii) A (BC) = A ×   2
4 3 1
1  4  2  1 1  3  2  2
=A 
4  4  3  1 4  3  3  2
=[ ][ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 6  57 7  54  63 61
A (BC) =    
12  76 14  72 88 86
From (i) and (ii) we can say that yes: A (BC) = (AB) C.

0 1
0 4 6 
6. Given A =   and B =  -1 2  , is the following possible:
3 0 -1  
-5 -6 
(i) AB (ii) BA (iii) A2.
Sol. (i) Yes, AB is possible.
(ii) Yes, BA is possible.
(iii) No, A2 = A × A is not possible.

2 1  4 1 -3 2 
7. Let A =   , B = -3 -2 and C =  -1 4  . Find A + AC – 5B.
2
 0 -2     
2 1  2 1  2 1   3 2 4 1
Sol. A2 + AC – 5B =         5 
0 2 0 2 0 2  1 4  3 2
4  0 2  2   6  1 4  4 4 1
=     5 
0  0 0  4   0  2 0  8   3 2
4 0   7 8   20 5 
=      
0 4  2 8   15 10 
4  7  20 0  8  5 
=  
 0  2  15 4  8  10 
 23 3
A2 + AC – 5B =  
 17 6

14
 1 2 
8. If M =   and I is a unit matrix of the same order as that of M; show that:
2 1 
M2 = 2M + 3I.
Sol. LHS = M2 = M.M
1 2 1 2
=   
2 1  2 1 
1  1  2  2 1  2  2  1
=  
2  1  1  2 2  2  1  1
1  4 2  2
=  
2  2 4  1 
5 4 
=   … (i)
4 5 
RHS = 2M + 3I
1 2 1 0 
=2   3 0 1 
2 1   
 2 4  3 0 
=   
 4 2  0 3 
5 4 
=   … (ii)
4 5 
From (i) and (ii);
M2 = 2M + 3I … (Hence Proved)

 a 0 0 -b  1 -1
9. If A =   ,B=   ,M=   and BA = M , find the value of a and b.
2
 0 2   1 0  1 1 
Sol. BA = M 2

 0 b   a 0  1 1 1 1

1 0   0 2  = 1 1   1 1 
       
0  a  (b)  0 0  0  (b)  2 1  1  (1)  1 1  (1)  (1  1)
 1 a  0  0  = 
 1 0  0  2   11  11 1  (1)  1  1 
0 2b  0 2
a  =  
 0  2 0 
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
–2b = –2
b = 1
a = 2 … Ans.

4 1  1 0
10. Given A =   and B =   , find:
2 3 -2 1 
(i) A–B (ii) A2 (iii) AB (iv) A2 – AB + 2B
4 1  1 0
Sol. (i) A – B =  
2 3  2 1 

15
  4  1 1  0
= 
2  (2) 3  1
3 1 
A – B =  … Ans.
 4 2
4 1  4 1 
(ii) A2 =   
2 3 2 3
 4  4  1 2 4 1  1 3 
=  
2  4  3  2 2  1  3  3 
16  2 4  3
=  
 8  6 2  9
18 7 
A2 =   … Ans.
14 11
4 1   1 0 
(iii) AB =   
2 3  2 1 
 4  1  1  (2) 4  0  1  1 
=  
2  1  3  (2) 2  0  3  1
4  2 0  1 
=  
2  6 0  3 
 2 1
AB =  
 4 3
18 7   2 1   1 0
(iv)A2 – AB + 2B =      2 
14 11  4 3  2 1 
18 7   2 1   2 0 
=    
14 11  4 3  4 2
18  2  2 7  1  0 
=  
14  4  4 11  3  2
18 6 
A2 – AB + 2B =   … Ans.
14 10 

1 4  1 2
11. If A =   and B =   ; Find:
1 3   1 1
(i) (A + B)2 (ii) A2 + B2 (iii) Is (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 ?
1 4   1 2 
Sol. (i) A + B =   
1 3  1 1
1  1 4  2 
=  
1  1 3  1
2 6 
A+B =  
0 4
2 6  2 6 
(A + B)2 =   
0 4 0 4
16
  2 2  6 0 2  6  6  (4) 
=  
0  2  (4)  0 0  6  (4)  (4)
4  0 12  24
=  
0  0 0  16 
4 12
(A + B)2 =  
0 16 
1 4  1 4   1 2   1 2 
(ii) A2 + B2 =     
1 3 1 3  1 1  1 1
 1  1  4  1 1  4  4  (3)   1  1  2  (1) 1  2  2  (1) 
=   +  1  1  (1)(1) 1  2  (1)  (1)
1  1  (3)(1) 1  4  (3)(3)  
1  4 4  12  1 2 2  2 
=   +  
1  3 4  9   1  1 2  1
 5 8   1 0 
=   
 2 13   0 1
 5  1 8  0 
=  
 2  0 13  1 
 4 8 
A2 + B2 =  
 2 12 
(iii) No, (A + B)2  A2 + B2 [From (i) and (ii)]

 2 1 1
12. Find the matrix A, if B =   and B2 = B + A .
 0 1 2
2 1 2 1
Sol.  B2 =   
0 1 0 1
2  2  1  0 2  1  1  1
=  
0  2  1  0 0  1  1  1
4 3
B2 =  
0 1 
1
B2 = B + A -----given.
2
1
A = B2 – B
2
4 3 2 1
=   
0 1  0 1
 4  2 3  1
=  
0  0 1  1 
1  2 2
A =  
2 0 0 
 2 2  4 4
 A = 2  =   … Ans.
0 0  0 0 

17
 -1 1 
13. If A =   and A = I; find a and b.
2
 a b 
Sol. A 2 = I
 1 1   1 1  1 0 

 a b  a b = 0 1 
     
(1)  (1)  1  a 1  1  1  b  1 0 
 a  (1)  b  a a  1  b  b  = 0 1 
   
 1 a 1  b  1 0 
  2
=  
 a  ab a  b  0 1 
By equality of matrices;
 1 + a = 1 and –1 + b = 0
a=0 and b=1 … Ans.

2 1  2 3 1 4 
14. If A =   ,B=   and C =   ; then show that:
0 0  4 1  0 2 
(i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (ii) (B – A)C = BC – AC
 2 1   2 3  1 4 
Sol. (i) A(B + C) = 0 0  (  4 1  + 0 2  )
     
 2 1  3 7 
= 0 0    4 3 
   
 2  3  1 4 2  7  1 3 
= 0  3  0  4 0  7  0  3 
 
6  4 14  3
= 0  0 0  0 
 
10 17 
A(B + C) = 0 0 … (1)
 
2 1  2 3 2 1  1 4
AB + AC = 0 0    4 1   0 0   0 2 
       
 2  2  1 4 2  3  11  2 1  1 0 2  4  1 2 
= 0  2  0  4 0  3  0  1 + 0  1  0  0 0  4  0  2
   
 4  4 6  1   2  0 8  2
= 0  0 0  0   0  0 0  0 
   
8 7  2 10 
= 0 0   0 0 
   
8  2 7  10 
= 0  0 0  0 
 
10 17 
AB + AC = 0 0 … (2)
 
from (1) and (2), we get,
A(B + C) = AB + AC … (Hence proved)

18
 2 3  2 1  1 4 
(ii) (B – A)C = (  –  )  
4 1  0 0  0 2 
 0 2 1 4 
=  4 1  × 0 2 
   
0  1  2  0 0  4  2  2 
=  4 1  1 0 4  4  1 2 
 
0  0 0  4 
= 4  0 16  2
 
0 4 
(B – A)C = 4 18  … (1)
 
2 3 1 4 2 1  1 4
BC – AC =  4 1    0 2    0 0   0 2 
       
2  1  3  0 2  4  3  2  2  1  1  0 2  4  1  2 
=  4  1  1  0 4  4  1  2  – 0  1  0  0 0  4  0  2 
   
2  0 8  6  2  0 8  2
= 4  0 16  2 – 0  0 0  0 
   
2 14  2 10 
= 4 18   0 0 
   
0 4 
BC – AC = 4 18  … (2)
 
from (1) and (2); (B – A)C = BC – AC … (Hence proved)

1 4  -3 2  1 0 
15. If A =   ,B=   and C =   Simplify: A2 + BC.
2 1   4 0 0 2 
1 4 1 4 -3 2  1 0 
Sol. A2+ BC =     +   
2 1  2 1   4 0  0 2 
1  1  4  2 1  4  4  1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=   +[ ]
2  1  1  2 2  4  1  1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1  8 4  4
=   +[ ]
2  2 8  1 
=[ ]+[ ]

A2 + BC = [ ] … Ans.

16. Solve for x and y:

2 5  x   -7  -1 -2
(i) 5    =   (ii) x + y x - 4   = -7 -11
 2  y  14  2 2 
-2 0   -1  -2 y 
(iii)     +3  = 2 
3 1  2x  1  3 

19
 2 5   x   7 
Sol. (i) 5 2  y  = 14 
    
2x  5y   7 
5x  2y  = 14 
   
Comparing the corresponding elements,
2x + 5y = –7 … (i)
5x + 2y = 14 … (ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and (ii) by 5 ;
4x + 10y = -14 and 25x + 10y = 70
On subtracting these two equations we get;
21x = 84
x=4
Substituting x = 4 in (i) we get;
2(4) + 5y = - 7
5y = -15
y=-3
Hence, x = 4, y = –3 … Ans.

 1 2
(ii) x  y x  4   =  7 11
2 2
(x  y)(1)  (x  4)(2) (x  y)(2)  (x  4)  2 =  7 11
 x  y  2x  8 2x  2y  2x  8 =  7 11
Comparing the corresponding elements,
x – y – 8 = –7 and –2y – 8 = –11
x–y=8–7 and –2y = –11 + 8 = –3
3
x–y=1 and y =
2
3
x– = 1
2
5
x =
2
5 3
x = ; y= … Ans.
2 2
 2 0   1  2 y
(iii)  3 1  2x   3  1  = 2  3 
      
 2  1  0  2x  6 2y 
 3  1  1  2x    3  =  6 
     
 2   6 2y 
 3  2x    3  =  6 
     
 2  6  2y 
 3  2x  3 = 6
   
 4  2y 
2x  =  6 
   
By equality of matrices;
2x = 6 and 2y = –4
x=3 and y = –2

20
17. In each case given below, find:
(a) the order of matrix M. (b) the matrix M.
1 1  1 4  13 
(i) M×   = 1 2 (ii) 2 1  × M =  5 
0 2    
1 1 
Sol. (i) M×   = 1 2
 0 2
a) Order of M is 1 × 2
Let M = [x y]
1 1 
[x y] ×   = 1 2
 0 2
x 1  y  0 x  1  y  2 = 1 2
x x  2y  = 1 2
Comparing the corresponding elements,
x=1 and x + 2y = 2
1 + 2y = 2
1
 y=
2
b) M = [1 ½] … Ans.
(ii) a) M is of the order 2 × 1
x 
Let M =  
y
1 4  x  13 
     =  
2 1   y  5
 x  4y  13 
2x  y  = 5
   
Comparing the corresponding elements,
x + 4y = 13 … (i)
2x + y = 5 … (ii)
from (i), x = 13 – 4y
Substituting, the value of x in (ii)
2(13 – 4y) + y = 5
26 – 8y + y = 5
–7y = 5 – 26 = –21
21
y = =3
7
Substituting, the value of y:
x = 13 – 4 × 3
= 13 – 12
= 1
 x = 1, y = 3
1 
b) M =   … Ans.
3 

21
 2 x  4 36 
18. If A =   and B =   ; find the value of x, given that: A = B.
2
 0 1   0 1 
Sol. A = B
2

2 x  2 x  4 36

0 1  0 1  = 0 1 
     
2  2  x  0 2  x  x  1 4 36
 0  2  1  0 0  x  1  1  = 0 1 
   
4  0 2x  x  4 36
0  0 0  1  = 0 1 
   

4 3x  4 36
   =  
0 1  0 1 
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
3x = 36
36
x =
3
x = 12 … Ans.

3 7  0 2  1 -5
19. If A =   ,B=   and C =   . Find: AB – 5C.
2 4  5 3 -4 6 
3 7  0 2   1 5 
Sol. AB – 5C =     - 5 
 2 4  5 3   4 6 
3  0  7  5 3  2  7  3   1 5 
=   - 5  4 6 
2  0  4  5 2  2  4  3   
0  35 6  21  5 25 
=   -  
0  20 4  12  20 30 
35 27   5 25 
=   –  
20 16   20 30 
 35  5 27  25 
=  
20  20 16  30 
30 52 
AB – 5C =  
40 14

20. If A and B are any two 2 × 2 matrices such that AB = BA = B and B is not a
zero matrix, What can you say about the matrix A?
Sol. AB = BA = B and B ≠ O.
A is an identity matrix i.e. A = I … Ans.

22
 3 0  a b 
21. Given A =   ,B=   and that AB = A + B; find the values of a, b and
0 4  o c 
c.
Sol. AB = A + B
 3 0  a b   3 0  a b 

0 4   o c  = 0 4    o c 
       
3  a  0  0 3  b  0  c  3  a b 
0  a  4  0 0  b  4  c  =  0 4  c 
  
3a  0 3b  0  3  a b 
 0  0 0  4c  =  0 4  c 
  
3a 3b  3  a b 
 0 4c  =  0 4  c 
  
Comparing the corresponding elements,
3a = 3 + a
2a = 3
3
a =
2
3b = b
2b = 0
b = 0
4c = 4 + c
3c = 4
4
c =
3
3 4
Hence a = , b = 0, c = … Ans.
2 3

1 2  1 0 
22. If P =   and Q =   , then compute:
2 1 2 1 
(i) P2 – Q2 (ii) (P + Q)(P – Q)
Is (P + Q)(P – Q) = P2 – Q2 true for matrix algebra ?
1 2  1 2  1 0  1 0 
Sol. (i) P2 - Q2 = (     ) – (  )
2 1 2 1 2 1  2 1 
 11  2  2 1  2  2  (1)  1  1  0  2 1  0  0  1
=   -  
2  1  (1)  2 2  2  (1)(1) 2  1  1  2 2  0  1  1
1  4 2  2 1  0 0  0 
=   -  
2  2 4  1  2  2 0  1 
5 0  1 0 
= 0 5  -  4 1 
   
 5  1 0  0
=  
0  4 5  1 
 4 0
P2 - Q2 =  
 4 4
23
 1 2  1 0  1 2  1 0 
(ii) (P + Q) (P – Q) = (   ) (  )
2 1 2 1  2 1 2 1 
1  1 2  0  1 1 2  0 
= ( ) ( )
2  2 1  1 2  2 1  1
 2 2  0 2 
=   
4 0  0 2
 2  0  2  0 2  2  2  (2)
=  
4  0  0  0 4  2  0  (2)
0  0 4  4 
=  
0  0 8  0 
0 0 
(P + Q) (P – Q) =  
0 8 
From (i) and (ii), we see that:
P2 – Q2  (P + Q)(P – Q)
It is not true for matrix algebra. … Ans.

23. Given the matrices:

2 1  3 4  -3 1 
A=   , B = -1 -2 and C =  0 -2 .
4 2     
Find: (i) ABC (ii) ACB. State whether ABC = ACB.
2 1  3 4 
Sol. (i) ABC =   C
4 2  1 2
 2  3  1  (1) 2  4  1  (2) 
=  C
4  3  2  (1) 4  4  2  (2)
 6 1 8  2 
=   ×C
12  2 16  4
 5 6   3 1 
=   
10 12  0 2
 5  (3)  6  0 5  1  6  (2) 
=  
10  (3)  12  0 10  1  12  (2)
 15  0 5  12 
=  
 30  0 10  24
 15 7 
ABC =  
 30 14
2 1   3 1 
(ii) ACB =   B
4 2  0 2
 2  (3)  1  0 2  1  1  (2) 
=  B
4  (3)  2  0 4  1  2  (2)
 6  0 2  2 
=  B
 12  0 4  4

24
  6 0   3 4 
=   
 12 0   1 2
 6  3  0  (1) 6  4  0  (2) 
=  
 12  3  0  (1) 12  4  0  (2)
 18  0 24  0 
=  
 36  0 48  0 
 18 24 
ACB =  
 36 48 
From (i) and (ii) we can say that;
No, ABC  ACB … Ans.

1 2  6 1 -2 -3
24. If A =   ,B=   and C =   , find each of the following and
3 4  1 1 0 1
state if they are equal: (i) CA + B (ii) A + CB.
 2 3 1 2 6 1
Sol. (i) CA + B =     +  
 0 1  3 4  1 1
 2  1  (3)  3 2  2  (3)  4  6 1
=   +  
 0 1  1 3 0  2  1 4  1 1
 2  9 4  12 6 1
=   +  
 03 04  1 1
 11 16 6 1
=   +  
 3 4  1 1
CA + B = [ ]
1 2   2 3 6 1
(ii) A + CB =   +   
3 4   0 1  1 1
1 2   2  6  (3)  1 2  1  (3)  1
=   + 
3 4   0  6  11 0  1  1  1 
1 2   12  3 2  3
=   +  0 1
3 4   0  1 
1 2  15 5 
= 
3 4  1 1 
  
1  15 2  5 
=  
 3  1 4  1
 14 3
A + CB = 
 4 5 
No, CA + B ≠ A + CB

25
 2 1   3 
25. If A =   and B =   ; find the matrix X such that AX = B.
1 3  -11
x 
Sol. Let X =  
y
AX = B ----given.
2 1   x   3 
1 3  y  =  11
    
2x  y   3 
   =  
 x  3y   11
Comparing the corresponding elements;
2x + y = 3 … (i)
x + 3y = –11 … (ii)
From (i) y = 3 – 2x … (iii)
Substituting the value of y in (ii)
x + 3(3 – 2x) = –11
x + 9 – 6x = –11
–5x = –11 – 9
20
x =
5
x = 4
Substituting the value of x in (iii),
y = 3 – 2(4)
= 3–8
y = –5
x  4
 X=   =   … Ans.
y  5 

4 2 
26. If A =   , find (A – 2I)(A – 3I).
1 1 
 4 2 1 0 
Sol. A=   and I =  
1 1  0 1 
 4 2 1 0 
 A – 2I =    2 0 1 
1 1   
 4 2  2 0 
=   
1 1   0 2 
4  2 2  0 
=  
1  0 1  2 
2 2 
=  
1 1
 4 2 1 0 
A – 3I =    3 
1 1  0 1 
 4 2  3 0 
=   
1 1   0 3 

26
 4  3 2  0 
=  
1  0 1  3 
1 2 
=  
1 2
2 2  1 2 
(A – 2I)(A – 3I) =   
1 1 1 2
 2  1  2  1 2  2  2  (2)
= 
1  1  (1)  1 1  2  (1)(2)
2  2 4  4 
= 
 1  1 2  2
4 0 
=  … Ans.
0 4 

2 1 -1
27. If A =   , find: (i) At . A (ii) A . At where At is the transpose of matrix A.
 0 1 -2 
2 0
2 1 1
Sol. A =    At =  1 1 
0 1 2 
 1 2
2 0
2 1 1
(i) At . A = 1 1   
 0 1 2
 1 2 
 22  00 2 1  0 1 2  (1)  0  (2) 
 1  (1)  1  (2) 
 1 2  1 0 11  11
=
 1  2  (2)  0 1  1  (2)  1 1  (1)  (2)  (2)
 4  0 2  0 2  0 
=  20 1  1 1  2 

 2  0 1  2 1  4 
4 2 2
At 
.A = 2 2 3  … Ans.

 2 3 5 
2 0
 2 1 1
(ii) A . At =   × 1 1 
0 1 2 
 1 2
2  2  1  1  (1)  (1) 2  0  1  1  (1)(2) 
=  
 0  2  1  1  (2)(1) 0  0  1  1  (2)  (2)
 4  1  1 0  1  2
=  
0  1  2 0  1  4 
6 3 
A . At =   … Ans.
3 5 

27
  4 1
28. If M =   , show that 6M – M2 = 9I; where I is a 2 × 2 unit matrix.
 -1 2 
Sol. M2 = M × M
 4 1  4 1
=   ×  
 1 2  1 2
 4  4  1  (1) 4  1  1  2 
=  
 1  4  2  (1) 1  1  2  2
16  1 4  2 
=  
 4  2 1  4
15 6
M2 =  
 6 3
 4 1 15 6
6M – M2 = 6 ×   3
 1 2  6
 24  15 6  6 
=  
 6  (6) 12  3
9 0 
=   … (i)
0 9 
1 0 
9I = 9  
0 1 
9 0 
=   … (ii)
0 9 
From (i) and (ii), we see that
6M – M2 = 9I … hence proved.

2 6  3 x 
29. If P =   and Q =  y 2  ; find x and y such that PQ = null matrix.
3 9   
Sol. PQ = Null matrix
2 6  3 x  0 0 
3 9    y 2  = 0 0 
     
2  3  6  y 2  x  6  2  0 0 
 3  3  9y 3  x  9  2 = 0 0 
   
6  6y 2x  12  0 0 
   =  
9  9y 3x  18  0 0 
Comparing the corresponding elements,
6 + 6y = 0
6y = –6
6
y =
6
y = –1
2x + 12 = 0
2x = –12
12
x =
2
 x = –6
 x = –6, y = –1 ….Ans.

28
 2cos60° -2sin30°  cot45° cosec30°
30. Evaluate: 
 -tan45° cos0°   sec60° sin90° 
2cos 60 2sin 30  cot 45  cosec30 
Sol.   tan 45
 cos 0  sec 60  sin 90  
 1 1
 2 2   1 2
= 2 2 
  2 1
  1 1 
 1 1 1 2
=   
 1 1  2 1
1  1  (1)  2 1  2  (1)  1
=  
 1  1  1  2 1  2  1  1 
 1  2 2 1 
=  
 1  2 2  1
 1 1 
=   … Ans.
 1 1

31. State, with reason, whether the following are true or false. A, B and C are matrices
of order 2 × 2.
(i) A+B=B+A
Sol. True. Because addition of matrices is commutative.

(ii) A–B=B–A
Sol. False. Subtraction of matrices is not commutative.

(iii) (B  C)  A = B  (C  A)
Sol. True. Multiplication of matrices is associative.

(iv) (A + B)  C = A  C + B  C
Sol. True. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition.

(v) A  (B – C) = A  B – A  C
Sol. True. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over subtraction.

(vi) (A – B)  C = A  C – B  C
Sol. True. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over subtraction.

(vii) A2 – B2 = (A + B)(A – B)
Sol. False. Laws of algebra for factorization and expansion are not applicable to
matrices.

(viii) (A – B)2 = A2 – 2A  B + B2
Sol. False. Laws of algebra for factorization and expansion are not applicable to
matrices.

29
 Exercise 9(D)
 3 -2 2x  -4  2
1. Find x and y, if:    + 2 5 = 4 y
-1 4   1     
 3 2 2x   4 2
Sol.  1 4   1   2  5  = 4  y 
      
3  2x  (2)(1)  8  8
 1  2x  4(1)   10  = 4y 
     
 6x  2   8 8

 2x  4 10  = 4y 
     
 6x  2  8  8
 2x  4  10  = 4y 
   
 6x  10  8
 2x  14 = 4y 
   
Now, comparing the corresponding elements of two equal matrices;
6x – 10 = 8
 6x = 18
x = 3
and 4y = –2x + 14 … (Using x = 3)
4y = –2 × 3 + 14
4y = 14 – 6
4y = 8
y = 2
Ans: x = 3 & y = 2

1 4
2. Find x and y, if: 3x 8    3 2 7 = 5 3 2y 
3 7 
1 4
Sol. 3x 8    3 2 7 = 5 3 2y 
3 7 
3x  24 12x  56 – 6 21 = 15 10y 
3x  24  6 12x  56  21 = 15 10y 

3x  18 12x  77 = 15 10y 

Comparing the corresponding elements,
 3x + 18 = 15
3x = –3
x = –1
12x + 77 = 10y
12 × (–1) + 77 = 10y
–12 + 77 = 10y
10y = 65
 y = 6.5
Hence x = –1, y = 6.5

30
 x  2x 
3. If  x y    = [25] and -x y    = [–2]; Find x and y, if:
y y
(i) x, y  W (whole numbers) (ii) x, y  Z (integers)
x  2x 
Sol. x y    = [25] and   x y    = [–2]
y y
 x  y  = 25 and  2x  y 2  =  2
2 2 2

 x2 + y2 = 25 … (i)
–2x2 + y2 = –2 … (ii)
Subtracting, we get 3x2 = 27
27
 x2 = =9
3
x = 3
Substituting, the value of x in (i)
x2 + y2 = 25
(3)2 + y2= 25
9 + y2 = 25
y2 = 25 – 9
= 16
y = 4
(i) x, y  W
Hence x = 3, y = 4
(ii) If x, y  Z
 x =  3 and y =  4 … Ans.

 2 1 7 
4. Given   X =   . Write:
-3 4  6 
(i) the order of the matrix X. (ii) the matrix X.
 2 1 7 
Sol. We have   X = 6 
 3 4  
(i) The order of X is 2 × 1
x 
(ii) Let X =  
y
 2 1 x  7 
So,     =  
 3 4  y  6 
 2x  y  7 
 3x  4y  = 6
   
By equality of matrices;
2x + y = 7
–3x + 4y = 6
Multiplying (i) by 3 and (ii) by 2, and adding we get:
6x + 3y = 21
–6x + 8y = 12
11y = 33
y = 3
From (i), 2x = 7 – 3
2x = 4
x=2
2
So, X =  
3 

31
  cos45° sin30°  sin45° cos90°
5. Evaluate:   
 2cos0° sin0°   sin90° cot45° 
 cos 45 sin 30 sin 45 cos 90
Sol.   
 2 cos 0 sin 0  sin 90 cot 45 
 1 1  1 
 0
= 2 2  2
  
 2  1 0   1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 2  2  2 1 2
 0   1
2
=  
 1 
 2   0 1 2  0  0 1 
 2 
1 1 1
  0 
= 2 2 2
 
1 0 0  0
 1
1
=  2
 
1 0
1 0.5 
=  … Ans.
1 0 

 0 -1 -5 
6. If A =   , B =   3A × M = 2B; find matrix M.
4 -3  6
Sol. 3A × M = 2B
0 1 -5 
3  M = 2 
4 3 6
 0 3   10 
12 9  M =  12 
   
x 
Let M =   , then
y
 0 3  x   10 
12 9   y  =  12 
     
 0  x  (3)y   10 
12  x  (9)y  =  12 
   
 3y   10 
12x  9y  =  12 
   
Comparing the corresponding elements,
 –3y = –10
10
y =
3
12x – 9y = 12

32
 9  10
12x – = 12
3
12x – 30 = 12
12x = 12 + 30
12x = 42
42
x =
12
7
x =
2
7
2
M =   … Ans.
10 
 3 

 a 3  2 b   1 1   5 0 
7. If  + -  =   , Find the values of a, b and c.
4 1  1 -2 -2 c  7 3 
a 3 2 b   1 1 5 0 
Sol. 4 1   1 2   2 c  = 7 3
       
a  2  1 3  b  1 5 0 
 4  1  2 1  2  c  = 7 3 
   
a  1 2  b  5 0 
 7 =
 1  c  7 3 
 
Comparing the corresponding elements,
a+1 = 5
a = 4
2+b = 0
b = –2
–1 – c = 3
c = –3 – 1
c = –4 … Ans.

1 2  2 1 
8. If A =   and B = 1 2  ; find: (i) A (BA) (ii) (AB) B.
2 1   
1 2  2 1  1 2 
Sol. (i) A(BA) =   (  )
2 1  1 2  2 1 
1 2 2  1  1  2 2  2  1  1
=  
2 1  1  1  2  2 1  2  2  1
1 2 2  2 4  1
=  
2 1 1  4 2  2
1 2 4 5 
=  
 2 1  5 4 
1  4  2  5 1  5  2  4
= 
2  4  1  5 2  5  1  4 

33
 4  10 5  8 
= 
 8  5 10  4
14 13
A(BA) =  
13 14
1 2 2 1 2 1
(ii) (AB)B =    
2 1 1 2 1 2
1  2  2  1 1  1  2  2 2 1 
=   
2  2  1  1 2  1  1  2 1 2
 2  2 1  4  2 1 
=   
 4  1 2  2 1 2
 4 5  2 1 
=   
5 4 1 2
 4  2  5  1 4  1  5  2
=  
5  2  4  1 5  1  4  2
 8  5 4  10 
=  
10  4 5  8 
13 14
(AB)B =   … Ans.
14 13
 x 3x  2 5
9. Find x and y, if:     =  
 y 4y  1  12
 x 3x  2 5 
Sol.  y 4y  1  = 12
    
 x  2  3x  1 5
 y  2  4y  1 = 12
   
2x  3x  5
2y  4y  = 12
   
5x  5
6y  = 12
   
Comparing, 5x = 5
x=1
and 6y = 12
y=2 … Ans.

-3 4   2  10 
10. If Matrix X =     and 2X – 3Y =   ; find the matrix ‘X’ and matrix ‘Y’.
 2 -3 -2  -8 
 3 4   2 
Sol. X =  
 2 3  2
 3  2  4(2)   6  8 
X =  =  
2  2  (3)(2)  4  6 
 14
X =  
 10 
34
 10 
2X – 3Y =   --------given
 -8 
 14 10 
3Y = 2   -  
 10   -8 
3Y = [ ]

Y= [ ]=[ ] … Ans.

2 -1 -3 2  1 0 
11. Given A =   , B =  4 0 and C = 0 2  ; find the matrix X such that:
2 0     
A + X = 2B + C.
Sol. A + X = 2B + C
X = 2B + C – A
 3 2 1 0  2 1
= 2   
 4 0   0 2  2 0 
 6 4 1 0  2 1
=    
 8 0  0 2  2 0 
 6  1  2 4  0  1
=  
 8  0  2 0  2  0
 7 5 
X =   … Ans.
 6 2

2 12  4 x 
12. Find the value of x, given that A2 = B, A=   and B =  
0 1  0 1 
Sol. A2 = B
A×A =B
2 12 2 12 4 x 
0 1   0 1  = 0 1 
    
2  2  12  0 2  12  12  1 4 x 
 0  2  1 0 = 
 0  12  1  1  
0 1 
4  0 24  12 4 x 
0  0 = 
 0  1  
0 1 
4 36 4 x 
0 1  =  
  0 1 
Comparing the corresponding elements of two equal matrices, x = 36 … Ans.

35
 2 5   4 -2
13. A=   ,B=   and I is the identity matrix of the same order and At is the
1 3   -1 3 
transpose of matrix A, find At . B + BI.
1 0  2 1 
Sol. I=   and At =  
0 1  5 3
2 1   4 2  4 2 1 0 
At . B + BI =     
5 3  1 3   1 3  0 1 
 8 1 4  3   4  0 0  2
=   
20  3 10  9  1  0 0  3
 7 1  4 2
=   
17 1  1 3 
At . B + BI = [ ]

2 -6  -3 2  4 0 
14. Given A =   , B =  4 0 and C = 0 2 .
2 0     
Find the matrix X such that A + 2X = 2B + C.
Sol. A + 2X = 2B + C
2X = 2B + C – A
 3 2 4 0  2 6
= 2
4 0   0 2   2 0 
     
 6 4 4 0  2 6
=    
 8 0   0 2  2 0 
 6  4  2 4  0  6
=  
 8  0  2 0  2  0
 4 10 
2X =  
6 2
1  4 10 
X= 
2  6 2 
 2 5 
X =  
 3 1

4 -2  0 2  -2 3 
15. Let A =   ,B=   and C =   Find A2 – A + BC.
6 -3  1 -1  1 -1
4 2 4 2 4 2 0 2   2 3 
Sol. A2 – A + BC = 
6  3  6 3  6 3  1 1   1 1
        
 4 2   4 2   2  2 
=      
6 3 6 3  3 4 
4  4  2 2  2  2 
=  
6  6  3 3  3  4
 2 2
=   … Ans.
 3 4 

36
 1 0   2 3
16. Let A =   ,B=   . Find A2 + AB + B2 .
 2 1   -1 0 
1 0  1 0  1 0   2 3  2 3  2 3
Sol. A2 + AB + B2 =     +     +   
2 1  2 1  2 1   1 0   1 0   1 0 
1  1  0  2 1  0  0  1 1  2  0  (1) 1  3  0  0 
=  + +
2  1  1  2 2  0  1  1 2  2  1  (1) 2  3  1  0 
 2  2  3  (1) 2  3  3  0 
 1  2  0  (1) 1  3  0  0 
 
1  0 0  0   2  0 3  0   4  3 6  0 
=   +   +  
2  2 0  1  4  (1) 6  0   2  0 3  0 
1 0   2 3  1 6
=   +   +  
 4 1  3 6    2 3 
 1  2  1 0  3  6
= 
4  3  2 1  6  3 
4 9
A2 + AB + B2 =  … Ans.
5 4 

 3 a  c 4 -1 4 
17. If A =   ,B=   &C=  
-4 8 -3 0   3 b
and 3A – 2C = 6B, find the values of a, b and c.
Sol. 3A – 2C = 6B
3 a  1 4  c 4
3  - 2  = 6 
 4 8 3 b  3 0 
 9 3a   2 8  6c 24 
- = 
 12
 24  6 2b 
 18 0 


 9  (2) 3a  8   6c 24
 12  6 24  2b  =  
   18 0 
 11 3a  8   6c 24
 18 24  2b  =  18 0 
   
By equality of matrices;
3a – 8 = 24
3a = 24 + 8
3a = 32
32
a =
3
24 – 2b = 0
2b = 24
b = 12
6c = 11
11
c =
6
32 2 11 5
Ans: a =  10 , b = 12 , c = 1
3 3 6 6

37
 p 0 0 -q  2 -2
18. Given A =   ,B=   ,C=   and BA = C2. Find the values of p and q.
 0 2   1 0   2 2 
Sol. BA = C2
0 q  p 0  2 2 2 2
1 0    0 2  =  2 2    2 2 
       
0  p  (q)  0 0  0  (q)  2 2  2  (2)  2 2  (2)  (2)  2 
 1 p  0  0 =
 1  0  0  2   2  2  2  2 2  (2)  2  2 
0  0 0  2q   4  4 4  4 
p  0 0  0  = 4  4 4  4 
   
0 2q  0 8 
 p 0  = 8 0 
   
Comparing the elements;
–2q = –8
8
q= =4
2
p=8
Hence p = 8, q = 4 … Ans.

 3 -2 6  -4  2 
19. Given A =   , B = 1  , C = 5 and D = 2  . Find AB + 2C – 4D.
-1 4       
 3 2 6  4  2
Sol. AB + 2C – 4D =     + 2  - 4 
 1 4  1  5 2
18  2   8  8 
=  +  -  
 6  4 10  8 
16   8 8
AB + 2C – 4D =        
 2 10  8
8  8 
=   –  
8  8 
0 
=  
0 
0 
 AB + 2C – 4D =  
0 

4sin30° 2cos60° 4 5 
20. Evaluate   
 sin90° 2cos0°   5 4 
 1 1
4sin 30 2cos 60 4 5   4 2   4 5 
Sol. = 2 2 
 sin 90
 2cos 0  5 4   5 4
 1 2  1 
2 1   4 5 
=   
1 2 5 4
 8  5 10  4
=  
4  10 5  8 
13 14
=  
14 13

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  3 1 1 0 
21. If A =   and I =   . Find A2 – 5A + 7I.
 -1 2   0 1 
 3 1  3 1  3 1 1 0 
Sol. A2 – 5A + 7I =     - 5  + 7 
 1 2  1 2 -1 2  0 1 
 9  1 3  2  15 5 
=   -   +[ ]
 3  2 1  4  5 10 
 8 5  15 5  7 0 
 A2 – 5A + 7I =    
 5 3  5 10  0 7 
0 0 
 A2 – 5A + 7I =  
0 0 

 2 0 1 0 
22. If A =   and I =   and A2 = 9A + mI. Find m.
-1 7  0 1 
Sol. A2 = 9A + mI
 2 0  2 0  2 0 1 0 
-1 7  -1 7  = 9 -1 7  +m 0 1 
      
 40 00  18 0  m 0 
 2  7 0  49 =  -9 63 +  0 m 
     
 4  0 0  0  18 0  m 0 
 2  7 0  49 -  -9 63 =  0 m 
     
 4  18 00  m 0 
 9  9 49  63 =  0 m 
   

 14 0  m 0 
 0  =  
 14  0 m
By equality of matrices;
m = - 14

4sin30° cos 0°  4

23. Given matrix A =   and B =   . If AX = B.
 cos 0° 4sin30° 5 
(i) Write the order of matrix X.
(ii) find the matrix ‘X’.
Sol. (i) The order of X is 2 × 1
x 
(ii) Let X =  
y
4sin30° cos 0°   x  4
 cos 0° 4sin30°  y  = 5 
     
2 1   x  4
1 2  y  = 5 
    
2x  y  4
 x  2y  = 5 
   

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 By equality of matrices;
2x + y = 4
x + 2y = 5
Multiplying (i) by 2 and subtracting (ii) from it we get:
3x = 3
x = 1
From (i), 2 + y = 4
y=2
1 
matrix X =  
2

1 3 -2 1 
24. If A =   , B = -3 2 and A2 – 5B2 = 5C. Find the matrix C where C is a 2 by 2
 3 4   
matrix.
1 3  1 3   2 1  2 1 
Sol. A2 – 5 B2 =     -5   
3 4  3 4   3 2  3 2
1  1  3  3 1  3  3  4   2  2  1  (3) 2  1  1  2 
=  - 5  3  2  2  (3) 3  1  2  2
3  1  4  3 3  3  4  4   
10 15  1 0 
=   -5  
15 25  0 1 
10 15  5 0 
= -  
15 25  0 5 
10  5 15  0   5 15 
A2 – 5 B2 =  =  
15  0 25  5  15 20 
A2 – 5 B2 = 5 C ……..given
 5 15 
5C=  
15 20 
1  5 15  1 3
∴C=  =
5 15 20  3 4
1 1 
25 . Given matrix B =   . Find matrix X if, X = B2 – 4B. Hence, solve for a and b
8 3 
a  5
Given X     .
b  50 
1 1  1 1  1 1 
Sol. X = B2 – 4B =     -4  
8 3  8 3  8 3 
1  1+1  8 1  1  1  3   4 4 
=   -  
8  1  3  8 8  1  3  3 32 12
9 4 4 4
=   -  
32 17  32 12
 94 44 
X =  
32  32 17  12

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 5 0 
X=  
0 5 
a   5 
Now, X   
b  50 
5 0   a   5 
0 5  b   50 
    
5a  0   5 
0  5b  = 50 
   
5a  5
5b  = 50 
   
By equality of matrices;
5a = 5
∴a=1
5b = 50
∴ b = 10

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