1.

Bright field microscope: It is a common and traditional type of

microscope that illuminates the specimen with bright light passing
through it, resulting in a dark background. This microscope is used to
observe stained and fixed samples, such as microorganisms, cells, and
tissues. For example, the observation of bacteria such as E. coli and S.
aureus is possible with a bright field microscope.
2.
3.
Dark field microscope: In this type of microscope, the specimen
appears bright against a dark background. This is achieved by
illuminating the specimen at an oblique angle so that light is
scattered by the specimen. This technique is useful in observing
living, unstained specimens such as bacteria, algae, and some tissues.
For example, dark field microscopy can be used to observe the
motility of bacteria such as Treponema pallidum, the causative agent
of syphilis.
4.
5.
Phase contrast microscope: This microscope produces an image by
amplifying differences in the refractive index of the specimen. It is
particularly useful in observing transparent, unstained specimens
such as living cells and microorganisms. For example, phase contrast
microscopy can be used to observe the morphology of living cells
such as white blood cells or microorganisms such as algae.
6.
7.
Ultraviolet microscope: This microscope uses ultraviolet light to
illuminate the specimen, allowing observation of specimens that
fluoresce under this type of light. It is useful in observing
microorganisms, such as bacteria, and materials that fluoresce, such
as minerals or biological samples. For example, ultraviolet microscopy
can be used to observe the morphology of fungi or to identify
crystals in geological samples.
8.
9.
Fluorescent microscope: This microscope uses specific light
wavelengths to excite fluorescent molecules in the specimen,
resulting in a bright and contrasting image. It is useful in observing
specific structures or molecules in biological samples, such as
 fluorescently labeled antibodies or fluorescently tagged proteins. For
example, fluorescent microscopy can be used to visualize the
localization of specific proteins within a cell or to track the movement
of molecules in living cells.
10.
11.
Transmission electron microscope: This microscope uses a beam of
electrons to produce a high-resolution image of the specimen. It is
particularly useful in observing the fine structure of cells, tissues, and
viruses. For example, transmission electron microscopy can be used
to visualize the structure of viruses such as HIV or to observe the
ultrastructure of cells in different stages of mitosis.
12.
13.
Scanning electron microscope: This microscope uses a beam of
electrons to produce a 3D image of the specimen's surface. It is
particularly useful in observing the surface structure of cells, tissues,
and microorganisms. For example, scanning electron microscopy can
be used to visualize the surface structure of pollen grains or to
observe the morphology of hair cells in the inner ear.
14.

give the shortcomings of each of them

Sure, here are some limitations and shortcomings of each microscope

type:

1. Bright field microscope:

 Limited to observing fixed and stained specimens, which can alter the
natural characteristics of the sample.
 Low contrast images make it difficult to differentiate between similar
structures or components within the sample.
 Limited resolution and magnification capabilities compared to other
types of microscopes.
1. Dark field microscope:
 Specimens must be translucent or transparent, and cannot be
observed at high magnifications.
 The oblique angle of illumination can result in distortion or artifacts
in the image.
 Limited to observing surface features of specimens.
1. Phase contrast microscope:
 Requires specialized optics, which can be expensive.
 Images can be prone to halos or artifacts, which can obscure details
in the sample.
 Limited to observing thin or transparent specimens.
1. Ultraviolet microscope:
 Harmful to living cells and tissues.
 Ultraviolet light can cause photo-bleaching of samples, limiting
observation time.
 Limited to observing specimens that fluoresce under UV light.
1. Fluorescent microscope:
 Requires fluorescent labeling or staining of samples, which can alter
their natural characteristics.
 Limited by photobleaching, phototoxicity, and autofluorescence of
the sample.
 Requires specialized filters and light sources.
1. Transmission electron microscope:
 Requires specialized sample preparation techniques, including
fixation and embedding, which can alter the natural characteristics of
the sample.
 Limited to observing thin sections of samples.
 Samples must be conductive or coated with a conductive material.
1. Scanning electron microscope:
 Samples must be conductive or coated with a conductive material.
 Image quality can be affected by charging or beam damage to the
sample.
 Limited to observing surface features of specimens.
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