Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ.

of Technology, Gorakhpur

STEALTH AIRCRAFT
ANURAG CHAUDHARY
Mechanical Engineering Depatment
Madan Mohan Malviya University of
Technology Gorakhpur
(UP State Govt. University)

Email: 2020051046@mmmut.ac.in

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CONTENT
• Introduction
• Signatures
• Working Of Radar
• Radar Stealth
• RCS
• Shape and Material Required
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Application
• Conclusion
• References
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INTRODUCTION
• Stealth technology is also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) .
• It is technology which uses various techniques to make any aircrafts ,ships
and missiles less visible to radar, infrared and other detection methods.
• It reduces the detection range of an aircraft.

Fig 1-F-117 flying over mountains in Nevada.

Image credit : wikipedia.org
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SIGNATURES
• Signature is the any activity or radiation or characteristics of the
body that revels its presence at a particular point.
• The six signatures are:
1-Acoustic
2-Visual
3-Smoke
4-Radar
5-Infrared
6-Contrails

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Fig 2-Acoustic,Visual and Smoke Signature. Fig 3-Radar Signature

Image credit :wikipedia.org Image credit: skybrary.aero

Fig 4-Heat Signature Fig 5-Contrails

Image credit: NASA Image credit: Getty Image
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WORKING OF RADAR
• The working principle of a radar is to send the pulses of
electromagnetic energy in the direction of the target which moves
with the speed of light until they are encountered by an object.
Radar measures the time taken by a particular pulse of energy to hit
the target and move back to the radar.

• Equations to determine the distance between the target and radar

R =ct/2
where
R = range between the target and the radar;
c = speed of light
t = is the time taken by the energy pulse to move back to radar
after striking the target.

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Fig 6-Working of Radar

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RADAR STEALTH

• When radio wave emitted from radar interact with an object, some
of the energy is absorbed by the object, some is transmitted through
the object, and remaining is reflected by the object which depends on
the wavelength and frequency of radar signal and the shape, size and
material used for the construction of the aircraft.

• Radar stealth is the ability to reduce ones detectability by radar.

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RCS (Radar Cross Section)

• RCS (Radar Cross Section) of an object describes its reflective
strength in the direction of the radar system.
• Lower the RCS of a target, lower will be its detectability.
• RCS of a target is the function of several factors including shape,
frequency, aspect angle etc.
• Basic method used to reduce the RCS are:
1- Shaping
2-Radar absorbing material (RAM)

RCS = Power reflected to the reciever per solid angle

Incident power density / 4 π

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SHAPE OF AIRCRAFT
• Stealth air crafts are engineered with flat surfaces and sharp angles
that are able to deflect the radar signals away from the source,
making themselves invisible.

Fig 7-RCS of a collection of bodies of revolution of similar size and

projected area
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Fig 8- Deflection of Radar waves from a stealth aircraft

Image credit: wikipedia.org

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Radar Absorbing Material (RAM)

• The purpose of the radar absorber is to soak up incident energy and
reduce the energy scattered or reflected back to the radar.
• Composite high concentration of iron powder in polymer are appeared as
potential classes of RAMs.
• RAMs absobes about 70-80% of inbound electromagnetic energy.
• RAM materials are ferritic, magnetic or dielectric materials which absorbs
the energy of the electromagnetic radiations rapidly and convert it into
another form of energy such as heat energy.
• Example of RAMs - 1. Iron ball paint
2. Foam absorber
3.Janumann RAMs

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TYPES OF RAMS
1-Impedance Matching RAMs
• The reflection of the wave is a function of the difference in the impedance
between the reflecting medium and the incident medium.
• Impedance matching RAMs are the specially designed mater which have
the intrinsic impedance value close to the intrinsic impedance value of the
incident medium that is air. In these RAMs, the impedance value at the front
surface is close to the intrinsic impedance of air.
r = (ηM − ηO)/ (ηM + ηO) = (ZM − ZO)/(ZM + ZO)

where r = reflection coefficient;

ηM = admittance of the reflecting substrate;
ηO = admittance of incident medium;
ZM = intrinsic impedance of the reflecting substrate ;
ZO = intrinsic impedance of the incident medium

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• Impedance matching RAMs are of three types:

1-Pyramidal RAMs.
2-Tapered loading RAMs.
3-Matching layer RAMs.

Image credit: Hüseyin İpek

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ADVANTAGES
• Stealth aircraft typically have very low radar cross section (RCS)
which means they are very difficult to detect with radar.
• Suitability in a high threat area.
• Performing spy missions.
• Lower chance of pilot casualties.

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DISADVANTAGES
• Stealth aircraft cannot fly as fast like conventional aircrafts.
• The stealth aircraft can carry only reduced amount of payload.
• The making cost of stealth aircraft is very costly.

Image credit: The warzone

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FUTURE SCOPE OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY

• Stealth technology is clearly the future of air combat. In the future,
as air defence systems grow more accurate and deadly, stealth
technology can be a factor for a decisive by a country over the other.
• In the future, stealth technology will not only be incorporated in
fighters and bombers but also in ships, helicopters, tanks and
transport planes.
• These are evident from the RAH-66 "Comanche" and the Sea
Shadow ship.

Image credit: wikipedia.org

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CONCLUSION
• The Detection and Stealth Technology has improved significantly more
advanced in the last fifty years or so. This trend is likely to continue as these
two oppose each other.
• Stealth Technology concludes its military applications in fighter Aircrafts, so
that the aircrafts designed using this technology are almost invisible to
Radar detection techniques and other sonar, Infrared detection methods.
Stealth Technology is a step towards achieving invisibility. The first principle
mainly concludes this by the reduction of RCS
• Till date stealth aircraft have been used in several low and moderate
intensity conflicts, including operation Desert Storm. Operation Allied Force
and the 2003 invasion of Iraq .Killing of Osama Bin Laden in Abbottabad,
Pakistan. In all cases they were employed to strike high value targets which
were either out of range of conventional aircraft or which were too heavily
defended for conventional aircraft to strike without a high risk of loss.

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REFRENCES
• Ahmad H, Tariq A,Shehzad A, et al. Stealth technology: Methods
and composite materials —A review. Polymer Composites. 2019;1 –
16.
• Y. Qi, J. Li, L. Liu, Polym. Compos. 2015, 36, 2291
• X. C. Tong, Advanced Materials and Design for Electromagnetic
Interference Shielding, CRC Press, USA, 2016.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology
• https://www.aviationfile.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/sonic-
boom-featured.jpg
• https://www.skybrary.aero
• GETTY IMAGES
•

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