 This is created in S-phase in
The Cell Cycle
 Cell cycle - regular sequence of growth
and division that eukaryotic cells
undergo.
*Prokaryotic cells undergo binary fission
Cell cycle is divided into three main stages:
i. Interphase - the cell grows into it’s
mature size, makes a copy of it’s DNA,
and prepares for division.
ii. Mitosis - One copy of the DNA is
distributed into each of it’s daughter
cells.
iii. Cytokinesis - The cytoplasm divides
and organelles are distributed into the
two new cells.
Cycle begins
G1 - cell grows
R- Cell decides whether to continue
S- Replication of DNA
G2 - cell prepares to divide
M - cell division (mitosis)
Interphase
Interphase is the stage that the cell is in for
most of it’s life. It is made up of three
separate parts.
1. G1
2. S
3. G2
Sister Chromatids & Chromosomes
Human somatic cells (any cells other than a
gamete) have 23 pairs of chromosomes -
one from mom and one from dad. These are
called homologous chromosomes.
1 chromatid - Copy of chromosome from
mom or dad.
 The chromatid will undergo
chromosome duplication and will
become sister chromatids.
 Then, chromosome made in S phase of
Interphase resulting in chromosome
distribution to daughter cells.
 The cell’s chromatin condenses into
chromosomes.
 The chromosomes look like an “X”
 Each chromosome is made up of the
identical sister chromatids attached by
a centromere.
interphase.
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome - a structure that
contains genetic information.
 Made up of DNA and proteins that
carry genetic information.
Genes - Segments of Dna that code for a
particular protein.
Centromere - Point where the chromatids
are joined.
Chromatid - Chromosomes contain
identical parts
 Strands composed of chromatin that
makes up the chromosomes.
Chromatin - Makes up the chromatid
 Composed od Dna and proteins
Interphase
G1/ Growth phase
- Cell doubles in size
- Cell produces all of the structures it needs
to carry out it’s functions.
S/DNA copying
- Cell makes a copy of it’s own DNA
(replication)
- This happens because the new cell needs
all of the directions for it’s function and
survival.
- Think of this phase as placing the Dna on a
copy machine.
G2/Preparation
- Cell prepares to divide
- Cell produces structures needed for cell
division
- Think of this phase as the cell double
checking everything it needs to divide.
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
Mitosis
 During mitosis, the cells’ copied
genetic material separates and the cell
prepares to split into two cells.
 This allows the cells’ genetic material
to pass into the new cells.
(The resulting daughter cells are genetically
identical.)
Where to find the DNA? Fertilization - He proposed that an egg and
 Chromosomes are in every nucleus of a sperm fuse to produce a zygote.
every cell. - The zygote contains two copies of each
 Chromosomes are made up of DNA. chromosome (one copy of the sperm and
 Genes are pieces of Dna that contain one copy from the egg). These are calles
the instructions for building a protein. homologous chromosomes.
Fertilization is the name for the fusion of
4 Stages of Mitosis gametes.
(Remember ProMetaAnaTela/PMAT)
 Prophase REDUCTION DIVISION
 Metaphse  Since the sperm and the egg contain
 Anaphase only half the number of chromosomes,
 Telophase they cannot be formed from mitosis.

Prophase
 Nucleus disappears
 Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm
 Spindle fibers attach to sister
chromatids

Metaphase
 The sister chromatids are pulled to the
center of the cell
 They line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase
 Spindle fibers begin to shorten
 The sister chromatids are pulled to the
opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase

Cytokinesis
 The division of the cytoplasm
-In animal cells, It is accompanied by using
microfilaments to “pinch” the cytoplasm.

 In plants, a cell plate forms between

the two daughter nuclei.

Meiosis
Meiosis - the process of cell division that
produces haploid gametes (half the number
of chromosomes. Humans:23)

Discovery of Meiosis
Pierre-Joseph van Beneden - found
different numbers of chromosomes in
different cells. He observed that gametes
(sperm&egg) contain half the number of
chromosomes compared to somatic cells
(non-reproductive cells).