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Adobe Scan 28 Nov 2022
Adobe Scan 28 Nov 2022
You have come across the fact that any element of R3 could be written as ai + bj + ck where
u. b. (E R .
Further, let A, B. C be non - collinear points in R3 whose position vectors are a, b, c
respe(tively. Then from geometry of R3, you know that the three points A, B, C determine a unique
plane. The vector equation of the plane determined by A, B, C is
r = a + a (b - a) + P(c - a), where a, p E R.
= (1 - a - P) a + ab+ pc
In this chapter, we will generalize this concept.
Definitio n:
Let V be a vector space and S be a non empty subset of V.
A vector v E V is called linear combination of S, then there exists a finite number of
vectors UJ' u 2, ... , Un E S and scalars al' a2, ... , an E f such that
v = a 1u1 + a 2 U 2 + ... + anUn
In this case, we can say that v is a linear combination of ul' u , ••• , un with coefficients
2
U J,U2, ... ,a n.
We will come across many situations in which it is necessary to determine whether or not
a vector can be expressed as a linear combination of other vectors and if so, bow is it possible ?
It requires to solve a system of linear equation after the problem has been reduced.
Let us examine whether the vector (4, 11, 13, 22) can be expressed as a linear combination
of
u1 = (1, 1, 2, 2), u2 = (2, 3, 5, 6) and u3 = (-3, 1, -4, 2)
(
2a + 6a~+ 2a3 == 22
1
a I +2a,,- -3a, =4 J
a?- +4a,J = 7
a?+
-
2a,J = 5 ... (2)
2a, + 8a, = 14
- J
a, + 2a 2 - 3a3 = 4
a,, + 4a, = 7
- J
2a3 =2
... (3)
Oa3 =0
Hence the reduced system is
a 1 + 2a 2 - 3a3 = 4)
a 2 +4a3 = 7
2a3 = 2 ... (4)
X -X -2X =-
I
2 3 4 2
... (3)
-5x2 +5x3 +IOx4 =-4
X1 + 2x2 - x3 + X 4 = 5
-5x2 +5x3 + IOx4 = -4
I ... (4)
=
2
X1 + 2x2 - X3 + X 4 = 5
- 5x2 + 5x3 + 10x4 = -4
-3 ...(5)
0= -
10
vector Spac es and Subs pace s
- m
In system (5), the equation, 0 == -3
10
..
i.e., 0x1 + 0x2 + Ox3 + Ox4 = -3 , sho ws tht the ongm h . .
1
10 a system as no solution (mconsistent)
Applying L2 ➔ (-2) L I + L2
L3 ➔ (-3) LI + L3
the new system is
x 1 - x 2 - 2x3 - x 4 = -3 )·:
X3 +2x4 =4
... (8)
4x3 +8x4 = 16
Now applying L3 ➔ (--4) L2 + L3,
we obtain
x 1 -x2 -2x3 -x4 = -3)
X 3 + 2x4 = 4
... (9)
0 =0
This system is consistent since there is no equation of the form O
= k (k =t- O)
Further there are more unknowns than equations:
Hence we find the general solution of the system as follows:
Let the free variables be assigned arbitrary values x2 =ran d x4 =
s.
n
Substituting x = s into the second equation of system (4), we obtai
4
X3 =4- 2s
Putting x2 = r ' x 3 = 4 - 2s and x 4 = s into first equation, we have
x 1 = r + 8 - 4s + s - 3
1.e., x I = r - 3s + 5
Thus, the general solution of the system is
x , =r- 3s+ 5,x? =r, x3 =4- 2san d x4 =s.
i.e.,( x x t x)= {r-(I I 0, 0)+s (-3, 0,-2 , 1)+(-5,0, 4,0)
' :r, s ER}
I' 2' · 3' 4 ' '
~ffl~t~l::,____ ___ ___ ___ ___ __In_t_ro_d_u_c_n_·o_n _t.:_o.=LinearA.l
3 d
Yeb
.
Example - 2: For each of the followin . . h ro,
g vectors m R , etermme w ether the first ve .
expressed as a linear combination of the other two: ctor can he
(a) (- 2, 0, 3), (I, 3, 0), (2, 4, - 1)
(b) (3,4,1),(1, - 2, l),(- 2, - I, I)
(c) (- 2, 2, 2), (I. 2, - 1), (- 3, - 3, 3)
Solution:
(a) Let v =au + au where a a E R, where v = (- 2, 0, 3), u1 = Cl , 3, 0) u _ (
I I 2 2 I' 2 ' 2- 2 4
i.e., (- 2, 0, 3) = a ( l , 3, 0) + a (2, 4, - 1) ' ' -I)
1 2
= (a 1 + 2a2 , 3a 1 + 4a2, - a2)
Here (-2, o, 3) can be expressed as a linear combination of u1 and u if and onl ·t·
.
1s an ordered patr. (a , a ) of scalars sat1s
2
. fy. h f 1·
1 2
mg t e system o mear equations Yi there
a1 + 7 =2a -2]
3a1 + 4a2 = 0 ... (1)
-a2 =3
Solving system (1 ), we obtain
a1 = 4, a2 =-3
Therefore, (-2, 0, 3) = 4(1, 3, 0) + (-3) (2, 4, -1)
so that, (-2, 0, 3) is a linear combination of (i , 3, 0) and (2, 4, -1)
(b) Let v= a1u 1 + a u , where al' a ER
2 2 2
i.e., (3, 4, 1) = a/1 , -2, 1) + a/-2, -1, 1)
= (a 1 -2a2, - 2a 1 - a2, a 1 + a )
a1 -2a2 =3
-2a1 -a2 =4
a1 + a2 = I
i ... (2)
2
Now to examine whether there exists scalars a , a such that
1 2
... (3)
a, -2a2 = 3
a2 =-2
⇒
2 ... (4)
a2 =--
3
The system (4), has no solution s1·nce h
'
Hence (3, 4, 1) cann't be express a as tw 0 d'ffi
ed a 2 . 1
erent values.
(- 2' - 1' 1) · s a 1mear comb· ·
matt on of the vectors ( 1, -2, 1) and
vector Spaces and Subspaces
-1111 m
Span of a set
We have seen how to form the set of linear combinations of some set of vectors. We denote
such a set of linear combination as span of a set.
Definition:
Let S be a nonempty. subset of a vector spa ce V. The span of S is the set consisting of all
linear comhinations of the vectors in S.
The span of S is denoted by span (S) or L(S) or [S] .
Thus.
[SJ ::: {a 1u 1+a2u2+... + a,,u a,, a 2 , •••• a,, are scalars, n is any positive integer
11
:
andy == b1v 1 + b2 v2 + ... + b v , for some scalars b., some v. ·s E S and a positive integer m.
Ill Ill I I
.
Then, x + y = a Iu I + a2u2 + ... + a u11 + bI v I + b2v2 + ... + b111 v111 . whch is a finite linear
11
Introduction to Linear Al
...(3)
~
So. span (S,) ~ span (S}
From (2) and (3). w~ get
⇒ a - P= 2 l
p=-1 .. .(1 )
2a + P = d
From system ( 1), we get a= l. ~ = - 1
So. (2. -1. 1) = 1 (1. 0. 2) + (-l )(-l , l , l)
Hence. (2.-1 , l ) Espa n (S) . h , ( 111 2)· ·
Example - 5: Let S = {(l , 0. 1. -l ). (0, 1' 1' l)} · Detenmne whether t e \ector - , , , 1s m
the span of S.
Solution: Let (-1. 1, 1. 2) = a (1. 0, 1, -1 ) + a2(O, 1' 1' 1) for some scalars a 1. a~ .
1 -
⇒ (-1. 1, 1, 2) = (a , a , a + a , - a, + 02)
1 2 1 2
⇒ aI =-1
a1 = 1
a1 +a2 = 1 .. .(1)
-a1 +a2 =2
The system ( 1) has no solution, due to the presence of incon
sistent third equation
a1 +a2 =1
i.e., - 1 + 1 = 1
i.e., 0 = 1
Hence (-1 , 1, 1, 2) is not a linear combination of(l , 0, 1,
-1 ) and (0, 1, L l )
(-1 , 1, 1, 2) i span(S)
Example - 6: Let S = {x3 + .i,.2 + x + l, -~ + x + 1, x + I}
Let P be the vector space of polynomials over R.
Determine whether the polynimal - ,.:, + 2, 2 + 3v + " ·s
· ., _, 1 m· span. o f S
Solution: - x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 3 E span (S) .
if we can find scalars a. b. c such that
3
- x + 2x2 + 3x + 3 = a (x1 + :1: 2 + x + 1) + b( ,:: + + )
-' x 1 + c (x + I )
vector Spaces and Sub spa ces
a +b -== 2
a+h +c == 3
l
i.e .. (- 1, 2, 3, 3) = (a.a + b. a + b + c, a + b + c)
a=- ,
... ( I )
⇒ a+c =l
b+c=2
-a= -3 ... (1)
b=4
Hence, ( ~
3 !)=f ~)+ ~ ;)+(-
1 4( 2
)( ~ ~)
Thus , ( ~
3 !J E span (S)
Introduction to Linear Algeb"n •
~
IIIJ Generators of a vactor space
~ subset S of a vector space V generates (or spans) V if spun (S) =- V
t.e., vectors ofS genemte (or ~pan) V.
Some examples are:
* The subset containing a single elemc11t ( 1. 0. 0) of the vector of space R' spans the subspace
which is of the fonn (a. 0. O). a E R
i.e.. span ( {x}) = {ar : a E R} for any vector x in a vector space.
* The subspace {( l, 0. 0). (0. l. 0)} of R-1 generates the sub~pace which is of the form (a. b. 0)
3
The subset S = {( l. o. 0). (0. I. 0), (0, o, l)} ofR 3 generates R;. i.e .. span (S) = R
If (a 1, a2, a) E R3•
then.
(a , a • a) = a(_ 1. G. 0) + b(0, I, 0) + c{0, 0, l) for some sca lars a. b. c.
1 2
⇒ a= a 1, b = a,, c = a,
- J
r+ t=ai
⇒ r+s =a: ... (2)
S + t = a3
... (3)
m
---
vector Spaces and Sub spac es
r + t = a2 )
⇒ s - t = a, - a2
... (4)
21= aJ - a1 + a2
l I
⇒ r= (a, 1
2 +a 2(a - a
2- a3 ) , s = 1 + a3 ), t = (- a, + a 2 + a3 )
2
2
Hence.
⇒ ;,+s :::)
l
... (1)
3r+ 2s+ t = a3
t + 2s + 3r = a 3
⇒ s+2 r =a2
... (2)
r =a1
⇒ r = a 1, s = a2 - 2al' t = a - 2a + a
3 2 1
The above system is consistent and have a solution.
Thus, u1, u2, u3 generates R3 •
Example - 10: Show that the nratrices (: ~}(~ ~}(~ ~j and ( ~ ~ j generate M, j F).
Solution: We have to show that an arbitrary matrix A
in M x
2 2
(F) is a linear combination of the
~
~tc.
⇒
r s
( 1 11 )
I. =la, 1
a12 )
022
a2,
⇒ = r . 01 :. = s, a21 = 1,
a ll ll an= F
Hence the matrices B. C. D and E generate M:. , } )
A=a (~ ~
)+b(~ ~)+c(~ ~) for some scfilars a. band c.
=(a cl
C bl
V A= (: ; ) E M,,1 (F),
⇒ u E span (S 1 u S2)
Thus, span (S 1) + span (S 2) c span (S 1 u S2) ••• (2)