Visual Programming

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
Dr. Irfana Memon
Department of CSE, QUEST

https://sites.google.com/a/quest.edu.pk/dr-irfana-memon/lecture-slides
 C# Programming
language constructs,
Creating Methods,

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
Invoking Methods,
Overloaded Methods,
and Handling
Exceptions 2
 C# for loop construct
• This loop is used to iterate a value fixed number of times.
for (initialization; condition; iterator)
{
// body of for loop
}
using System;

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Dr. Irfana Memon
class Forexample
{
public static void Main()
{
for(int I = 1; I<=10;I++)
{
Console.WriteLine(I);
3
}
}
}
 Exercise : for loop
1. Write C# code to produce the output shown below:
*******
******
*****
****
***
**
*

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Dr. Irfana Memon
4
 Exercise : for loop
1. Write C# code to produce the output shown below:
*******
****** using System;
***** namespace Csharp_exercises
**** {
*** class Program
** {
*

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Dr. Irfana Memon
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<=6;i++){
for(j=1;j<=7-i;j++)
Console.Write("*");
Console.Write("\n");
}
Console.ReadLine();
} 5
}
}
 Exercise : for loop
Exercise 2: Write C# code to print the following pattern:
1******
12*****
123****
1234***
12345**
123456*
1234567

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Dr. Irfana Memon
6
 Exercise : for loop
Exercise 2: Write C# code to print the following pattern:
1****** using System;
12***** namespace Csharp_exercises
123**** {
1234*** class Program
12345** {
123456* static void Main(string[] args)
1234567 {

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Dr. Irfana Memon
int i,j,k;

for (i = 1; i <= 7; i++)

{
for (j = 1; j <= i; ++j)
Console.Write(j);

for (k = 7 - i; k >= 1; k--)

Console.Write("*");
Console.Write("\n");
} 7
Console.ReadLine();
}
}}
 C# while loop construct
This loop is similar to the for loop, except that condition is
specified first and is used to repeat a statement as long as a
particular condition is true.

while (test-expression)
{
// body of while

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
}

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 C# while loop construct
This loop is similar to the for loop, except that condition is
specified first and is used to repeat a statement as long as a
particular condition is true.
while (test-expression)
using System;
{
class Whileexample
// body of while
{
}

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
public static void Main()
{
int I = 1;
while(I <=10)
{
console.WriteLine(I);
}
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}
}
 Exercise : while loop
Write C# program to print the table of characters that are equivalent to the
Ascii codes from 1 to 122.
The program will print the 10 characters per line.

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Dr. Irfana Memon
10
 Exercise : while loop
Write C# program to print the table of characters that are equivalent to the
Ascii codes from 1 to 122.
The program will print the 10 characters per line.
using System;
namespace Csharp_exercises
{
class Program
{

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Dr. Irfana Memon
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int i =1;
while (i <=122)
{
Console.Write((char)i+"\t");
if (i % 10 == 0)
Console.Write("\n");
i++;
} 11
Console.ReadLine();
} }}
 C# do while loop construct
This looping statement is also similar to that of the previous
one but the condition is specified last.

do {
// body of do while loop
} while (test-expression);

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Dr. Irfana Memon
12
 C# do while loop construct
This looping statement is also similar to that of the previous
one but the condition is specified last.
using System;
do { class Whileexample
// body of do while loop {
} while (test-expression); public static void Main()

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
{
do
{
int I = 1;
}
while(I<=10);
Console.WriteLine(I); 13
}
}
 Exercise: do while loop
Write C# program to print the table of characters that are equivalent to the
Ascii codes from 1 to 122.
The program will print the 10 characters per line.

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
14
 Exercise: do while loop
Write C# program to print the table of characters that are equivalent to the
Ascii codes from 1 to 122.
The program will print the 10 characters per line.
using System;
namespace Csharp_exercises
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)

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Dr. Irfana Memon
{
int i =1;
do
{
Console.Write((char)i+"\t");
if (i % 10 == 0)
Console.Write("\n");

i++;
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} while(i<=122);
Console.ReadLine();
}}}
 C# foreach loop
In c#, Foreach loop is used to loop through an each item in
array or collection object to execute the block of statements
repeatedly.

foreach (Type var_name in Collection_Object)

{

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Dr. Irfana Memon
// Statements to Execute

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 C# foreach loop (Example)
using System;

namespace Tutlane
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)

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Dr. Irfana Memon
{
string[] names = new string[3] { "Suresh Dasari", "Rohini Alavala", "Trishika D
asari" };
foreach (string name in names)
{
Console.WriteLine(name);
}
Console.WriteLine("Press Enter Key to Exit..");
Console.ReadLine();
} 17
}
}
 C# foreach loop (Exercise)
using System;
namespace Tutlane
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
string[] names = new string[3]
{ "Suresh Dasari", "Rohini Alavala", "Trishika Dasari" };
foreach (string name in names)
{
Console.WriteLine(name);
}
Console.WriteLine("Press Enter Key to Exit..");
Console.ReadLine();
}
} 18
}
 C# break statement
In c#, Break statement is used to break or terminate the
execution of loops (for, while, do-while, etc.) or switch
statement and the control is passed immediately to the next
statements that follows a terminated loops or statements.

In c# nested loops also we can use break statement to stop or

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Dr. Irfana Memon
terminate the execution of inner loops based on our
requirements.

Syntax: break;

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 Exercise
1. Write C# program to print multiplication table of a given number
2. Write C# program to find sum of even numbers between 1 to n
3. Write C# program to find sum of odd numbers between 1 to n
4. Write C# program to find first and last digit of any number
5. Write C# program to find the sum of first and last digit of any number
6. Write C# program to swap first and last digit of a number
7. Write C# program to calculate power using while & for loop

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
8. Write C# program to find factorial of any number
9. Write C# program to print number in words
10. Write C# program to find HCF of two numbers
11. Write C# program to find LCM of two numbers

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 C# Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is defined 'as the process of enclosing one or
more items within a physical or logical package'.
• Encapsulation, in object oriented programming methodology,
prevents access to implementation details.
• Abstraction and encapsulation are related features in object
oriented programming.

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
• Abstraction allows making relevant information visible and
encapsulation enables a programmer to implement the
desired level of abstraction.
• Encapsulation is implemented by using access specifiers.

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 C# Encapsulation
• An access specifier defines the scope and visibility of a class
member.
• C# supports the following access specifiers:
 Public
 Private
 Protected

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Dr. Irfana Memon
 Internal
 Protected internal

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 Public Access specifier
• Public access specifier allows a
class to expose its member
variables and member functions to
other functions and objects.
• Any public member can be
accessed from outside the class.
• The following example illustrates
this −

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Dr. Irfana Memon
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 Public Access specifier
using System;
• Public access specifier allows a namespace RectangleApplication
{
class to expose its member class Rectangle
variables and member functions to {
//member variables
other functions and objects. public double length;
• Any public member can be public double width;
public double GetArea()
accessed from outside the class. {
• The following example illustrates return length * width;
}
this −

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length);
Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width);
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea());
}
}//end class Rectangle
class ExecuteRectangle
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.length = 4.5;
r.width = 3.5;
r.Display(); 24
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 Public Access specifier
• Member variables length and width are using System;
declared public, so they can be accessed from namespace RectangleApplication
{
the function Main() using an instance of the class Rectangle
Rectangle class, named r. {
//member variables
• Member function Display() and GetArea() can public double length;
also access these variables directly without using public double width;
public double GetArea()
any instance of the class. {
• The member functions Display() is also return length * width;
}

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Dr. Irfana Memon
declared public, so it can also be accessed public void Display()
from Main() using an instance of the Rectangle {
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length);
class, named r. Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width);
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea());
}
}//end class Rectangle
class ExecuteRectangle
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.length = 4.5;
r.width = 3.5;
r.Display(); 25
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 Private Access specifier
• Private access specifier allows a
class to hide its member variables
and member functions from other
functions and objects.
• Only functions of the same class
can access its private members.
• Even an instance of a class cannot
access its private members.

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Dr. Irfana Memon
• The following example illustrates
this −

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 Private Access specifier
• Private access specifier allows a
class to hide its member variables
and member functions from other
functions and objects.
• Only functions of the same class
can access its private members.
• Even an instance of a class cannot
access its private members.
• The following example illustrates
this −
using System;
namespace RectangleApplication
{
class Rectangle
{ //member variables
private double length;
private double width;
public void Acceptdetails()
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter Length: ");
length = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter Width: ");
width = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Department of CSE, QUEST
Dr. Irfana Memon
}
public double GetArea()
{
return length * width;
}
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length);
Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width);
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea());
}
}//end class Rectangle
class ExecuteRectangle
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.Acceptdetails(); 27
r.Display();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 Private Access specifier
• In the preceding example, the member variables length and width are declared private, so they cannot
be accessed from the function Main().
• The member functions AcceptDetails() and Display() can access these variables.
• Since the member functions AcceptDetails() and Display() are declared public, they can be accessed
from Main() using an instance of the Rectangle class, named r.

using System;
namespace RectangleApplication
{
class Rectangle
{ //member variables
private double length;
private double width;
public void Acceptdetails()
{

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Dr. Irfana Memon
Console.WriteLine("Enter Length: ");
length = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("Enter Width: ");
width = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
}
public double GetArea()
{
return length * width;
}
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length);
Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width);
Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea());
}
}//end class Rectangle
class ExecuteRectangle
{
static void Main(string[] args)
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{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.Acceptdetails();
r.Display();
Console.ReadLine();
 Protected Access specifier

• Protected access specifier allows a child class to access the

member variables and member functions of its base class.
• This way it helps in implementing inheritance.

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Dr. Irfana Memon
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 Internal Access specifier
• Internal access specifier allows
a class to expose its member
variables and member
functions to other functions and
objects in the current assembly.
• In other words, any member
with internal access specifier
can be accessed from any class

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Dr. Irfana Memon
or method defined within the
application in which the
member is defined.
• The following program
illustrates this −

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 Internal Access specifier
using System;
• Internal access specifier allows namespace RectangleApplication
{
a class to expose its member class Rectangle
variables and member {
//member variables
functions to other functions and internal double length;
objects in the current assembly. Internal double width;
double GetArea()
• In other words, any member {
with internal access specifier return length * width;
}
can be accessed from any class

Department of CSE, QUEST

Dr. Irfana Memon
public void Display()
or method defined within the {
Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length);
application in which the Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width);
member is defined. Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea());
}
• The following program }//end class Rectangle
illustrates this − class ExecuteRectangle
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.length = 4.5;
r.width = 3.5;
r.Display(); 31
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
 Wish You Good Luck

Dr. Irfana Memon

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Department of CSE, QUEST