Final Output SCE 104

Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

University Town, Northern Samar
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SCE 104: Professional Course 4 Specialized Course (Prestressed Concrete Design)
FINALS RESEARCH OUTPUT
Submitted by:
Pondemira, Kirk Ethan C.
BSCE 4
Submitted to:
Ric L. Gonzaga, MCE
Professor
Table of Contents
Lesson 5: Deflection due to Pretsress .................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Sample Problems .............................................................................................................................. 11
Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Reference: ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Lesson 6: Anchorage Stresses .............................................................................................................. 30
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Sample Problems .............................................................................................................................. 38
Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Reference: ......................................................................................................................................... 54
Lesson 7: Statically Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Beams ....................................................... 55
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Sample Problems .............................................................................................................................. 70
Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Reference: ......................................................................................................................................... 86
Lesson 8: Ultimate Strength Analysis .................................................................................................. 87
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 87
Sample Problems .............................................................................................................................. 95
Assessment ..................................................................................................................................... 100
Reference: ....................................................................................................................................... 108
Lesson 5: Deflection due to Pretsress
Overview
Introduction
Serviceability of prestressed concrete members in their deflection and cracking
behavior is at least as important a criterion in design as serviceability of reinforced concrete
elements. The fact that prestressed concrete elements are slenderer than their counter parts
in reinforced concrete, and their behavior more affected by flexural cracking, makes it more
critical to control their deflection and cracking. The primary design involves proportioning the
structural member for the limit state of flexural stresses at service load and for limit states of
failure in flexure, shear, and torsion, including anchorage development strength. Such a design
can only become complete if the magnitudes of long-term deflection, camber (reverse
deflection), and crack width are determined to be within allowable serviceability values.
Prestressed concrete members are continuously subjected to sustained eccentric
compression due to the prestressing force, which seriously affects their long-term creep
deformation performance. Failure to predict and control such deformations can lead to high
reverse deflection, i.e., camber, which can produce convex surfaces detrimental to proper
drainage of roofs of buildings, to uncomfortable ride characteristics in bridges and aqueducts,
and to cracking of partitions in apartment buildings, including misalignment of windows and
doors.
The difficulty of predicting very accurately the total long-term prestress losses makes it
more difficult to give a precise estimate of the magnitude of expected camber. Accuracy is
even more difficult in partially prestressed concrete systems, where limited cracking is allowed
through the use of additional nonprestressed reinforcement. Creep strain in the concrete
increases camber, as it causes a negative increase in curvature which is usually more dominant
than the decrease produced by the decrease in prestress losses due to creep, shrinkage, and
stress relaxation. A best estimate of camber increase should be based on accumulated
experience, span-to-death ratio code limitations, and a correct choice of the modulus E, of the
concrete. Calculation of the moment-curvature relationships at the major incremental stages
of loading up to the limit state at failure would also assist in giving a more accurate evaluation
of the stress-related load deflection of the structural element.
The cracking aspect of serviceability behavior in prestressed concrete is also critical.
Allowance for limited cracking in “partial prestressing” through the additional use of
nonprestressed steel is prevalent. Because of the high stress levels in the prestressing steel,
corrosion due to cracking can become detrimental to the service life of the structure.
Therefore, limitations on the magnitudes of crack widths and their spacing have to be placed,
and proper crack width evaluation procedures used. The presented discussion of the state of
the art emphasizes the extensive work of the author on cracking in pretensioned and post-
tensioned prestressed beams.
Prestressed concrete flexural members are classified into three classes in the new
1
ACI 318 Code.
(a)Class U: 𝒇𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄 (1)

In this class, the gross section is used for section properties when both stress computations at
service loads, and deflection computations are made. No skin reinforcement needs to be used
in the vertical faces.
(b) Class T: 7.5√f: ≤f, ≤ 12√ (2)
This class is a transition between uncracked and cracked sections. For stress computations at
service loads, the gross section is used. The cracked bi-linear section is used in the deflection
computations. No skin reinforcement needs to be used in the vertical faces.
(c) Class C: 𝒇𝒕 > √𝒇′𝒄 (3)
This class denotes cracked sections. Hence, a cracked section analysis has to be made for
evaluation of the stress level at service, and for deflection. Computation of Afps or f, for crack
control is necessary, where Afps = stress increase beyond the decompression state, and f, =
stress in the mild reinforcement when mild steel reinforcement is also used. Prestressed two-
way slab systems are to be designed as Class U.
Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations

Deflection calculations can be made either from the moment diagrams of the prestressing
force and the external transverse loading, or from the moment-curvature relationships. In
either case, the following basic assumptions have to be made:
1. The concrete gross cross-sectional area is accurate enough to compute the moment of
inertia except when refined computations are necessary.
2. The modulus of concrete E=33w1.5 Vf, where the value of f’ corresponds to the cylinder
compressive strength of concrete at the age at which E, is to be evaluated.
3. The principle of superposition applies in calculating deflections due to transverse load
and camber due to prestressing.
4. All computations of deflection can be based on the center of gravity of the prestressing
strands (cgs), where the strands are treated as a single tendon.
5. Deflections due to shear deformations are disregarded.
2
6. Sections can be treated as totally elastic up to the decompression load. Thereafter, the
cracked moment of inertia I, can give a more accurate determination of deflection and
camber.
Photo 1. Supporting base of the Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco, California
Immediate Elastic (Short-Term) Deflection
3
The stress distributions for a partially prestressed beam at several load stages are shown in Fig.
9.7. For the uncracked section, Fig. 9.76, the centroidal axis is a distance ad from the
compression face (equal to c, by the notation used earlier). Because of the axial compression
from P, the neutral axis na does not coincide with the concrete centroid.
When loads are increased to produce cracking at the section of maximum flexural
tension, the stress distribution of Fig. 9.7d results. With tension concrete disregarded as usual,
the new neutral axis na and the new centroidal axis, a distance c from the compression face,
could be found by methods presented in Ref. 9.14 or 9.15.
For deflection calculation, a fictitious effective cross section is used, with stresses as
shown in Fig. 9.7c. The moment of inertia I, of the effective cross section depends on the ratio
of maximum moment to cracking moment for the member. Note that for the fictitious effective
cross section, the neutral axis na will be between the limits defined by Figs. 9.7b and 9.7d.
Correspondingly, the centroidal distance and in Fig. 9.7c is between the centroidal distances
of Fig. 9.7b and Fig. 9.7d. Finally, Fig. 9.7e shows the stress distribution that would result if the
ratio of moment to effective prestress force P, was very large. This stress distribution is
referred to as the "fully cracked" distribution, and corresponds to the case of ordinary non-
prestressed reinforced concrete. For this case, it is seen that the neutral axis coincides with the
centroidal axis, a distance ad from the compression face.
In the procedure that follows, the fully cracked distribution of Fig. 9.7e will be used as
the lower bound case for the cracked section, rather than that of Fig. 9.7d. That is, I, and a, are
the lower limits of I, and a, when interpolation is used to find the latter two values. The
advantage of this simplifying assumption is that the values of Fig. 9.7e are constant, whereas
those of Fig. 9.7d vary with the load level. The value of I, is calculated based on the transformed
section, as usual for reinforced concrete."
Figure 9.8 shows the strains and curvatures at the load stages of interest. Figure 9.9
shows the idealized moment-deflection diagram. As shown earlier in connection with Fig. 9.4,
deflection can always be stated in the terms:
4
5
6
7
Long-Term Deflection
In Section 9.3B, an approximate method for predicting total deflections of prestressed
beams was described that employed simple multipliers applied to the initial elastic deflections
to obtain total (immediate plus time-dependent) deflections under sustained loads. The
multipliers derived in Ref. 9.2 and reproduced in Table 9.1 are widely used and appear to give
good results. It is suggested in Ref. 9.13 that these multipliers can also provide the basis for
approximate calculation of the deflections of partially prestressed beams.
An important factor in partially prestressed beams is that the total tensile force
required at factored loads is often provided by a combination of prestressed steel having area
4, and non-prestressed steel having area A, the two steels normally are placed at about the
same effective depth. It has been shown that such non-prestressed steel, which is not subject
to creep under sustained load, significantly affects both prestress losses and deflections (Refs.
9.16 and 9.17). In a simple span, non-prestressed steel reduces camber due to prestress;
hence, under service load, the member will have a larger downward deflection.
To account for such non-prestressed steel, it is suggested in Ref. 9.13 that the basic
multipliers of Table 9.1, defined here as C1, be modified, depending on the areas A, and 4,, to
obtain new multipliers C2. These are used instead of C1 to compute the total (immediate plus
time-dependent) deflection due to prestress and sustained loads. The multiplier C2 is found
from:
8
Deflection Due to Gravity Loads
9
Deflection Due to Prestressing Force
The prestressing force causes a deflection only if the CGS to the CGC is eccentric CGC.
Deflection due to prestressing force is calculated by the Load-Balancing Method.
10
Sample Problems
Problem 1. A prestressed concrete beam has a span of 10 meters and a cross-section of 300
mm by 600 mm. The beam is prestressed with a force of 500 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of
concrete is 30 GPa and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 GPa, calculate the deflection of
the beam under a concentrated load of 50 kN at mid-span.
Solution:
Given data:
Beam span = 10 m
Cross-section dimensions = 300 mm x 600 mm
Prestressing force = 500 kN
Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) = 30 GPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 200 GPa
Concentrated load at mid-span = 50 kN
First, let's calculate the effective prestress force:

Pe = 0.85 * (500 kN) = 425 kN
The total load on the beam is the sum of the concentrated load and the self-weight of the
beam:
Total load = 50 kN + (0.3 m x 0.6 m x 2400 kg/m^3 x 10 m) = 106 kN
Next, let's calculate the moment of inertia of the beam:
I = (1/12) x 0.3 m x (0.6 m)^3 = 0.0054 m^4
The flexural stiffness of the beam can be calculated as:
EI = EcIc + EsIp
where Ic is the moment of inertia of the concrete section, and Ip is the moment of inertia of
the prestressing steel.
For a rectangular concrete section, the moment of inertia can be calculated as:
Ic = (1/12) x b x h^3 = (1/12) x 0.3 m x (0.6 m)^3 = 0.0054 m^4
For a single prestressing steel strand with diameter 20 mm, the moment of inertia can be
calculated as:
Ip = (π/64) x (20 mm)^4 = 1.23 x 10^-6 m^4
Therefore, the flexural stiffness of the beam is:
EI = (30 GPa x 0.0054 m^4) + (200 GPa x 1.23 x 10^-6 m^4) = 0.162 Nm^2
11
Finally, we can calculate the deflection at mid-span using the formula:
δ = (PL^3)/(48EI) + (wL^4)/(384EI)
where P is the concentrated load, L is the span of the beam, and w is the uniformly
distributed load due to the self-weight of the beam.
For this problem, the uniformly distributed load due to the self-weight of the beam is:
w = 0.3 m x 0.6 m x 2400 kg/m^3 x 9.81 m/s^2 = 4.23 kN/m
Plugging in the values, we get:
δ = (50 kN x (10 m)^3)/(48 x 0.162 Nm^2) + (4.23 kN/m x (10 m)^4)/(384 x
0.162 Nm^2)
δ = 0.00225 m or 2.25 mm (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the deflection of the beam at mid-span under the given load is approximately 2.25
mm.
Problem 2. A precast concrete column is 8 meters long and has a cross-section of 400mm x
400mm. The column is prestressed with a force of 600 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of
the column due to prestress.
Given:
Length of column = 8 m
Cross-section of column = 400mm x 400mm
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 25 GPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200 GPa
Solution:
The area of the cross-section of the column is A = (400 mm) * (400 mm) = 160,000 mm^2 =
0.16 m^2
The effective modulus of elasticity of the column is E = (E_c * A_c + E_s * A_s) / A, where A_c
and A_s are the cross-sectional areas of the concrete and steel, respectively. In this case, there
is no steel, so E = E_c = 25 GPa = 25 * 10^9 N/m^2
Using the formula δ = (P * L^2) / (AE), we get:
Δ = (600 kN * (8 m)^2) / (0.16 m^2 * 25 * 10^9 N/m^2)
Δ = 0.768 mm
Therefore, the deflection due to prestress in the column is 0.768 mm.
12
Problem 3. A 300 mm x 400 mm concrete beam has a span of 6 m. a posttension force of 640
kN was applied at a point 70 mm above the bottom of the beam. Assume concrete wont crack
in tension. f’c = 20.7 MPa. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Compute the deflection due
to pre stressing force of 240 kN.
Solution:
a. Deflection due to pre stressing force of 240 kN

• e = 200-70 = 130 mm
• M = Pe = 640(0.13) = 83.2 kN.m
300(400)2
• I= = 1600x106
12
• E = 4700√f’c
E = 4700√20.7
E = 21384 MPa
•
Problem 4. Compute the net deflection of the beam immediately after transfer from the
previous problem.
Solution:
W = 0.3 (0.4) (23.5) (6)
W = 2.82 kN/m
Problem 5. A post-tensioned concrete beam has a span of 5 m and a depth of 600 mm. The
beam is post-tensioned with a force of 800 kN. The concrete has a modulus of elasticity of 28
GPa, and the moment of inertia of the beam cross-section is 0.12 m^4. Determine the
maximum deflection of the beam due to prestress.
13
Solution:
Maximum deflection due to prestress:
Δ = (5/384) (P L^3)/(EI)
Where δ is the maximum deflection, P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the beam, E
is the modulus of elasticity of the beam material, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam
cross-section.
Substituting the given values, we get:
Δ = (5/384) (800,000 x 5^3)/(28 x 10^9 x 0.12)

Δ = 3.23 mm
Therefore, the maximum deflection of the beam due to prestress is 3.23 mm.
Problem 6. A post-tensioned concrete slab has a span of 4 m and a thickness of 150 mm. The
slab is post-tensioned with a force of 250 kN. The concrete has a modulus of elasticity of 35
GPa, and the moment of inertia of the slab cross-section is 0.0016875 m^4. Determine the
deflection of the slab at midspan due to prestress.
Solution:
Deflection due to prestress:
Δ = (P L^2)/(8 EI)
Where δ is the deflection, P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the slab, E is the modulus
of elasticity of the slab material, and I is the moment of inertia of the slab cross-section.
Δ = (250,000 x 4^2)/(8 x 35 x 10^9 x 0.0016875)

Δ = 0.017 m or 17 mm
Therefore, the deflection of the slab at midspan due to prestress is 17 mm.
Problem 7. A concrete beam with cross-sectional area of 32 x 103 mm2 and the radius of
gyration is 72 mm is prestressed by a parabolic cable carrying an effective stress of 1000
N/mm2. The span of the beam is 8 m. the cable composed of 6 wires of 7 mm diameter has an
eccentricity of 50 mm at the center and zero at the supports. Neglecting all losses, find the
central deflection of the beam with self-weight + prestress.
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Solution:
• I = A𝑖 2 = (32 x 103) (72) = 166 x 106 mm4

• P = (6) (38.5) (1000) = 231000 N or 231 kN
32 x 103
• Self-Weight, g = (24) = 0.77 kN/m = 0.000077 kN/mm
106
• Downward deflection due to self-weight
5𝑔𝐿4 5(0.000077)(8000)4
= 384𝐸𝐼 = = 6.5 mm
384(38)(166 𝑥 106 )
• Upward deflection due to prestressing force
5𝑃𝑒𝐿4 5(231)(50)(8000)4
= = = 12.2 mm
48𝐸𝐼 48(38)(166 𝑥 106 )
• Self-weight + prestress
= 12.2 – 6.5
= 5.7 mm (↑)
Problem 8. A prestressed concrete beam has a span of 8 meters and a cross-section of 250
mm by 500 mm. The beam is prestressed with a force of 400 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of
the beam under a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m over the entire span.
Given data:
Beam span = 8 m
Cross-section dimensions = 250 mm x 500 mm
Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) = 35 GPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel (Es) = 210 GPa
Uniformly distributed load over the entire span = 10 kN/m
Solution:
Calculate the effective prestress force:
Pe = 0.85 * fpu * A
Assuming a typical value of fpu = 1860 MPa for the prestressing steel, and using the area of
the prestressing steel as A = (π/4)*(20 mm)^2 = 314.16 mm^2, we have:
Pe = 0.85 * 1860 MPa * 314.16 mm^2 = 467.38 kN
Calculate the total load on the beam:
The total load on the beam is the sum of the uniformly distributed load and the self-weight of
the beam:
15
Total load = (10 kN/m) x 8 m + (0.25 m x 0.5 m x 2400 kg/m^3 x 8 m) = 92.4 kN
Calculate the moment of inertia of the beam:
I = (1/12) x 0.25 m x (0.5 m)^3 = 0.0026041667 m^4
Calculate the flexural stiffness of the beam:
EI = EcIc + EsIp
where Ic is the moment of inertia of the concrete section, and Ip is the moment of inertia of
the prestressing steel.
For a rectangular concrete section, the moment of inertia can be calculated as:
Ic = (1/12) x b x h^3 = (1/12) x 0.25 m x (0.5 m)^3 = 0.0026041667 m^4
For a single prestressing steel strand with diameter 20 mm, the moment of inertia can be
calculated as:
Ip = (π/64) x (20 mm)^4 = 1.23 x 10^-6 m^4
Therefore, the flexural stiffness of the beam is:
EI = (35 GPa x 0.0026041667 m^4) + (210 GPa x 1.23 x 10^-6 m^4) = 0.111205 Nm^2
Calculate the deflection of the beam:
The deflection of the beam due to the uniformly distributed load can be calculated using the
formula:
δ = (5/384) x (wL^4)/(EI)
where w is the uniformly distributed load, L is the span of the beam.
Plugging in the values, we get:
δ = (5/384) x (10 kN/m x 8 m)^4 / (0.111205 Nm^2)
δ = 0.00668 m or 6.68 mm (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the deflection of the beam under the given load is approximately 6.68 mm.
Problem 9. A precast concrete beam is prestressed with a force of 500 kN. The beam has a
length of 6 meters and a cross-section of 200mm x 400mm. The beam is cast using concrete
with a modulus of elasticity of 25 GPa. The beam is designed to carry a uniformly distributed
load of 5 kN/m over its entire length. Determine the deflection of the beam due to the
combined effect of prestress and the uniformly distributed load.
Solution:
First, let’s determine the deflection due to prestress using the formula δ = (P * L^2) / (AE),
where P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the beam, A is the cross-sectional area of
the beam, and E is the modulus of elasticity of the concrete:
16
Δ_p = (500 kN * (6 m)^2) / (0.08 m^2 * 25 * 10^9 N/m^2)
Δ_p = 1.5 mm
Next, let’s determine the deflection due to the uniformly distributed load using the formula δ
= (w * L^4) / (8EI), where w is the uniformly distributed load, L is the length of the beam, E is
the modulus of elasticity of the concrete, and I is the moment of inertia of the cross-section of
the beam:
The moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam is I = (bh^3) / 12 = (0.2 m) * (0.4 m)^3
/ 12 = 0.005333 m^4.
Δ_u = (5 kN/m * (6 m)^4) / (8 * 25 * 10^9 N/m^2 * 0.005333 m^4)

Δ_u = 0.00506 mm
The total deflection of the beam due to the combined effect of prestress and the uniformly
distributed load is:
Δ = δ_p + δ_u = 1.5 mm + 0.00506 mm = 1.50506 mm
Therefore, the deflection of the beam due to the combined effect of prestress and the
uniformly distributed load is 1.50506 mm.
Problem 10. A 300 mm x 400 mm concrete beam has a span of 6 m, a post-tension force of
600 kN was applied 60 mm above the bottom of the beam. Assume concrete won’t crack in
tension. Given that f’c = 20.7 MPa, unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Compute the
deflection due to pre-stressing force of 250 kN.
Solution:
17
Assessment
Problem 1. For the beam shown in Fig. 6.6, determine the prestress force required to balance
a total applied load of 20 kN/m. Determine, also, the stress distribution at midspan. From
Chapter 1, the uniform lateral load from a parabolic tendon is given by
Problem 2. Determine the midspan deflections of the beam shown in Fig. 6.3: (i) at transfer
with an initial prestress force of 6800 kN; (ii) under a quasi-permanent imposed load of 30
kN/m when the prestress force has been reduced to 4500 kN.
18
19
Problem 3. Determine the maximum deflections at the various load stages. Assume that the
tendon has a parabolic profile with eccentricity of 375 mm at midspan and zero at the supports.
The self-weight of the beam is 8.7 kN/m and the quasi-permanent imposed load is 18 kN/m.
(i) The bending moment distributions under the beam self-weight, prestress force and
under a central point load are shown in Fig. 10.10(a), (b) and (c), respectively. Using the method
of virtual work.
20
21
Problem 4.
22
Problem 5.
Problem 6.
23
24
25
Problem 7: A prestressed concrete beam has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm x 600 mm and
a length of 10 m. The beam is prestressed with a force of 200 kN. Determine the deflection of
the beam at the midspan due to prestress.
Solution:
Δ = (P L^2)/(AE)
Where δ is the deflection, P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the beam, A is the cross-
sectional area of the beam, and E is the modulus of elasticity of the beam material.
Δ = (200,000 x 10^2)/(300 x 600 x 10^6 x 210 x 10^3)

Δ = 0.00021 m or 0.21 mm
Therefore, the deflection of the beam at midspan due to prestress is 0.21 mm.
Problem 8: A prestressed concrete beam has a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of

200 mm x 400 mm and a length of 8 m. The beam is prestressed with a force of 400 kN, and
the concrete has a modulus of elasticity of 30 GPa. Determine the maximum deflection of the
beam due to prestress.
Solution:
Maximum deflection due to prestress:
Δ = (5/384) (P L^3)/(EI)
Where δ is the maximum deflection, P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the beam, E
is the modulus of elasticity of the beam material, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam
cross-section.
Moment of inertia of a rectangular cross-section:

I = (bh^3)/12
Where b is the width of the beam and h is the height of the beam.
I = (200 x 400^3)/12
I = 21,333,333.33 mm^4
26
Δ = (5/384) (400,000 x 8^3)/(30 x 10^3 x 21,333,333.33)
Δ = 2.74 mm
Therefore, the maximum deflection of the beam due to prestress is 2.74 mm.
Problem 9: A prestressed concrete beam has a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of

300 mm x 500 mm and a length of 6 m. The beam is prestressed with a force of 500 kN, and
the concrete has a modulus of elasticity of 25 GPa. Determine the deflection of the beam at
midspan due to prestress.
Solution:
Δ = (P L^2)/(8 EI)
Where δ is the deflection, P is the prestressing force, L is the length of the slab, E is the modulus
of elasticity of the slab material, and I is the moment of inertia of the slab cross-section.
Moment of inertia of a rectangular cross-section:

I = (bh^3)/12
Where b is the width of the beam and h is the height of the beam.
I = (300 x 500^3)/12
I = 52,083,333.33 mm^4
Δ = (500,000 x 6^2)/(8 x 25 x 10^9 x 52,083,333.33)

Δ = 0.029 m or 29 mm
Therefore, the deflection of the beam at midspan due to prestress is 29 mm.
Problem 10: A prestressed concrete beam has a cross-section of 200mm x 400mm and is
prestressed with a force of 500kN. If the modulus of elasticity of concrete is 30 GPa and the
modulus of elasticity of steel is 200 GPa, determine the deflection of the beam due to
prestress.
Given:
Cross-section of beam = 200mm x 400mm
27
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 30 GPa
Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200 GPa
Solution:
The area of the cross-section of the beam is A = (200 mm) * (400 mm) = 80,000 mm^2 = 0.08
m^2
The effective modulus of elasticity of the beam is E = (E_c * A_c + E_s * A_s) / A, where A_c
and A_s are the cross-sectional areas of the concrete and steel, respectively. In this case, there
is no steel, so E = E_c = 30 GPa = 30 * 10^9 N/m^2
The length of the beam is not given, so let’s assume it is 5 meters (m) for the sake of this
problem.
Using the formula δ = (P * L^2) / (AE),
We get:
Δ = (500 kN * (5 m)^2) / (0.08 m^2 * 30 * 10^9 N/m^2)
Δ = 1.04 mm
Therefore, the deflection due to prestress in the beam is 1.04 mm.
28
Reference:
• Nawy, E. G. (2014). Prestressed Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, Fifth Edition.
Pearson Education Limited.
• Nilson, A. H. (n.d.). Design of prestressed concrete (2nd ed.). Cornell University.
• Prestressed Concrete Design - Hurst MK (2nd Edition)
• Naaman, A.E. (2004). Prestressed concrete analysis and design: fundamentals and
applications. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
• Practice Problems in Reinforced Concrete Design. (n.d.).
Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/504520459/367093713-Practice-
Problems-in-Reinforced-Concrete-Design.
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Lesson 6: Anchorage Stresses
Overview
Introduction
Anchorage zone stresses are an important consideration in the design and construction
of prestressed concrete structures. The anchorage zone is the region of a prestressed concrete
member where the prestressing force is transferred from the prestressing tendons to the
concrete. This zone is typically located at the ends of the member where the tendons are
anchored. During the transfer of the prestressing force, high stresses are generated in the
anchorage zone, which can lead to cracking and other types of damage if not properly designed
and detailed.
Understanding the behavior of the anchorage zone is critical for ensuring the safe and
efficient performance of prestressed concrete structures. Engineers must consider a range of
factors when designing the anchorage zone, including the type and configuration of the
prestressing tendons, the strength and properties of the concrete, and the structural loads and
forces that the member will be subjected to.
Numerous studies have been conducted on the behavior of anchorage zones in
prestressed concrete structures. These studies have examined various aspects of anchorage
zone behavior, including the development of cracking, the transfer of prestressing force, and
the effects of different anchorage configurations on the behavior of the member.
The study of anchorage zone stresses is an important area of research in the field of
prestressed concrete. By understanding the behavior of the anchorage zone and developing
effective design and detailing strategies, engineers can ensure the safe and efficient
performance of prestressed concrete structures, improving the overall safety and durability of
these important infrastructure elements.
ANCHORAGE ZONE STRESSES IN GENERAL

From the definition of lead-in-zone, we know that the stresses at the end of the lead-in-zone
are linearly distributed through the depth of the beam whereas on the outside surface of the
end block there are concentrated prestressing forces. So, the longitudinal prestressing forces
must pass progressively from discontinuous distribution inside the lead-in-zone to continuous
distribution at the end. In fact, this passage of stresses cannot occur except by giving rise to
transverse stresses and shear stresses on both horizontal and vertical planes.
30
Let us consider Figure 1 which shows the end of the beam. Segment ABCD is the end block
and is in equilibrium under the forces on CD shown by the linear distribution and the forces on
AB which act on small areas.
This segment can be looked upon as a beam supported by the reactions P₁ and P2 and loaded
along CD. It can be seen that a segment like EBCF in the lead-in-zone can be in equilibrium if,
and only if, there exists some transverse stress fy and shear stress fxy as at M. Because fy is
produced along EF to balance the moment caused on EBCF by the forces on EB and CF, it
depends upon the position of EF. The following conditions of Equilibrium of the forces on EBCF
must be satisfied.
1. As no external force acts on ABCD, the resultant of fy must be zero. This implies that there
should exist along EF zones of tension and zones of compression.
2. Sum of the moments of the stresses fy about a point on EF should equal the algebraic sum
of the moments of the forces acting along EB and CF about the same point.
3. Resultant of fxy should equal the resultant of the forces on EB and CF.
Unfortunately, the conditions mentioned above are not sufficient for determining the stress
distribution in the anchorage zone. The variation of fy along EF is not linear as in simple beams.
Moreover, the stress fy. As seen earlier depends upon the position of EF, not only along the
depth of the beam but also along the width of the beam, because the prestressing forces are
concentrated along the depth as well as the width. For the beam loaded as in Figure 2, the
stresses on a horizontal plane EF and the stresses on the vertical plane GH are as shown in
Figure 2.
Thus, this in reality is the problem of the stresses in an anchorage zone, involving three-
dimensional stress variation. However, the problem can be reduced to two dimensions by
assuming a uniform distribution of load along the width of the beam. In all the theories to
31
follow, this assumption is made while examining the stress distribution in the anchor zone of
the post-tensioned prestressed beam.
Investigation of Anchorage Zones Stresses

A number of investigators have studied the stress distribution in the anchorage zone
using empirical equations or theoretical solutions based on two or three-dimensional elasticity
or experimental techniques. The important investigations were those done by Magnel, Guyon,
Iyengar, Zielinski and Rowe, Yettram and Robbins and Chandrasekhara et al. The main aim of
stress analysis in the anchorage zone is to obtain the transverse tensile stress distribution in
the end block from which the total transverse bursting tension could be computed.
A concise description of the methods of Magnel, Guyon, Zielinski and Rowe is presented
to highlight the results of theoretical and experimental investigations.
Magnel's Method
In this method, the end block is considered as a deep beam subjected to concentrated
loads due to anchorages on one side and to normal and tangential distributed loads from the
linear direct stress and shear stress distribution from the other side. The forces acting on the
end block and the stresses acting on any point on the horizontal axis parallel to the beam are
shown in Fig. 10.4, with the following notations:
32
Guyon's Method
Guyon has developed design tables for the computation of bursting tension in end
blocks which are based on his earlier mathematical investigations concerning the distribution
of stresses in end blocks subjected to concentrated loads. The concept of symmetrical or
equivalent prism for eccentric cables, and the method of partitioning for the analysis of
stresses developed due to multiple cables have been introduced by Guyon.
The distribution of forces at the ends are treated under the categories of force evenly
distributed and forces not evenly distributed.
1. Forces evenly distributed When the forces are
arranged such that the resultant of the stress distribution
at a distance equal to the depth of the end block coincides
with the line of action of the force as shown in Fig. 10.8,
then the forces are considered to be evenly distributed. For
eccentric forces and multiple cables, the symmetric prism
method may be used.
33
This consists of a prism of concrete of
side equal to twice the distance of the
prestressing force from the nearest
free edge as shown in Fig. 10.9.
The position of zero stress, maximum
transverse stress and its magnitude for
the forces which are evenly
distributed are computed by using the
coefficients given in Table 10.2 under
the category of distributed axial
forces. According to Guyon, the
bursting tension is expressed as,
2. Forces not evenly

distributed When it is not
possible to arrange the end
forces evenly, Guyon
recommends that transverse
tensile stresses be investigated
along successive resultants, such
as (a) resultant of all forces, (b)
resultant of smaller groups of
forces, and (c) lines of action of
individual forces.
The line of action of the resultant
force is taken as the axis of an
equivalent prism of length and
depth equal to twice the distance
of axis from the free edge or the
adjoining equivalent prism. The
transverse stress distribution is
computed by using the
coefficients given in Table 10.2,
under the category of
concentrated eccentric force and
eccentric shear force. Since the
coefficients are applicable for
forces at intervals of one-eighth
of the prism depth, the end
forces have to be replaced by a
34
statically, equivalent system of normal and shear forces acting at these regular intervals as
shown in Fig. 10.10.
Stress analysis is considerably simplified by the use
of influence lines presented by Evans and Bennett.
Suitable reinforcements are designed to resist
bursting tension over the region where the tensile
stress exceeds the permissible tensile strength of
concrete as outlined in Sec. 10.3.
Zielinski and Rowe's Method

Experimental investigations on concrete prismatic
specimens were conducted by Zielinski and Rowe
using the technique of surface-strain
measurements. The concrete prisms simulated the
end blocks and the parameters investigated include the ratio of loaded to cross-sectional area,
the cable duct or hole, type of anchorages and the, cracking and ultimate load. The studies
revealed that the distribution of transverse stress and ultimate load of the end block is not
significantly affected by,
1. The anchorage being either embedded or external,
2. The material of the anchorage, and
3. The method of anchoring the wires.
Empirical relations have been developed by Zielinski and Rowe to compute the maximum
transverse tensile stress and the bursting tension: Referring to Fig. 10.13, where an end block
is subjected to a concentrated load at the end face, the distribution of transverse stress is
found to be maximum at a distance equal to 0.5y Using the following notations,
35
Transmission Length
The length of member over which the redistribution of stress takes place is called the
transmission length (in the case of pre-tensioned members) and the anchorage length (for
post-tensioned members).
The length required at the end of a pre-tensioned member for a build-up of stress in concrete
is of great importance, particularly in short pretensioned units, since it controls the working
bending moment and shear force allowable on the section. The transmission length depends
mainly on the diameter and surface characteristics of the wire, the elastic properties of steel
and concrete, and the coefficient of friction between steel and concrete. Observed values of
transmission length for most common condition are ranged from 50 – 150 times the diameter
of the tendon. The force transfer is not linear, with about 50% of the force transferred in the
1st quarter of the transfer length and about 80% within the 1st half of the length. For design
purpose, however, it is reasonable and generally conservative to assume a linear variation of
steel stress over the entire transmission length.
Several tests have been carried out by many investigators to determine the transmission
length. These methods can be classified into different categories depending upon the
principles under which the solutions are obtained.
Based on the wedge action, Hoyer has developed an expression for computing the
transmission length, which is given in Eq. 5.1:
36
(Eq. 5.1 is known to be determined from the Hoyer’s method)
Some of notable investigations are:

1. Test due to Evans and Robinson, Guyon, and Marshall and Krishna Murthy, in which the pull
in or slip of the tendons into the concrete at the time of transfer in the influencing parameter.
2. Test due to Rusch and Rehm, based on the basic law of the bond.
3. Test due to Marshall, based on the theoretical investigations of Jenny and Guyon.
Marshall and Krishna Murthy conducted a comparative analysis of various proposals and
suggested semiempirical relations for determination of transmission length which applicable
for plain smooth wires and strands as given in Eq. 5.2:
The transmission length prevailing at the time of transfer does not remain constant, but
increases at a decreasing rate with time due to the effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete.
37
Sample Problems
Problem 1. The end block of a post tensioned prestressed member is 550mm wide and 550
mm deep. Four cables each made up of 7 wires of 12mm diameter strands and carrying a force
of 100kN are anchored by plate anchorages 150mmx 150mm, located with their centers at
125mm from the edges of the end block. The cable duct is 50mm diameter. The 28 day cube
strength of concrete fcu is 45N/mm2 . The cube strength of concrete at transfer fci is 25N/mm2.
Permissible bearing stresses behind anchorages should confirm with IS 1343. The characteristic
yield stress in mild steel anchorage reinforcement is 260 N/mm2. Design suitable anchorages
for the end block.
Given Data:
Beam size = 550 x 550 mm
Pre stressing force = 1000kN
Depth of loaded area = 2ypo = 150mm
Depth of surrounding prism = 2yo = 250mm
Dia. Of cable duct = 50 mm
Anchorage plate size = 150 x 150 mm
Solution:
• Area of the cable duct:
• Net area of the surrounding prism:

Net area = Area of surrounding prism – Area of cable duct
= (250X250 ) – 1963.5
= 60536.5 mm2
• Average compressive stress
38
• Bearing stress:
• Bursting tension
Problem 2. The end blocks a prestressed concrete beam, 100mm wide and 200mm deep,
supports an eccentric pre stressing force of 100kN, the line of action of which coincides with
the bottom kern of the section. The depth of the anchor plate is 50mm. Compute the maximum
tensile stress and the total splitting tension using Guyon’s method.
Given Data:
Pre stressing force (P) = 100 kN
Depth of the symmetric prism = 2yo = 133 mm
39
Solution:
• Distribution ratio:
2ypo/2yo = 50/133 = 0.375
• Position of zero stress and Position of maximum stress:
Referring to Guyon‟s table (Distributed axial force) for distribution ratio 0.375,
• Maximum Tensile Stress
Problem 3. The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section, is 100 mm
wide and 200 mm deep. The prestressing force of 100 kN is transmitted to concrete by a
distribution plate, 100 mm wide and 50 mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Compute
the burning tension.
Problem 4. Calculate the transmission length at the end of the pre-tensioned simply supported
beam as per Hoyer’s method using the following data:
Span of the beam = 50 m
40
Problem 5. Estimate the transmission length of the ends of a pre-tensioned beam prestressed
by 7 mm wires. Assume the cube strength of concrete at transfer as 42 N/mm2. Adopt Marshall
and Krishna Murthy’s empirical relation.
Problem 6. A prestressed concrete slab is to be designed with a span of 25 ft and a thickness

of 8 in. The slab is to be post-tensioned with four strands, each having a diameter of 0.5 in and
a tensile strength of 270 ksi. The anchorage system consists of a wedge, a bearing plate, and
an anchor head. Calculate the maximum bearing stress and wedge stress in the anchorage
system.
Solution:
Maximum bearing stress:
P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 270 = 118.8 kips
A = 10 * 14 = 140 sq in
41
Fb = 118.8 / (2*140) = 0.43 ksi
Maximum wedge stress:
Tw = 8 in, dw = 10 in, hw = 14 in
Fw = 2 * 118.8 / (8 * 0.5 * 14) = 2.67 ksi
Problem 7. A prestressed concrete slab is designed with a span of 20 ft and a thickness of 6 in.
The slab is post-tensioned with two strands, each having a diameter of 0.4 in and a tensile
strength of 250 ksi. The anchorage system consists of a wedge, a bearing plate, and an anchor
head. Calculate the maximum bearing stress and wedge stress in the anchorage system.
Solution:
Using the same formula as above, we get:
P = 2 * 0.25 * pi * (0.4)^2 * 250 = 15.7 kips
Assuming a bearing plate with a width of 6 in and a length of 10 in, the area is:
A = 6 * 10 = 60 sq in
Therefore, the maximum bearing stress is:
Fb = 15.7 / (2*60) = 0.13 ksi
Using the same formula as above, assuming a wedge with a width of 4 in, a depth of 6 in, and
a height of 8 in, we get:
Fw = 2 * 15.7 / (4 * 0.6 * 8) = 5.18 ksi
These are the solutions to the sample problems. Note that the values of maximum bearing
stress and wedge stress obtained are within the allowable limits for prestressed concrete
design.
42
Problem 8. A prestressed concrete beam is designed with a span of 40 ft and a depth of 30 in.
The beam is post-tensioned with four strands, each having a diameter of 0.5 in and a tensile
Solution:
Fb = P / (2A)
Where P is the total force in the strands and A is the area of the bearing plate. The force in
each strand is given by:
F = 0.25 * pi * d^2 * fpu
Where d is the diameter of the strand, and fpu is the tensile strength of the strand. Therefore,
the total force in the strands is:
P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 260 = 1018.1 kips
A = 8 * 12 = 96 sq in
Fb = 1018.1 / (2*96) = 5.30 ksi
The maximum wedge stress occurs at the narrowest point of the wedge and is given by:
Fw = 2P / (tw * dw * hw)
Where tw, dw, and hw are the width, depth, and height of the wedge, respectively. Assuming
a wedge with a width of 6 in, a depth of 8 in, and a height of 12 in, the maximum wedge stress
is:
Fw = 2 * 1018.1 / (6 * 0.6 * 12) = 4.95 ksi
43
Problem 9. A prestressed concrete girder has a span of 60 ft and a depth of 42 in. It is to be
prestressed with 8 strands, each with a diameter of 0.6 in and a tensile strength of 270 ksi. If
the maximum bearing stress on the bearing plate is limited to 0.4 ksi, how many strands are
required?
Given:
Span of girder (L) = 60 ft
Depth of girder (d) = 42 in
Diameter of strand (d) = 0.6 in
Tensile strength of strand (fpu) = 270 ksi
Area of bearing plate (Apb) = Unknown
Maximum bearing stress (fb) = 0.4 ksi
Number of strands (n) = Unknown
Solution:
Effective area of strand (Aps) = 0.25 * pi * d^2 = 0.25 * pi * 0.6^2 = 0.2835 sq in
Maximum prestress force (P) = fb * n * Apb
Total prestress force (P) = Aps * fpu * n
Setting these two equations equal to each other, we get:

Aps * fpu * n = fb * n * Apb
Apb = Aps * fpu / fb = 0.2835 * 270 / 0.4 = 191.89 sq in
Number of strands required (n) = P / (Aps * fpu) = fb * Apb / Aps = 0.4 * 191.89 / 0.2835 =
271.27 (round up to 272)
Therefore, 272 strands are required to satisfy the given conditions.
Note: The area of the bearing plate is first calculated and then used to determine the number
of strands required.
Problem 10. A prestressed concrete beam has a total prestress force of 600 kips and 6 strands.
If the bearing stress on the bearing plate cannot exceed 0.25 ksi, what is the minimum area of
the bearing plate required?
Given:
Number of strands (n) = 6
Total prestress force (P) = 600 kips
44
Solution:
Minimum area of bearing plate (Apb) = P / (n * fb) = 600 / (6 * 0.25) = 400 sq in
Therefore, the minimum area of the bearing plate required is 400 sq in.
45
Assessment
Problem 1. A prestressed concrete girder is to be designed with a span of 50 ft and a depth of
36 in. The girder is to be post-tensioned with three strands, each having a diameter of 0.7 in
and a tensile strength of 280 ksi. The anchorage system consists of a wedge, a bearing plate,
and an anchor head. The area of the bearing plate is 180 sq in. Determine the maximum
prestress force that can be applied to the girder if the maximum bearing stress in the
anchorage system is limited to 0.3 ksi.
Given:
Area of bearing plate (Apb) = 180 sq in
Assumptions:
The effective prestress force (P) in each strand is calculated using the following equation: P =
Aps * fpu, where Aps is the area of the prestressing steel and fpu is the tensile strength of the
steel.
The effective area of the strand (Aps) is calculated as follows: Aps = 0.25 * pi * d^2 = 0.25 * pi
* 0.7^2 = 0.3848 sq in.
The maximum bearing stress is calculated using the following equation: fb = P / (n * Apb),
where n is the number of strands and Apb is the area of the bearing plate.
Calculation:
Maximum prestress force (P) that can be applied = fb * n * Apb = 0.3 * 3 * 180 = 162 kips
Effective prestress force (P) in each strand = Aps * fpu = 0.3848 * 280 = 107.7 kips
Number of strands required = P / (Aps * fpu) = 162 / (0.3848 * 280) = 1.87 (round up to 2)
Actual prestress force applied = n * P = 2 * 107.7 = 215.4 kips
Therefore, the maximum prestress force that can be applied to the girder is 162 kips, and the
actual prestress force applied is 215.4 kips using 2 strands.
46
Problem 2.
Problem 3. A prestressed concrete beam is to be designed with a span of 30 ft and a depth of

24 in. The beam is to be post-tensioned with two strands, each having a diameter of 0.6 in and
system.
Given:
Span of beam (L) = 30 ft
Depth of beam (d) = 24 in
47
Assumptions:
steel.
* 0.6^2 = 0.2827 sq in.
The area of the bearing plate (Apb) is calculated as follows: Apb = L * b, where b is the width
of the bearing plate.
The wedge stress is calculated using the following equation: fw = P / (n * Aw), where Aw is the
area of the wedge.
Calculation:
Area of the bearing plate (Apb) = L * b = 30 * 5 = 150 sq in
Maximum bearing stress (fb) = P / (n * Apb) = 76.299 / (2 * 150) = 0.255 ksi
Area of the wedge (Aw) = 0.6 * 1.5 = 0.9 sq in (assuming a wedge angle of 15 degrees)
Wedge stress (fw) = P / (n * Aw) = 76.299 / (2 * 0.9) = 42.39 ksi
Therefore, the maximum bearing stress in the anchorage system is 0.255 ksi and the maximum
wedge stress is 42.39 ksi.
48
Problem 4.
Problem 5. What is the minimum required bond length for a prestressing steel strand with a
diameter of 0.6 inches and a tensile strength of 270 ksi, assuming a concrete compressive
strength of 4,000 psi?
Solution: The minimum required bond length can be calculated using the following formula:
L = 12 * db * sqrt(f’c) / (0.8 * fp)
49
Where L is the minimum required bond length (in inches), db is the diameter of the
prestressing steel strand (in inches), f’c is the concrete compressive strength (in psi), and fp is
the tensile strength of the prestressing steel (in ksi).
Plugging in the given values, we get:
L = 12 * 0.6 * sqrt(4,000) / (0.8 * 270) = 2.81 inches
Therefore, the minimum required bond length for the prestressing steel strand is 2.81 inches.
Problem 6. A prestressed concrete girder is designed with a span of 50 ft and a depth of 36 in.
The girder is post-tensioned with six strands, each having a diameter of 0.7 in and a tensile
Solution:
P = 6 * 0.25 * pi * (0.7)^2 * 280 = 2754.4 kips
A = 10 * 16 = 160 sq in
Fb = 2754.4 / (2*160) = 8.60 ksi
Fw = 2 * 2754.4 / (8 * 0.6 * 14) = 5.53 ksi
50
Problem 7-8. The end block of prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section 100 mm wide
and 200mm deep. The pre stressing force is 100kN transmitted to concrete by distribution
plate, 100mm wide and 50 mm deep concentrically located at the ends. Calculate the position
and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on the horizontal section through the center and
edge of anchor plate. Compute the bursting tension in the horizontal plane.
Given Data:
Beam size = 100x 200 mm

Distribution plate size = 100x 50 mm
Prestressing force = 100kN Depth of loaded area = 2ypo = 50mm
Solution:
• Maximum Transverse tensile stress
-Bursting tension
If the permissible tensile stress in concrete is assumed as 2N/mm2, the corrected value of the
bursting tension is:
51
24 in. The beam is to be post-tensioned with three strands, each having a diameter of 0.6 in
and an anchor head. Calculate the maximum bearing stress and wedge stress in the anchorage
system.
Solution:
P = 3 * 0.25 * pi * (0.6)^2 * 280 = 316.8 kips
A = 8 * 12 = 96 sq in
Fb = 316.8 / (2*96) = 1.65 ksi
Tw = 6 in, dw = 8 in, hw = 10 in
Fw = 2 * 316.8 / (6 * 0.6 * 10) = 5.25 ksi
distribution plate, 100 mm wide and 50 mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Calculate
the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress.
Solution:
2ypo = 50 mm 2yo = 200 mm
ypo/yo = 0.25
52
53
Reference:
• Patel, V. F. (1964). Anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned prestressed concrete
beams. (Unpublished bachelor’s thesis). S. V. V. University, Anand, India.
• Raju, N. K. (2006). Prestressed Concrete (4th ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
• Lin, T. Y., & Burns, N. H. (1981). Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures. John Wiley
& Sons.
• Naaman, A. E. (1998). Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals (2nd
ed.). CRC Press.
• Chapter 5 Anchorage Zones. (n.d.). Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/411184994/Chapter-5-Anchorage-Zones.
54
Lesson 7: Statically Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Beams
Overview
Introduction
Prestressed concrete beams are widely used in the construction industry due to their
high strength, durability, and resistance to heavy loads. These structures are reinforced with
high-strength steel tendons or cables that are pre-tensioned before the concrete is cast,
allowing for the reduction of tensile stresses in the concrete. Statically indeterminate
prestressed concrete beams are particularly important in modern construction as they offer
improved performance over their statically determinate counterparts. These beams are
designed to resist both compressive and tensile stresses, making them ideal for use in large-
span structures such as bridges, parking garages, and high-rise buildings.
The behavior and design of statically indeterminate prestressed concrete beams have
been extensively studied in the field of structural engineering. Advanced mathematical
techniques such as the moment distribution method and the slope-deflection method are
commonly used to analyze and design these structures. Several factors must be considered
during the design process, including the choice of prestressing force, the configuration of the
prestressing tendons, and the distribution of loads. The goal of the design is to ensure that the
stresses in the structure are within acceptable limits and that the beam is capable of carrying
the required load without failure.
One of the primary advantages of prestressed concrete beams is their ability to
withstand large tensile stresses. By pre-tensioning the steel tendons or cables before casting
the concrete, the beam is able to resist tensile forces that would otherwise cause cracking or
failure. This allows for the construction of longer spans with fewer supports, resulting in more
efficient and economical designs.
However, the design and analysis of statically indeterminate prestressed concrete
beams is complex, and requires a thorough understanding of the structural behavior of these
beams. In addition to the choice of prestressing force and tendon configuration, other factors
that must be considered during the design process include the effects of shear and axial forces,
the interaction between the concrete and steel components, and the potential for creep and
shrinkage over time.
Statically indeterminate prestressed concrete beams are an important and complex
field of study in structural engineering. The design and analysis of these structures require the
use of advanced mathematical techniques and careful consideration of various factors.
Ongoing research in this field is necessary to continue improving the design and performance
of these important structures in modern construction.
55
Tendon Profiles and Stressing Arrangements
The tendon profiles used for continuous spans are closely related to the variation of
bending moment due to the dead and live loads, just as was true for statically determinate
simple span beams. In general, moments resulting from prestressing should vary in the same
way as those moments due to the applied loads and act in the opposite sense. It follows that a
reasonable tendon profile may be established by dividing all ordinates of the applied load
moment diagram by a constant to obtain tendon eccentricities along the span.
For example, for the two-span continuous beam of Fig. 8.1a, a uniformly distributed load will
produce the moment diagram of Fig. 8.1b. Moments vary
56
FIGURE 8.1 Basis for selecting tendon profile. (a) Loads. (b) Moment due to loads. (c) Tendon
profile based on moment diagram. (d) Tendon profile based on maximum sag. (e) Practical
tendon profile.
parabolically, reaching a maximum value of w12/8 at the central support. The moment at the
center of each span is w/2/16. Accordingly, a tendon might be selected for which the
eccentricity varied parabolically, with maximum eccentricity over the central support, and
eccentricity just one-half that amount at midspan, as shown in Fig. 8.1c.
Although this will result in a concordant tendon, as described in Section 8.7, it would
probably not be the best arrangement. Economy would be improved using a tendon with the
maximum possible eccentricity, at both midspan and center support, as in Fig. 8.1d. A smaller
prestress force would be required, using such a profile, than would be necessary for the case
shown in Fig. 8.1c. This may be confirmed by recalling the principle of load balancing, or
equivalent loads, described in Section 4.6, that confirms that the prestress force required to
balance a given loading is minimized by maximizing the sag (Refs. 8.7 and 8.8).
The load-balancing approach generally provides the best insight in determining the
tendon profile for continuous beams, often revealing possibilities not clearly shown by other
methods. Designing for load balancing, the engineer is led to select a profile that will produce
equivalent loads on the beam that are equal and opposite to those resulting from the applied
loads. A distributed load would be carried by a parabolic tendon, a set of concentrated loads
by a segmentally linear tendon, and so on, as was true for the simple spans discussed in Section
4.6. At the simply supported ends of exterior spans of continuous beams, the eccentricity
should be zero, because the load-induced moments are zero there. At interior supports, the
eccentricity may be the maximum value permitted by: requirements of concrete protection for
the steel.
Practical considerations preclude the sharp change in the tendon slope shown at the
center support of the beam of Fig. 8.1d. In real cases, a transition curve would be used, as
shown in Fig. 8.1e. The length of the transition curve varies, depending on the dimensions of
the beam and the flexibility of the tendon and duct. The difference in equivalent load produced
by the idealized tendon of Fig. 8.1d and the more practical arrangement of Fig. 8.1e, with a
transition curve, may be accounted for in the analysis, but is usually neglected. Although the
service load behavior will be slightly different than assumed, the ultimate flexural capacity is
not affected.
The several reversals of curvature typical of post-tensioning tendons for continuous

beams may result in very high frictional losses. For slabs (Fig. 8.2a), the concrete depth is small
relative to span lengths and, therefore, the required tendon curvatures are small. In such cases,
continuous tendons may be used over three or four spans without excessive frictional losses.
For other cases, special arrangements may be used to avoid difficulty.
57
For example, a two-span beam, such as that of Fig. 8.1e, might be tensioned from both
ends simultaneously by using two jacks. Alternately, the beam might be jacked from only one
end, but overtensioned temporarily to bring the tension in the farther span up to the desired
value. After this, the jacking force is reduced to the specified initial level.
Other tendon arrangements for post-tensioned cast-in-place construction are shown

in Fig. 8.2. The needed eccentricity of tendon may be achieved without excessive cable
curvatures by curving the bottom flange of the girder, as in Fig. 2. The effective eccentricity is
the distance from the steel centroid to the Concrete centroid, the depth of which varies as
shown.
The overlapping intermediate anchorages of Fig. 8.2c reduce the length of the
prestressing units and, thus, reduce frictional losses. The tendons are brought ant of the upper
58
surface of the beam. Long stressing cavities must be provided to accommodate the jacks and
anchorages. These cavities are later filled with unstressed concrete. It is usually necessary,
when such a scheme is used, to place several straight tendons over the entire length of the
beam initially to prevent cracking at the intermediate supports that results from the large
effective eccentricity (Ref. 8.1).
In a number of designs, short discontinuous cap cables have been used, as shown in
Fig. 8.2d. These are jacked and anchored in pockets cast in the soffit of the beam on either side
of the intermediate supports.
Span-by-span prestressing of continuous beams may be accomplished by: splicing of
tendons, as suggested by Fig. 8.2e. High-strength bars are normally used, with threaded ends
engaged by coupling sleeves. The spans are constructed and prestressed one after the other.
Although the couplers are often located close to the intermediate supports, this leads to some
difficulty because the tendons should be as close as possible to the top of the beam there, and
the clearances required for splicing prevent this optimum arrangement. A better scheme is to
locate the tendon splices at construction joints at the one-fifth points of the successive spans,
where the individual tendons may be distributed vertically, still keeping the centroid of the
group at the desired level.
In many cases, for continuous beams, the most economical and practical arrangement
is to assemble the structure using precast pretensioned elements that are post-tensioned after
assembly to provide for partial continuity. For short to medium spans, the elements span
between supports, carrying their own weight and construction loads as simple spans. After
post-tensioning, added dead load and live loads are carried by continuous action. For long span
bridges, often each span is made up of a number of precast segments that are post-tensioned
successively as erection proceeds. In this case, full continuity may be obtained.
The splicing of tendons in continuous beams made up of pretensioned precast spans is
illustrated by Fig. 8.3a. After placing the precast elements, they are post-tensioned one span
at a time in sequence, a temporary anchorage being provided at each support. The post-
tensioning tendon for the next span is then coupled, and it is stressed from the far end, then
anchored. In this way continuity may be provided for resisting superimposed dead and live
loads.
Cap cables may also be used to join precast beams, as shown in Fig. 8.3b. These cables
provide negative bending resistance over the intermediate supports, and the pretensioning
provides for the positive moments in the spans.
The construction of a long span bridge by the cantilever method is il lustrated by Fig. 8.3c. In
this case short segments of the central span are precast or cast-in-place sequentially. The
tendons that are necessary over the supports are successively curved downward into the webs
of the girder and are anchored to the segments as they are progressively set in place,
cantilevering outward toward midspan. Continuity cables start at the top of the girder, about
at the points of contraflexure. These tendons curve downward to be at the bottom of the girder
at midspan. They are tensioned and anchored in recesses formed into the top of the girder.
59
The variations are many, for both cast-in-place and precast construction, and
considerable engineering ingenuity has been demonstrated in the development of special
techniques. For continuous members of all types, it is absolutely essential that provision be
made for the axial shortening associated with post-tension ing. Otherwise, the calculated
prestress will not be attained.
Elastic Analysis for The Effects of Prestressing

When an eccentric prestressing force is applied to a statically determinate beam,
shown in Fig. 8.4, bending moments are induced, equal to the product of the force times the
distance between the steel centroid and the concrete centroid. The beam will deflect when
prestressed, usually cambering upward, but no external reactions are produced. If the effect
of member self-weight is excluded from consideration, the compressive stress resultant C
coincides with the centroid of the prestressing steel, as shown.
60
For a statically indeterminate beam, the action is more complex. The moment just
described, which will now be referred to as the primary moment, causes a tendency for the
beam to deflect as before, but it is restrained by the redundant system of supports. Reactions
are produced at those supports, giving rise to secondary moments in the beam. In this case,
the total moment produced at any section by prestressing is the sum of the primary and
secondary moments
The effect of prestressing a statically indeterminate beam may be understood with
reference to Figs. 8.5 and 8.6. The beam of Fig. 8.5a is subjected to a prestressing force P with
a constant eccentricity e. The primary bending moment Pe would cause the central part of the
continuous beam to rise off its support, as in Fig. 8.5b, if it were free to do so. It is restrained
against this displacement by the redundant support system, however. To provide this restraint,
a downward force R is developed at the center support, as shown in Fig. 8.5c. This force in
equilibrated by the reactions R/2 at each end of the continuous span. The actual deflected
shape of the continuous beam, subjected to the prestressing force and constrained to zero
deflection at all supports, is represented in Fig. 8.5d.
The support forces due to prestressing can be found using the classical method of
superposition (Ref. 8.9). Appropriate redundant reactions are selected such that their removal
will result in a statically stable and determinate primary structure. The redundant are replaced
by unknown forces, and the values of these forces adjusted so that zero deflection is obtained
at the corresponding support locations.
61
For the present example, it would be convenient to treat the center support force as
the redundant. With that redundant restraint removed, the deflection do of Fig. 8.5b, resulting
from the applied prestress force, can be found by any convenient method, such as moment-
area, conjugate beam, virtual work, and so on. The force R of Fig. 8.5c is then found from the
condition that it must produce an equal and opposite deflection, so that the sum of the two
deflection components at that location is zero.
The bending moments for the beam of Fig. 8.5 are shown in Fig. 8.6. Since the
eccentricity is constant, for this example the primary moment M1 = Pe is constant (Fig. 8.6a).
The reactions resulting from prestressing produce the secondary moments M2- RI/2 at the
center support. Since the secondary moments of any continuous prestressed beam are caused
by forces acting at the
62
supports only, these secondary moments must always vary linearly supports, as shown here.
The total moment due to prestressing the indeterminate beam is equal to the sum of
the primary and secondary moments, and is shown in Fig. 8.6c. The points of zero bending
moment may be identified with the points of inflection for the deflection curve of Fig. 8.5d.
The magnitude of the secondary moments in any given case depends on the particular
tendon profile selected. For special cases, the secondary moments may be zero (see Section
8.7), but this is not usually so. They are often comparable to the primary moments, and in many
cases may be larger, even though they are. called secondary.
The centroid of the concrete stress distribution for a continuous beam will not, in
general, be at the same level as the steel centroid, as was true for simple span beams, because
of the existence of secondary moments. This is shown for the present example by the free-
body diagram of Fig. 8.6d. The clockwise secondary moment, equal to the reaction R/2 the
distance to the center support, is equilibrated by the internal counterclockwise couple,
consisting of the compressive resultant C times the lever arm to the steel centroid. Elsewhere
along the span, the distance to the center of pressure, or thrust line, from the steel centroid
63
varies linearly with distance from the support, as does the secondary moment M2. Specifically,
referring to Fig. 8.6d,
Note that the primary moments are directly proportional to the prestress force.
Consequently, the reactions due to prestressing, and the secondary moments are proportional
to the prestress force, as are the total moments generated by prestressing. It follows that the
displacement y of the thrust line from the steel centroid does not change as losses gradually
reduce the prestress force from P to P. The location of the thrust line for a given steel profile
is fixed.
The concrete stresses resulting from prestressing a continuous beam may be found
from the equations of Section 3.4, except that e", the eccentricity of the thrust line with respect
to the concrete centroid, must be substituted for e, the eccentricity of the steel centroid,
because the center of compression no longer coincides with the center of tension. Thus, for a
continuous beam, the longitudinal stresses in the concrete at the top and bottom face,
resulting from initial prestress are
where e* is the distance from the concrete centroid to the thrust line, and all other terms are
previously defined. Note that e* is negative when the thrust line is above the neutral axis.
The support reactions that result from prestressing a statically indeterminate beam
produce shear forces, as well as bending moments, and these should be considered in the
analysis.
An example of the calculation of secondary moments, thrust line, and stresses resulting
from prestressing a continuous beam will be found in Section 8.5, following the development
of an alternative approach to the analysis of such members.
64
Equivalent Load Analysis
The total moments resulting from prestressing a continuous member may be found
directly, without considering the separate contributions of primary and secondary moments,
by the method of equivalent loads. The equivalent loads produced by various prestressing
tendon profiles were described in Section 1.3 (see also Fig. 1.8), and the use of the equivalent
load approach in the design of statically determinate simple span beams was presented in
Section 4.6.
The equivalent load approach is based on consideration of the vertical forces that are
applied to a member wherever there is a change in the alignment of the prestressing tendons.
These forces produce moments, just as any other system of external loads. The stresses
resulting from these moments must be combined with the uniform axial compression P/A, due
to prestressing to obtain the total stresses at any section.
The concept of equivalent loads is particularly advantageous for continuous beams. The
vertical forces that correspond to the particular tendon profile are found, making use of the
relations developed in Sections 1.3 and 4.6. The structure can then be analyzed for the effects
of these equivalent loads by using any of the available methods for indeterminate analysis,
such as moment distribution or matrix analysis (Ref. 8.9).
For an indeterminate structure, the moments found from such an analysis are the total
moments due to prestressing, and include the secondary moments due to support reactions
as well as the primary moments due to tendon. eccentricity. Secondary moments may be
found, if needed, by subtracting the primary moments, easily determined, from the total
moments obtained from the equivalent load analysis.
If the equivalent loads due to prestressing should be exactly equal and opposite to the
applied loads, then all transverse forces cancel. For this unique balanced load condition, there
are no bending moments applied to the beam. No flexural stresses exist, but only the axial
stresses produced by the longitudinal component of the prestressing force. For such a
condition, there are no displacements of the beam other than axial shortening. and the
question of determinacy or indeterminacy becomes irrelevant (Refs. 8.7 and 8.8). Should the
balancing load be removed or should an increment of load be added, moments must be found
for the unbalanced portion of the load. To obtain the net concrete stresses, the stresses
resulting from these moments may be added to the uniform compressive stress resulting from
prestressing.
The equivalent load method simplifies the analysis and design of indeterminate beams
by eliminating, in service load analysis, the need to calculate the reactions and secondary
moments due to prestressing. When such secondary moments must be found, in connection
with ultimate load analysis, the equivalent load method provides the most convenient way to
obtain those secondary moments by subtracting the primary from the total moments.
Furthermore, it is an aid to the designer in selecting the most advantageous tendon profile and
in understanding the effects of linear transformation and concordance of tendons, discussed
in Sections 8.6 and 8.7.
Although the method of superposition of deflections first described is quite Convenient
where there are only one or two redundant reactions, for more highly indeterminate
65
members, the method of equivalent loads permits a more systematic solution, and is better
suited for use with existing computer programs.
Example: Indeterminate Prestressed Beam
The two-span rectangular beam of Fig. 8.7a has width b-12 in. and total depth h22 in.
It is prestressed using a continuous tendon with a parabolic profile in each span, with
eccentricities as indicated. The beam will carry an effective prestress force P, after all losses,
of 200 kips. Differences in tension along the span due to friction may be neglected. Find the
primary, secondary, and total moments resulting from prestressing, as well as the support
reactions and location of the thrust lines: (1) using the method of superposition of deflections,
and (2) using the method of equivalent loads. Find the concrete stress at support B due to
prestressing. (b305 mm, h 559 mm, e +152, -152, +152 mm, span = 2 x 0.14 m, and P 890 KN.)
Method Of Superposition
The primary moments resulting from the prestress force are easily found by multiplying
the eccentricities of Fig. 8.7a by the prestress force of 200 kips, assumed constant over the full
60-ft length. The resulting primary moments are given by Fig. 8.7b.
The given structure is indeterminate to the first degree. Following the usual procedure
for the method of superposition, a redundant is selected such that its removal will leave a
stable and determinate primary structure. In this case, the reaction at B will be treated as
redundant; the primary structure becomes a single-span beam, simply supported at A and C.
This primary structure will first be subjected to the moments M, due to prestressing,
and the deflection found at point B. This deflection is numerically
66
67
Method Of Equivalent Loads
The same results may be found by using the method of equivalent loads. From Eq.
(4.27) of Section 4.6, is known that a parabolic tendon having total sag y will produce a
uniformly distributed upward load on a member equal to
68
acting upward, as in Fig. 8.8a. The two-span indeterminate beam will be analyzed for this load,
using the method of moment distribution (Ref. 8.9). Fixed end moments at the left and right
ends of each span are 1.33 x 302/12 100 ft-kips, these are recorded, with appropriate signs, in
Fig. 8.8b. Two cycles of moment distribution are executed to obtain the final moments of 0 at
the exterior supports and 150 ft-kips at the center support. The final moment diagram is given
in Fig. 8.8c. These are the total moments due to prestressing, and include the contributions of
both primary and secondary moments. Primary moments are easily found, multiplying the
tendon eccentricity by the value of P. and are shown in Fig. 8.8d. Secondary moments are
determined by subtracting primary from total moments, and are given by the diagram of Fig.
8.8e. All results are identical to those obtained by the method of superposition. The thrust line
and concrete stresses are found just as before.
With the total effect of prestressing established, there is little difficulty in
superimposing the effects of other loads to establish net moments and stresses at any location.
69
Sample Problems
Problem 1. A prestressed concrete girder has a span of 60 ft and a depth of 42 in. It is to be
prestressed with 8 strands, each with a diameter of 0.6 in and a tensile strength of 270 ksi. If
the maximum bearing stress on the bearing plate is limited to 0.4 ksi, how many strands are
required?
Given:
Area of bearing plate (Apb) = Unknown
Number of strands (n) = Unknown
Solution:
Effective area of strand (Aps) = 0.25 * pi * d^2 = 0.25 * pi * 0.6^2 = 0.2835 sq in
Maximum prestress force (P) = fb * n * Apb
Total prestress force (P) = Aps * fpu * n
Setting these two equations equal to each other, we get:

Aps * fpu * n = fb * n * Apb
Apb = Aps * fpu / fb = 0.2835 * 270 / 0.4 = 191.89 sq in
Number of strands required (n) = P / (Aps * fpu) = fb * Apb / Aps = 0.4 * 191.89 / 0.2835 =
271.27 (round up to 272)
Therefore, 272 strands are required to satisfy the given conditions.
Note: The area of the bearing plate is first calculated and then used to determine the number
of strands required.
Problem 2. A prestressed concrete beam has a total prestress force of 600 kips and 6 strands.
If the bearing stress on the bearing plate cannot exceed 0.25 ksi, what is the minimum area of
the bearing plate required?
Given:
Number of strands (n) = 6
Total prestress force (P) = 600 kips
70
Solution:
Minimum area of bearing plate (Apb) = P / (n * fb) = 600 / (6 * 0.25) = 400 sq in
Therefore, the minimum area of the bearing plate required is 400 sq in.
Problem 3. A prestressed concrete slab is designed with a span of 20 ft and a thickness of 6 in.
The slab is post-tensioned with two strands, each having a diameter of 0.4 in and a tensile
Solution:
P = 2 * 0.25 * pi * (0.4)^2 * 250 = 15.7 kips
A = 6 * 10 = 60 sq in
Fb = 15.7 / (2*60) = 0.13 ksi
Fw = 2 * 15.7 / (4 * 0.6 * 8) = 5.18 ksi
These are the solutions to the sample problems. Note that the values of maximum bearing
stress and wedge stress obtained are within the allowable limits for prestressed concrete
design.
Problem 4. Calculate the transmission length at the end of the pre-tensioned simply supported
beam as per Hoyer’s method using the following data:
Span of the beam = 50 m
71
Problem 5. The end blocks a prestressed concrete beam, 100mm wide and 200mm deep,
supports an eccentric pre stressing force of 100kN, the line of action of which coincides with
the bottom kern of the section. The depth of the anchor plate is 50mm. Compute the maximum
tensile stress and the total splitting tension using Guyon’s method.
Given Data:
Pre stressing force (P) = 100 kN
Depth of the symmetric prism = 2yo = 133 mm
Solution:
2ypo/2yo = 50/133 = 0.375
• Position of zero stress and Position of maximum stress:
Referring to Guyon‟s table (Distributed axial force) for distribution ratio 0.375,
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• Maximum Tensile Stress
Problem 6. A prestressed concrete slab is to be designed with a span of 25 ft and a thickness

of 8 in. The slab is to be post-tensioned with four strands, each having a diameter of 0.5 in and
system.
Solution:
P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 270 = 118.8 kips
A = 10 * 14 = 140 sq in
Fb = 118.8 / (2*140) = 0.43 ksi
Tw = 8 in, dw = 10 in, hw = 14 in
Fw = 2 * 118.8 / (8 * 0.5 * 14) = 2.67 ksi
Problem 7. A prestressed concrete beam is designed with a span of 40 ft and a depth of 30 in.
The beam is post-tensioned with four strands, each having a diameter of 0.5 in and a tensile
Solution:
Fb = P / (2A)
73
Where P is the total force in the strands and A is the area of the bearing plate. The force in
each strand is given by:
F = 0.25 * pi * d^2 * fpu
Where d is the diameter of the strand, and fpu is the tensile strength of the strand. Therefore,
the total force in the strands is:
P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 260 = 1018.1 kips
A = 8 * 12 = 96 sq in
Fb = 1018.1 / (2*96) = 5.30 ksi
The maximum wedge stress occurs at the narrowest point of the wedge and is given by:
Fw = 2P / (tw * dw * hw)
Where tw, dw, and hw are the width, depth, and height of the wedge, respectively. Assuming
a wedge with a width of 6 in, a depth of 8 in, and a height of 12 in, the maximum wedge stress
is:
Fw = 2 * 1018.1 / (6 * 0.6 * 12) = 4.95 ksi
Problem 8. Estimate the transmission length of the ends of a pre-tensioned beam prestressed
by 7 mm wires. Assume the cube strength of concrete at transfer as 42 N/mm2. Adopt Marshall
and Krishna Murthy’s empirical relation.
74
Problem 9. The end block of a post tensioned prestressed member is 550mm wide and 550
mm deep. Four cables each made up of 7 wires of 12mm diameter strands and carrying a force
of 100kN are anchored by plate anchorages 150mmx 150mm, located with their centers at
125mm from the edges of the end block. The cable duct is 50mm diameter. The 28 day cube
strength of concrete fcu is 45N/mm2 . The cube strength of concrete at transfer fci is 25N/mm2.
Permissible bearing stresses behind anchorages should confirm with IS 1343. The characteristic
yield stress in mild steel anchorage reinforcement is 260 N/mm2. Design suitable anchorages
for the end block.
Given Data:
Beam size = 550 x 550 mm
Pre stressing force = 1000kN
Dia. Of cable duct = 50 mm
Anchorage plate size = 150 x 150 mm
Solution:
• Area of the cable duct:
• Net area of the surrounding prism:

Net area = Area of surrounding prism – Area of cable duct
= (250X250 ) – 1963.5
= 60536.5 mm2
75
• Bearing stress:
• Bursting tension
distribution plate, 100 mm wide and 50 mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Compute
the burning tension.
76
Assessment
Problem 1. A two-span continuous beam ABC has spans of 10 m and a prestress force of 1500
kN acting at a constant eccentricity of 300 mm. Determine the distribution of prestress
moments along the beam and the support reactions induced by prestressing On the
assumption that there is no vertical restraint at the central support, the beam is subjected to
a pair of end-moments equal to Pe,
77
78
Problem 2. Determine the distribution of total prestress moments due to a prestress force of
1000 kN for the beam shown in Fig. 11.12. Also determine the support reactions induced by
prestressing. The equivalent uniform vertical load exerted on the concrete is given by
𝑤 = 𝑃/𝑟𝑝𝑠
79
Problem 3. Determine a concordant profile for the beam shown in Fig. 11.20, using a prestress
force of 500 kN. A uniform load of 12 kN/m will be used to find a concordant profile. The
bending moment diagram for this loading is shown in Fig. 11.21(a).
80
Problem 4. Determine the maximum ultimate uniform load that can be supported by the beam
in Example 11.2, if the beam dimensions are 750 mm deep by 400 mm wide and the area of
prestressing steel is 1030 mm2 . Assume that the concrete is grade C40/50 and 𝑓𝑝𝑘 =1850
N/mm2.
Problem 5. A prestressed concrete girder is to be designed with a span of 50 ft and a depth of

36 in. The girder is to be post-tensioned with three strands, each having a diameter of 0.7 in
and an anchor head. The area of the bearing plate is 180 sq in. Determine the maximum
prestress force that can be applied to the girder if the maximum bearing stress in the
anchorage system is limited to 0.3 ksi.
Given:
81
Area of bearing plate (Apb) = 180 sq in
Assumptions:
steel.
* 0.7^2 = 0.3848 sq in.
Calculation:
Maximum prestress force (P) that can be applied = fb * n * Apb = 0.3 * 3 * 180 = 162 kips
Number of strands required = P / (Aps * fpu) = 162 / (0.3848 * 280) = 1.87 (round up to 2)
Actual prestress force applied = n * P = 2 * 107.7 = 215.4 kips
Therefore, the maximum prestress force that can be applied to the girder is 162 kips, and the
actual prestress force applied is 215.4 kips using 2 strands.
Problem 6. What is the minimum required bond length for a prestressing steel strand with a
diameter of 0.6 inches and a tensile strength of 270 ksi, assuming a concrete compressive
strength of 4,000 psi?
Solution: The minimum required bond length can be calculated using the following formula:
L = 12 * db * sqrt(f’c) / (0.8 * fp)
Where L is the minimum required bond length (in inches), db is the diameter of the
prestressing steel strand (in inches), f’c is the concrete compressive strength (in psi), and fp is
the tensile strength of the prestressing steel (in ksi).
Plugging in the given values, we get:
L = 12 * 0.6 * sqrt(4,000) / (0.8 * 270) = 2.81 inches
82
Therefore, the minimum required bond length for the prestressing steel strand is 2.81 inches.

24 in. The beam is to be post-tensioned with two strands, each having a diameter of 0.6 in and
system.
Given:
Span of beam (L) = 30 ft
Depth of beam (d) = 24 in
Assumptions:
steel.
* 0.6^2 = 0.2827 sq in.
The area of the bearing plate (Apb) is calculated as follows: Apb = L * b, where b is the width
of the bearing plate.
The wedge stress is calculated using the following equation: fw = P / (n * Aw), where Aw is the
area of the wedge.
Calculation:
Area of the bearing plate (Apb) = L * b = 30 * 5 = 150 sq in
Maximum bearing stress (fb) = P / (n * Apb) = 76.299 / (2 * 150) = 0.255 ksi
Area of the wedge (Aw) = 0.6 * 1.5 = 0.9 sq in (assuming a wedge angle of 15 degrees)
Wedge stress (fw) = P / (n * Aw) = 76.299 / (2 * 0.9) = 42.39 ksi
Therefore, the maximum bearing stress in the anchorage system is 0.255 ksi and the maximum
wedge stress is 42.39 ksi.
83
Problem 8.
Problem 9-10. The end block of prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section 100 mm
wide and 200mm deep. The pre stressing force is 100kN transmitted to concrete by
distribution plate, 100mm wide and 50 mm deep concentrically located at the ends. Calculate
the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on the horizontal section through
the center and edge of anchor plate. Compute the bursting tension in the horizontal plane.
Given Data:
Beam size = 100x 200 mm

Distribution plate size = 100x 50 mm
84
Prestressing force = 100kN Depth of loaded area = 2ypo = 50mm
Solution:
• Maximum Transverse tensile stress
-Bursting tension
If the permissible tensile stress in concrete is assumed as 2N/mm2, the corrected value of the
bursting tension is:
85
Reference:
• Nilson, A. H. (1987). Design of Prestressed Concrete, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Ghali, A., & Neville, A. M. (2010). Prestressed Concrete, 5th Edition. Pearson Education
Limited.
• Leonhardt, F., & Morsch, R. (2004). Basics of Prestressed Concrete. Ernst & Sohn.
• Hurst, M. K. (1998). Prestressed Concrete Design, 2nd Edition. Spon Press.
• Naaman, A. E. (1998). Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals (2nd
ed.). CRC Press.
86
Lesson 8: Ultimate Strength Analysis
Overview
Introduction
Prestressed concrete is a widely used construction material that offers numerous
advantages over conventional reinforced concrete, such as enhanced strength, durability, and
load-carrying capacity. The technique of prestressing involves applying an initial load to the
concrete before it is subjected to service loads, resulting in a compression force that offsets
the tensile stresses that would otherwise develop in the concrete when it is subjected to
external loads. This allows for a higher load-carrying capacity and a longer service life of the
structure.
Ultimate strength analysis is an essential aspect of prestressed concrete design. It
involves the determination of the maximum load that a prestressed concrete structure can
withstand before it fails. This analysis is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of the
structure under extreme loading conditions.
The ultimate strength of a prestressed concrete member is influenced by several
factors, including the design of the prestressing system, the magnitude and distribution of the
external loads, and the material properties of the concrete and prestressing tendons. To
perform an accurate ultimate strength analysis, these factors must be considered in detail.
Several analytical and numerical methods are available for performing ultimate
strength analysis of prestressed concrete structures, including the yield-line method, the strut-
and-tie method, and finite element analysis. These methods can be used to calculate the
ultimate strength of a variety of prestressed concrete structures, including beams, slabs, and
columns.
Ultimate strength analysis is a critical component of prestressed concrete design,
ensuring the safety and reliability of structures under extreme loading conditions. Ongoing
research into new materials and computational methods is expected to continue to improve
the accuracy and efficiency of ultimate strength analysis in prestressed concrete design.
General Remarks
The critical stress state (CSS) design method is based on linear-elastic or permissible-stress
principles. The beam design is considered to comply with AS 3600-2009 (the Standard) requirements
only if its strength satisfies Equation 1.1(1). which stipulates for bending:
𝑀∗
𝑀𝑢 ≥ Equation 15.1(1)
φ
Before proceeding to develop the formulas for Mu, the following observations are made:
• The behavior of prestressed beam at ultimate is similar to its reinforced counterpart.
87
• Assumptions made for reinforced beams in Section 3.2.1 are also valid for prestressed
beams.
• The stress–strain curves and allied properties of prestressing and reinforcing steel are
as given in Figure 15.1(1) on page 368.
• Rectangular stress block as defined in Figure 3.2(4) is a valid equivalent to the actual
stress distribution of concrete at ultimate.
• A prestressed section fails when εc = 0.003.
Cracking Moment (𝑴𝒄𝒓 )

Formula
For the prestressed beam shown in Figure 15.2(1), the beam would crack if the bottom-fiber
tensile stress reached the flexural tensile strength of concrete.
88
Ultimate Moment (𝑴𝒖 ) for Partially Prestressed Sections
General Equations
A partially prestressed beam may be defined as one that also includes traditional
(nonprestressed) reinforcement for one reason or another – see the discussion in Section 15.4
for an example. A typical partially prestressed section is illustrated in Figure 15.3(1).
89
Sections with bonded tendons
Equation 15.3(3) is a basic equation; it is only valid if 𝐴𝑝𝑡 can attain the yield stress at ultimate.
The reader can recall from Figure 15.1(1) that prestressing steel does not have a yield plateau.
Thus, the unlimited tensile strain in steel assumed in deriving Equation 15.3(3) (based on the
second assumption in Section 3.2.1) is not valid. Consequently, the equation often gives
erroneous ultimate moment results. To rectify this problem, some modifications are necessary.
Clause 8.1.7 of the Standard recommends that for sections with bonded tendons (i.e.
pretensioned and properly grouted posttensioned beams), the tendon stress at ultimate or
when failure occurs is
90
Sections with unbonded tendons
For unbonded tendons, which could lead to beam failure caused by a single or discrete fatal
crack as depicted in Figure 15.3(2) – see Warner and Faulkes (1988), Clause 8.1.8 recommends
the following equations for computing σ pu:
Ductility Requirements – Reduced Ultimate Moment Equations

As discussed in Section 3.3.1, tension failure is desirable since it only occurs after the beam has
sustained large deflection and wide-spread cracking. All this provides ample warning of an
imminent disaster.
To ensure a tension failure, Clause 8.1.5 stipulates that
91
Design Procedure
Recommended Steps
The full design of a prestressed beam may take the following steps:
1. Design the beam using the CSS approach.
92
Nonrectangular Sections
Ultimate Moment Equations
If given a nonrectangular section and the NA lies within the top flange, then the prestressed
beam may be treated as a rectangular one. This is the same as for reinforced beams (see
Section 3.7).
If this is not the case, as shown in Figure 15.6(1), then the beam will need to be treated
differently. Now we must use
93
94
Sample Problems
Problem 1. A prestressed concrete beam has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm x 200 mm and
is prestressed with a force of 300 kN. The concrete has a compressive strength of 30 MPa and
the steel tendons have a tensile strength of 1400 MPa. Determine the ultimate moment
capacity of the beam if the effective depth is 180 mm.
Solution:
The ultimate moment capacity of a prestressed concrete beam can be calculated using the
following formula:
Mu = Muo + Mp
where Muo is the moment capacity of the concrete section without prestressing and Mp is the
additional moment capacity provided by the prestressing force.
The moment capacity of the concrete section without prestressing can be calculated using the
formula:
Muo = 0.85 fcd bd^2 / y
where fcd is the design compressive strength of the concrete, b is the width of the section, d
is the effective depth of the section, and y is the distance from the centroid of the compressive
force to the centroid of the section.
Muo = 0.85 x 30 x 10^6 x 500 x (180^2) / (2 x 200) = 137.7 x 10^6 N mm
The additional moment capacity provided by the prestressing force can be calculated using the
formula:
Mp = 0.85 fyd Ap (p - e)
where fyd is the yield strength of the steel tendons, Ap is the area of the steel tendons, p is the
distance from the centroid of the steel tendons to the centroid of the section, and e is the
eccentricity of the prestressing force from the centroid of the section.
The distance from the centroid of the steel tendons to the centroid of the section can be
calculated using the formula:
p = Aps / A
where Aps is the area of the steel tendons and A is the total area of the section.
Aps = P / σs = 300 x 10^3 / 1400 = 214.29 mm^2
A = 500 x 200 = 100,000 mm^2
p = 214.29 / 100,000 = 0.00214 m
The eccentricity can be calculated using the formula:
95
e = (Ap / A) d / 2
e = (214.29 / 100,000) x 180 / 2 = 0.001926 m
Substituting the calculated values, we get:
Mp = 0.85 x 1400 x 214.29 x (0.00214 - 0.001926) = 58.83 x 10^6 N mm
The ultimate moment capacity of the beam can be calculated using the formula:
Mu = Muo + Mp = 137.7 x 10^6 + 58.83 x 10^6 = 196.53 x 10^6 N mm
The ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 196.53 x 10^6 N mm.
Problem 2. A steel column with a cross-sectional area of 1000 mm^2 is subjected to a

compressive force of 500 kN. Calculate the ultimate compressive stress and the ultimate
strength of the column.
Solution:
The ultimate compressive stress is defined as the maximum stress that a material can
withstand before failure. It is given by the formula:
σu = F/A where σu is the ultimate compressive stress, F is the compressive force, and
A is the cross-sectional area of the column.
σu = 500 kN / 1000 mm^2 σu = 500 N/mm^2
The ultimate strength is the maximum load that a material can withstand before failure. It is
given by the formula:
Su = σu * A where Su is the ultimate strength, σu is the ultimate compressive stress,
and A is the cross-sectional area of the column.
Su = 500 N/mm^2 * 1000 mm^2 Su = 500 kN
Therefore, the ultimate compressive stress of the column is 500 N/mm^2 and its ultimate
strength is 500 kN.
Problem 3. A concrete beam with a rectangular cross-section of dimensions 200 mm x 300

mm is subjected to a bending moment of 100 kNm. If the modulus of rupture of the concrete
is 5 N/mm^2, determine the ultimate bending strength of the beam.
96
Solution:
The modulus of rupture is defined as the maximum tensile stress that a material can withstand
before failure. It is given by the formula: fr = Mc / I where fr is the modulus of rupture, M is the
bending moment, c is the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber, and I is the
moment of inertia of the cross-section.
The distance c for a rectangular cross-section is half the height of the cross-section, which is
150 mm in this case. The moment of inertia of a rectangular cross-section is given by the
formula:
I = bh^3 / 12 where b is the width of the cross-section and h is the height.
c = 150 mm I = (200 mm)(300 mm)^3 / 12 I = 13.5 x 10^6 mm^4
The modulus of rupture is given as 5 N/mm^2. Converting the bending moment to Nm, we get:
M = 100 kNm = 100 x 10^6 Nmm
Substituting the given and calculated values into the formula for modulus of rupture, we get:
5 N/mm^2 = (100 x 10^6 Nmm)(150 mm) / (13.5 x 10^6 mm^4) 5 N/mm^2 = 111.11
N/mm^2
The ultimate bending strength of the beam is given by the formula: Su = fr * I / c where Su is
the ultimate bending strength, fr is the modulus of rupture, I is the moment of inertia, and c is
the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber.
Substituting the given and calculated values, we get:
Su = (111.11 N/mm^2)(13.5 x 10^6 mm^4) / 150 mm Su = 10 x 10^6 Nmm / 150 mm
Su = 66.67 kN
Problem 4. A steel rod with a diameter of 20 mm is subjected to a tensile force of 50 kN. If the
yield strength of the steel is 300 MPa, determine whether the rod will yield or not.
Solution:
The yield strength is defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically, or
in other words, when it begins to yield. It is given by the formula:
σy = F/A where σy is the yield strength, F is the tensile force, and A is the cross-sectional
area of the rod.
The cross-sectional area of the rod is given by the formula:
A = πd^2/4 where d is the diameter of the rod.
97
A = π(20 mm)^2/4 A = 314.16 mm^2
The yield strength of the steel is given as 300 MPa. Converting the tensile force to N, we get:
F = 50 kN = 50 x 10^3 N
Substituting the given and calculated values into the formula for yield strength, we get:
σy = 50 x 10^3 N / 314.16 mm^2 σy = 159.15 N/mm^2
The yield strength of the steel is greater than the stress caused by the tensile force, which is
159.15 N/mm^2. Therefore, the steel rod will not yield under the given conditions.
Problem 5. A prestressed concrete beam has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm x 500 mm and
is prestressed with a force of 200 kN. The effective depth of the beam is 350 mm. If the
concrete has a compressive strength of 40 MPa and the steel tendons have a tensile strength
of 1500 MPa, what is the ultimate moment capacity of the beam?
Solution:
The ultimate moment capacity of a prestressed concrete beam can be calculated using the
formula:
Mu = Muo + Mp
where Muo is the moment capacity of the concrete section without prestressing and Mp is the
additional moment capacity provided by the prestressing force.
The moment capacity of the concrete section without prestressing can be calculated using the
formula:
Muo = 0.85 fcd bd^2 / y
where fcd is the design compressive strength of the concrete, b is the width of the section, d
is the effective depth of the section, and y is the distance from the centroid of the compressive
force to the centroid of the section.
Muo = 0.85 x 40 x 10^6 x 300 x (350^2) / (2 x 500) = 132.3 x 10^6 N mm
The additional moment capacity provided by the prestressing force can be calculated using the
formula:
Mp = 0.85 fyd Ap (p - e)
where fyd is the yield strength of the steel tendons, Ap is the area of the steel tendons, p is the
distance from the centroid of the steel tendons to the centroid of the section, and e is the
eccentricity of the prestressing force from the centroid of the section.
98
Ap = P / σs = 200 x 10^3 / 1500 = 133.3 mm^2
p = Aps / A = 133.3 / (300 x 500) = 0.00089 m
e = (Ap / A) d / 2 = (133.3 / (300 x 500)) x 350 / 2 = 0.029 m
Mp = 0.85 x 1500 x 133.3 x (0.00089 - 0.029) = 15.18 x 10^6 N mm
The ultimate moment capacity of the beam can be calculated using the formula:
Mu = Muo + Mp = 132.3 x 10^6 + 15.18 x 10^6 = 147.48 x 10^6 N mm
Therefore, the ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 147.48 x 10^6 N mm.
99
Assessment
Problem 1. Using the information given for the beam detailed in Section 13.8, what is 𝑀𝑐𝑟
assuming 𝐹𝑐 = 40 MPa?
Problem 2. For the section with unbonded tendons shown in Figure 15.5(1), compute the
ultimate moment 𝑀𝑢 using Equation 15.3(8).
100
Problem 3. For the standard AUSTROADS bridge-beam section shown in Figure 15.6(3),
compute the ultimate moment based on relevant recommendations from the 376 Part II
Prestressed concrete Standard. All given values are identical to those prescribed for the
rectangular beam in Section 15.5.2, except that 𝐴𝑝𝑡 = 910 mm2 and the cable is bonded.
101
102
Problem 4.
Problem 7.
103
Problem 5.
Problem 6.
104
Problem 7.
105
Problem 8.
.
106
Problem 9.
107
Problem 10.
108
Reference:
• Nawy, E. G. (2008). Prestressed concrete: a fundamental approach (5th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Loo, Y.-C., & Chowdhury, S. (2013). Reinforced and prestressed concrete analysis and
design with emphasis on application of AS 3600-2009. Abingdon, UK: CRC Press.
• Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C. W. (2016). Design of concrete structures (15th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Sinha, S. N. (2014). Reinforced concrete design (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
109

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

SCE 104: Professional Course 4 Specialized Course (Prestressed Concrete Design)

FINALS RESEARCH OUTPUT

Lesson 5: Deflection due to Pretsress .................................................................................................... 1

(a)Class U: 𝒇𝒕 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄 (1)

(b) Class T: 7.5√f: ≤f, ≤ 12√ (2)

(c) Class C: 𝒇𝒕 > √𝒇′𝒄 (3)

Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations

Photo 1. Supporting base of the Transamerica Pyramid, San Francisco, California

Immediate Elastic (Short-Term) Deflection

First, let's calculate the effective prestress force:

Therefore, the deflection due to prestress in the column is 0.768 mm.

a. Deflection due to pre stressing force of 240 kN

W = 0.3 (0.4) (23.5) (6)

Substituting the given values, we get:

Δ = (5/384) (800,000 x 5^3)/(28 x 10^9 x 0.12)

Substituting the given values, we get:

Δ = (250,000 x 4^2)/(8 x 35 x 10^9 x 0.0016875)

Therefore, the deflection of the slab at midspan due to prestress is 17 mm.

• I = A𝑖 2 = (32 x 103) (72) = 166 x 106 mm4

Δ_u = (5 kN/m * (6 m)^4) / (8 * 25 * 10^9 N/m^2 * 0.005333 m^4)

Δ = δ_p + δ_u = 1.5 mm + 0.00506 mm = 1.50506 mm

Substituting the given values, we get:

Δ = (200,000 x 10^2)/(300 x 600 x 10^6 x 210 x 10^3)

Problem 8: A prestressed concrete beam has a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of

Moment of inertia of a rectangular cross-section:

Substituting the given values, we get:

Problem 9: A prestressed concrete beam has a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of

Moment of inertia of a rectangular cross-section:

Substituting the given values, we get:

Δ = (500,000 x 6^2)/(8 x 25 x 10^9 x 52,083,333.33)

Therefore, the deflection of the beam at midspan due to prestress is 29 mm.

Therefore, the deflection due to prestress in the beam is 1.04 mm.

ANCHORAGE ZONE STRESSES IN GENERAL

Investigation of Anchorage Zones Stresses

2. Forces not evenly

Zielinski and Rowe's Method

Some of notable investigations are:

• Net area of the surrounding prism:

• Maximum Tensile Stress

Problem 6. A prestressed concrete slab is to be designed with a span of 25 ft and a thickness

P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 270 = 118.8 kips

Maximum wedge stress:

Fw = 2 * 118.8 / (8 * 0.5 * 14) = 2.67 ksi

P = 2 * 0.25 * pi * (0.4)^2 * 250 = 15.7 kips

Therefore, the maximum bearing stress is:

Fb = 15.7 / (2*60) = 0.13 ksi

Fw = 2 * 15.7 / (4 * 0.6 * 8) = 5.18 ksi

F = 0.25 * pi * d^2 * fpu

P = 4 * 0.25 * pi * (0.5)^2 * 260 = 1018.1 kips

Therefore, the maximum bearing stress is:

Fb = 1018.1 / (2*96) = 5.30 ksi

Maximum wedge stress:

Fw = 2 * 1018.1 / (6 * 0.6 * 12) = 4.95 ksi

Setting these two equations equal to each other, we get:

Therefore, 272 strands are required to satisfy the given conditions.

Problem 3. A prestressed concrete beam is to be designed with a span of 30 ft and a depth of

L = 12 * db * sqrt(f’c) / (0.8 * fp)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

L = 12 * 0.6 * sqrt(4,000) / (0.8 * 270) = 2.81 inches

P = 6 * 0.25 * pi * (0.7)^2 * 280 = 2754.4 kips

Therefore, the maximum bearing stress is: