SECTIONAL ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS
Why sectional Orthographic projections are used?

I. To understand inner details of complex object:

When the object is complex from inside, there
will be many hidden lines in the projections and it
will be difficult to understand the orthographic
projections. Therefore, to understand the
details of the complex object, sectional
orthographic Projections are used.
II. To understand the materials of object :
If object is made of two or more materials, then it
can be understood clearly by sectional
orthographic projections.
❑ An imaginary plane by which the object is cut
is known as cutting plane or section plane.
❑ Portion of the object between cutting plane and
observer is imagined to be removed and then the
object is viewed by the observer and projection is
drawn.
❑ Projection of cut object is known as sectional view
or sectional projection.
❑ When one view is drawn sectional, other views are
drawn as if the object is not cut and the object
exists as a whole.
❑ It means other views are not affected by
taking section in one view, but Cutting plane
line is shown in non sectioned view to locate the
section plane and arrows are drawn to show the
direction of sight.

Cutting plane line

❑ The portion of the object cut by cutting plane and

touching the cutting plane is shown by

drawing hatching or section lines in them.
❑ Hatching or section lines are drawn thinner than
object lines.
❑ Normally hatching or section lines are drawn
at 45˚.
❑ Hatching lines are evenly spaced at about
2 to 3 mm apart.
 F.V.

X Hatching
Cutting/Section plane
Parallel to H.P. Removed Part

Sectional T.V.

Retained Part

❑ Portion between observer and plane (Upper half portion)

is imagined to be removed.
 Sectional F.V.

Cutting plane line

T.V.

Object

observer
Sectioned object
back
 Vertical cutting
plane

Sectional F.V.

Observer
T.V.

observer
Back
Sectioned object
 observer
Cutting plane
line
Horizontal cutting
plane

F.V.

Sectional T.V.

Sectioned object
 A

X
A
Sectioned object
 A

A A
X

A Sectioned
T.V.
A object

A L.H.S.V. Sectional F.V

Sectioning rule for machine elements like :

Ribs, rivets, webs, shafts, pins, nuts, bolts,

washers, keys and cotter.

Whenever, the cutting plane is passing through

above machine elements and if cutting plane
contains the axis of above machine elements,
then they are not sectioned.
However, when the cutting plane is cutting,
Elements perpendicular to the axis of the
Above Machine elements, section is taken
and in the projection hatching lines are drawn.
If cutting plane does not include axis then
These elements are hatched.
RULES OF HATCHING:

1) Area of a metal or a material, cut by a section

plane is shown by hatching lines in projection.
It is executed by thin lines normally at an angle of
45˚ to the axis or to the main outlines of the
sectional area.
(2) If the axis of the boundary of section is at 45˚then
the vertical or horizontal hatching lines are drawn.

Axis at 45˚

Axis at 45˚
(3) If hatching is required on a large section
area, it is avoided. It is limited to a zone
following the contour of the sectioned area
required to be hatched.

Large area
(8) As far as possible avoid dimensioning inside
hatched area, but, if not possible, hatching
lines may be interrupted for the dimensioning.
Figure shows isometric view of a
machine component. Draw its
(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.S
View, using 3rd angle method

15
of projections.
(2) Sectional Front view, Top
view & L.H.S.V., using 3rd

50
angle method of projections.
15
 10

30

60
30
40
15
25
5

50 50

Top View

50
15

L.H.S.View Front View

 B

It will be nearer to V.P.

in 1st angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle Retained split of the
method. machine parts
A
 10

30

30
40
15
25
A 5

50 50

Top View
A

B
L.H.S. View Sectional Front View -AB
 A A
A
A
Thank You