Lecture 01

Object Oriented
Programming
INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED
Why take COM252?
February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 2

Defining key terms Wing 2006
Digital Promise 2017
"Computational thinking is a “Computer science is an academic

problem solving process: ‘a discipline: ‘the study of computers
way of solving problems, and algorithmic processes,
designing systems, and including their principles, their
understanding human hardware
behavior that draws on and software designs, their
concepts fundamental to applications, and
computer science… a their impact
fundamental skill for on society’”
everyone,not just
computer scientists’”
"Coding is a technical skill: the

practice of developing a set of
instructions that a computer can
understand and execute.”

Defining key terms
● Coding as a technical skill
● Computer science as an academic discipline
● Computational thinking as a problem-solving process
CS education is more than just

COMMUNICATION
+
CRITICAL
THINKING
“learning how to code”! ENGLISH

LANGUAGE
ARTS
WRITING

Phases of language development Wells 1981
1. Discovery that language is a pattern of sounds that takes on meaning and purpose
2. Participation in everyday social aspects of language that enable an understanding

of encoded cultural values and assumptions
3. Ability to self-reflect on the use of language and to see language as a “tool for thinking” and
communicating thoughts, even when not actively speaking or interacting with others
the acquisition of literacy

What COM252 is
● A logical follow-up course to a computer programming – II and data structure class
● A course that will give you practice with computational thinking skills through basic C++
coding
● A survey of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism regarding classes

and objects to prepare you for future exploration in computing and to build your
understanding of technology

What COM252 is not
● To teach you how to program from scratch
● A course that will teach you the specifics of the C++ language

What is OOP?

What is OOP?
Definition
object-oriented programming
A programming paradigm based on the
concept of “objects” that contains data
(attributes/properties) and code
(procedures/methods).

OOP: Abstraction
Definition
abstraction
Design that hides the details of how
something works while still allowing the
user to access complex functionality.

What is OOP?
● Another example: Programming languages are abstractions through which we communicate
with computers.
● Key idea: Through a simpler interface, users are able to take full advantage of a complex
system without needing to know how it works or how it was made.
● People are important part of defining classes/abstractions and defining the boundary between
usage and implementation (i.e. What should that simpler interface look like?)
● COM252 focuses on the design and/or use of classes and objects in computer science.

What is COM252?
(THE NUTS & BOLTS)

What the abstraction looks like
client / user side Implementation side

(how the abstraction is (how the abstraction
used) works)

OOP: Classes
arrays,
Abstract data structures dynamic memory
(vectors, maps, etc.) management,
linked data structures

OOP: Classes
arrays,
How to use abstractions created by

others (C++ libraries)

OOP: Classes
How to write abstractions for
others to use
arrays,

OOP: Classes
arrays,
How lower-level abstractions are used to

implement higher-level abstractions

Learning goals

Learning goals
● I am excited to use programming to solve real-world problems I encounter outside class.

Learning goals
● I recognize and understand common basic class designs and implementation in computer science.

Learning goals
● I can identify programmatic concepts present in everyday technologies because I understand how
computers process and organize information.

Learning goals
● I can break down complex problems into smaller sub problems by applying object-oriented design,
algorithmic reasoning and recursive problem-solving skills.

Learning goals
● I can evaluate design tradeoffs when creating objects and algorithms or utilizing them to implement
technological solutions.

Learning goals
● I can evaluate design tradeoffs when creating objects and algorithms or utilizing them to implement
technological solutions.

Why C++?

How C++ different from other languages?
● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

○ This means that before running a C++ program, you must first compile it to machine code.

● C++ is gives us access to lower-level computing resources (e.g. more direct control over
computer memory)
○ This makes it a great tool for better understanding abstractions!

computer memory)
● If you’re coming from a language like Java/Python, the syntax will take some getting used to.
○ Like learning the grammar and rules of a new language, typos are expected. But
don’t let this get in the way of working toward literacy!

computer memory)
● If you’re coming from a language like Java/Python, the syntax will take some getting used to.

C++ ranking!

TIOBE Programming Community Index
Where does C++ rank among the popular programming languages of the world?

TIOBE Programming Community Index
Where does C++ rank among the popular programming languages of the world?

C++ Overview
Inventor of C++: Bjarne Stroustrup

C++ History
● C++ is a high-performance, robust (and complex) language built on top of the C programming
language (originally named C with Classes)
○ Bjarne Stroustrup, the inventor of C++, chose to build on top of C because it was fast, powerful, and widely-used

C++ History
● C++ has been an object-oriented language from the beginning
○ We will spend the middle portion of this class talking about the paradigm of object-oriented programming

C++ History
● C++ is quite mature and has become complex enough that it is challenging to master the
language
○ Our goal in this class will be to help you become literate in C++ as a second programming language

C++ History
● C++ is quite mature and has become complex enough that it is challenging to master the
language
○ Our goal in this class will be to help you become literate in C++ as a second programming language

C++ Benefits and Drawbacks
Benefits

Benefits
● C++ is fast
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed
showdown during Assignment!

Benefits
● C++ is fast
● C++ is popular
○ Many companies and research projects use C++
and it is common for coding interviews to be
conducted in C++

Benefits
● C++ is fast
● C++ is popular
conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful
○ C++ brings you closer to the raw computing
power that your computer has to offer

Benefits Drawbacks
● C++ is fast
● C++ is popular
conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful

Benefits Drawbacks
● C++ is fast ● C++ is complex
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed ○ We will rely on the basic C++ libraries to
showdown during Assignment! provide a friendlier level of abstraction
● C++ is popular ○ In the future,you may choose to explore the
○ Many companies and research projects use C++ standard libraries
conducted in C++
● C++ is powerful

Benefits Drawbacks
● C++ is fast ● C++ is complex
○ Get ready for the Python vs C++ speed ○ We will rely on the basic C++ libraries to
showdown during Assignment! provide a friendlier level of abstraction
● C++ is popular ○ In the future,you may choose to explore the
○ Many companies and research projects use C++ standard libraries
● C++ can be dangerous
conducted in C++
○ "With great power comes great responsibility"
● C++ is powerful

Demo program!

The structure of a program
C++ Python
#include "console.h" import sys
using namespace std;
// The C++ compiler will look for a function # This function does not need to be called “main”
// called “main” def main():
int main() { print('Hello, world!')
cout << "Hello, world!" << endl;
return 0; // must return an int to indicate
// successful program completion if name == ' main ':
} # Any function that gets placed here will get
# called when you run the program with
# `python3 helloworld.py`
main()

Core programming
fundamentals in C++

Core programming
fundamentals in C++
Get ready for a whirlwind tour !

Core
programming Comments, Includes,
fundamentals And Console Output
in C++

Comments
● Single-line comments
// Two forward slashes comment out the rest of the line
cout << "Hello, World!" << endl; // everything past the double-slash i s a comment
● Multi-line comments
/* This i s a multi-line comment.
* I t begins and ends with an asterisk-slash.
*/

Includes
● Utilizing code written by other programmers is one of the most powerful things that you can do
when writing code.
● In order to make the compiler aware of other code libraries or other code files that you want to
use, you must include a header file. There are two ways that you can do so:
○ #include <iostream>
■ Use of the angle bracket operators is usually reserved for code from the C++ library
○ #include "console.h"
■ Use of the quotes is usually reserved for code from the C++ libraries, or code in files that you have written
yourself

Console Output
● The console is the main venue that we will use in this class to communicate information from a
program to the user of the program.

Console Output
● In C++, the way that you get information to the console is by using the cout
keyword and angle bracket operators (<<).
cout << "The answer to life, the universe, and everything is " << 42 << "." << endl;

Console Output
● The endl is necessary to put the cursor on a different line. Here is an example with and without
the endl keyword.
cout << "This is some text followed by endl." << endl;

cout << "This is more text.";
cout << "We want to go to the next line here, too" << endl;
cout << "We made it to the next line." << endl;

Console Output
● The endl is necessary to put the cursor on a different line. Here is an example with and without
the endl keyword.
cout << "This is some text followed by endl." << endl;

cout << "This is more text.";
cout << "We want to go to the next line here, too" << endl;
cout << "We made it to the next line." << endl;
Note: In C++, all programming statements must end in a semicolon.

Core
programming Variable and Types
fundamentals
in C++

Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name

Variables
252 classCode
94.7 mondayTemp

Variables
We will think of
a variable as a 252 classCode
named
container 94.7 mondayTemp
storing a value.

Variables
Note: C++
uses the 252 classCode
camelCase
naming 94.7 mondayTemp
convention

Variables
● A way for code to store information by associating a value with a name.
● Variables are perhaps one of the most fundamental aspects of programming! Without
variables, the expressive power of our computer programs would be severely degraded.

Types
● As you should know from prior programming classes, all variables have a type associated with
them, where the type describes the representation of the variable.

Types
● Examples of types in C++
○ int
93
252
-5

Types
○ int
○ double
3.06
6.00
-88.7545545

Types
○ int
○ double
○ string
"Hello, World!"
"COM252"
"I student of
computer
engineering <3"

Types
○ int
○ double
○ string
'c' '8'
○ char
'&'

Types
○ int
○ double
○ string
○ char
● In C++, all types must be explicitly defined when the variable is created, and a variable
cannot change its type.

Types
○ int
○ double
○ string
○ char
● In C++, all types must be explicitly defined when the variable is created, and a variable
cannot change its type.

Typed Variables
int a; // declare a new integer variable
int
a

Typed Variables
a = 5; // initialize the variable value
int
a

Typed Variables
char
5 'x'
int
char c = 'x'; // c is a char ("character")
a c

Typed Variables
char
5 'x'
int
double d = 1.06; // d is a double, a type

used to represent decimal numbers
a c
double
1.06

Typed Variables
char
5 'x'
int

a c
string s = "this is a C++ string";
double
string
"this is a
1.06 C++ string"
d s

Typed Variables
char
5 'x'
int

a c
double a = 4.2; // ERROR! You cannot
double
redefine a variable to be another type
string
"this is a
1.06 C++ string"
d s

Typed Variables
char
5 'x'
int

a c
double
string
"this is a
int a = 12; // ERROR! You do not need the
1.06 C++ string"
s
type when re-assigning a variable
d

Typed Variables
char
12 'x'
int

a c
double
string
"this is a
int a = 12; // ERROR! You do not need the
1.06 C++ string"
s
type when re-assigning a variable
a = 12; // this is okay, updates variable value

d

Core Functions
programming &
fundamentals
in C++ Parameters

Anatomy of function
input function(input) output

Anatomy of function
parameters
/ arguments

Anatomy of function
Definition
parameter(s)
parameters One or more variables that your
/ arguments function expects as input

Anatomy of function
Definition
argument(s)
parameters The values passed into your
/ arguments function and assigned to its
parameter variables

Anatomy of function
Definition
return value
The value that your function return value
hands back to the “calling”
function

Anatomy of function
parameters return value

/ arguments

Anatomy of function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...);
function
prototype

Anatomy of function
function name

Anatomy of function
input
expected
(parameters)

Anatomy of function
Notice that these look very

similar to variable
input
declarations! You can
expected
think of parameters as a
(parameters)
special set of local variables
that belong to a function.
Anatomy of function
output
expected
(return type)

Anatomy of function
How do you designate a

function that doesn't return
output a value? You can use the
expected special void keyword. Note
(return type) that this type is only
applicable for return types,
not parameters/variables.
Anatomy of function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...) {

returnType variable = /* Some fancy code. */
/* Some more code to actually do things. */
return variable;
function
definition

Anatomy of function
returnType functionName(varType parameter1, varType parameter2, ...) {

returnType variable = /* Some fancy code. */
/* Some more code to actually do things. */
return variable;
returned value

Function example
double average(double a, double b){
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
}
int main(){
double mid = average(10.6, 7.2);
cout << mid << endl;
return 0;
}

Function example
Order matters!
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
} A function
must always be
int main(){ defined before it
cout << mid << endl; is called.
return 0;
}

Function example
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2; callee
(called function)
}
int main(){
return 0;
caller
} (calling function)

Function example
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2; parameters
}
return value
int main(){
return 0; arguments
}

Function example
double sum = a + b;
double
return sum / 2; 10.6 a
}
double
7.2 b
int main(){
sum
double
return 0; 17.8
}

Function example
double sum = a + b;
double
return sum / 2; 10.6 a
}
double
7.2 b
int main(){
sum
double
return 0; 17.8
} These variables only
exist inside average()!

Function example
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
}
double
8.9 mid
int main(){
return 0;
}

Function example
double sum = a + b;
return sum / 2;
}
double
8.9 mid
int main(){
This variable only

return 0;
} exists inside main()!

Pass by value
// C++: #include<iostream>
int doubleValue(int x) {
x *= 2;
◦ return x;
What is the console output

◦ }
of this block of code?

int main() {
int myValue = 5;
int result = doubleValue(myValue);
cout << "myValue: " << myValue << " ";
cout << "result: " << result << endl;
}
Pass by value
int doubleValue(int x) {
x *= 2;
◦ return x;
◦ }
int main() {
int myValue = 5;
int result = doubleValue(myValue); myValue: 5 result: 10
Why is this the case?

}
Pass by value
● The reason for the output is that the parameter x
int doubleValue(int x) { was passed to the doubleValue function by value,
x *= 2; meaning that the variable x is a copy of the variable
◦ return x; passed in. Changing it inside the function does not
change the value in the calling function.
◦ }
● Pass-by-value is the default mode of operation when
it comes to parameters in C++
int main() {
● C++ also supports a different, more nuanced way of
int myValue = 5; passing parameters – we will see this in coming
int result = doubleValue(myValue); lectures!
}
For queries: jawadrasheed@aydin.edu.tr

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Object Oriented

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 2

"Computational thinking is a “Computer science is an academic

"Coding is a technical skill: the

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 3

● Computer science as an academic discipline

● Computational thinking as a problem-solving process

CS education is more than just

“learning how to code”! ENGLISH

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 4

2. Participation in everyday social aspects of language that enable an understanding

the acquisition of literacy

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 5

● A survey of abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism regarding classes

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 6

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 7

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 8

February 23, 2022 INSTRUCTOR: JAWAD RASHEED 9

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client / user side Implementation side

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How to use abstractions created by

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How lower-level abstractions are used to

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● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

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● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

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● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

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● C++ is a compiled language (vs. interpreted)

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