DEPARTEMENT OF CHEMICAL, METALLURGICAL AND

MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Heat and Mass flow instability and secondary flow

effects in cylinder measuring system.

Student Number 223134114

Name Solethu
Surname Mthembu
Module HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
PROCESSES
Course B-ENG TECH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Email address 223134114@tut4life.ac.za
Contact details 072 122 7043
Signature

1
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................4
2. THEORY......................................................................................................................................5
3. EXPERIMENT.................................................................................................................................8
3.1. APPARATUS...............................................................................................................................8
3.2. PROCEDURE..............................................................................................................................8
4.RESULTS.........................................................................................................................................9
4.1. CALCULATIONS.......................................................................................................................10
5.DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................13
6.CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................14
7. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................15
References.........................................................................................................................................16

2
 ABSTRACT
In this experiment the heat and mass flow instabilities were being measured as well
as the secondary flow effects of the instabilities in a cylinder measuring system. The
Anton Paar Measuring system CC18 was used in conducting this experiment.

To determine these instabilities, heat transfer fluid 32 was used and was placed in
Anton Paar Measuring system CC18-18mm cup and bob, and a rheometer was then
used to determine the viscosity of this fluid. This viscosity assisted in calculating the
Reynolds number and angular velocity, which aided in the identification of the type of
flow. The temperature of the fluid also aided in justifying the viscosity and the type of
flow, since it is known that viscosity is a function of temperature.

From observations it was concluded that at 100℃ , the fluid was Newtonian and at
25℃ the fluid was transitioning from non-Newtonian to Newtonian. Flow instabilities
were observed at 25℃ and 100℃ due to the Reynolds number being greater than 1
but less that 1000.

3
 1. INTRODUCTION

As technology continuously advances in industrial areas such as computing

technology, power generation, chemical process intensification, and the extremely
high heat flux experienced in the aerospace industry effective heat transfer
processes are required. Making more effective heat transfer processes can be done
through using heat transfer fluids and also creating elastic turbulence or instability in
the fluid.

The intensification that elastic instability has on heat transfer is dependent on the
rheological properties of the fluid. These rheological properties are measured by a
rheometer. A laboratory tool that is used to quantify the response of a viscous fluid to
applied forces.
This then determines whether the fluid is Newtonian or non-Newtonian through its
viscosity which is dependent on temperature and determines the type of flow,
turbulent flow, or laminar flow.

A Newtonian fluid adheres to the Newtons law of viscosity which states that the
shear stress is linearly proportional to the velocity gradient (rate of deformation).
Whereas a non-Newtonian does not adhere to the law if viscosity.
Elastic turbulence is what then yields turbulent flow of the fluid, which is more
favourable for high intensity heat transfer processes.

To have high intensity heat transfer processes, it needs to occur at a low Reynolds
number but a fluid at a low Reynolds number is laminar which is not essential for
intensified heat transfer processes, so what is then is that a viscoelastic fluid is used,
they are often created by incorporating a little amount of a high-molecular-weight
polymer into a pure Newtonian solvent.

4
 2. THEORY
The Taylor number (Ta), which is a dimensionless term in fluid dynamics, describes
how important centrifugal "forces"—also known as inertial forces—caused by a fluid
rotating around an axis are in comparison to viscous forces.

The stability of a fluid flow under the influence of rotation is described by the Taylor
number. When Ta is small, viscous forces predominate, resulting in a steady,
laminar fluid flow. But, as Ta rises, the flow increases in turbulence and instability
due to the increased centrifugal forces.

In the rotating colinear cylinders, where the outer cylinder (the cup) was stationary
and the inner cylinder (the bob) rotating, vortices were formed due to the turbulent
flow that was created by the stirring of the viscoelastic fluid.

Ta number is dependent on rotational speed where in the equation it is in terms of:

 the angular velocity ω in [rads/s] or in [s-1],
 the radius Ri [m] of the bob,
 the density ρ [kg/m3] and viscosity η [Pas] of the liquid,
 as well as the shear gap dimension of the cylinder MS, here in terms of the
ratio of the radii δcc.

Ta is calculated through equation 1:

Equation 1. Ta=
[ ω c . ρ. Ri2 . ( δ cc−1 ) ]
≥ 41.2
η

Therefore, the stability criterion for the critical angular velocity ω c when Ta vortices
occurring are met if:

( 41.2 . η )
ωc=
Equation 2. 2
3
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) 2 ]

Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2: Viscosity flow

curves

The ratio of inertial to viscous forces is known as the

Reynolds number. The Reynolds number is a
dimensionless number used to classify fluid systems

5
where viscosity plays a significant role in regulating fluid velocities or flow patterns.
(Bill Rehm, 2009)

Equation used to describe the Reynolds number (Re) is given as:

V m. L . ρ
Equation 3: ℜ=
η
Equation 4: ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri 2 . ( δ cc−1 ) ] /(2 . η)

Where:
 the density ρ [kg/m3],
 the viscosity η [Pas],
 the mean velocity V m[m/s] of the fluid,
 the geometrical dimension L [m].
and
 The angular velocity ω (m/s)
 The radii of the bob Ri (m)
 shear gap dimension of the cylinder MS, here in terms of the ratio of the radii
δ cc

There are two critical Re numbers existing:

1). Rec1 ≥1 occurrence of “end effects”, causing flow instabilities around the edges of
the upper and lower end of the cylindrical part of the bob.
2). Rec2 ≥1000 (to 10 000): occurrence of turbulence in the circular gap itself.

Convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat between two bodies by currents of
moving fluid. (Sokolova, 2019). This then plays a huge role in the overall energy transfer
process thus it is imperative to know the velocity distribution near a solid surface.
Convection is given by the equation:

∆T
Equation 7. Qconv = R =h A ( T w −T ∝ )
conv

Where:

 L = Length of rod, (m)

 D = diameter of rod, (m)
 h = heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m2. k)
 Tw= Surface temperature, °C
 T͚ = Fluid temperature, °C
 A= total convection area, m2

6
 3. EXPERIMENT

3.1. APPARATUS

 A Rheometer.
 Anton Paar Measuring system CC18 – 18mm cup and bob measuring
system.
 Heat transfer fluid 32.

7
 FIGURE3: Anton Paar Measuring system CC18.

3.2. PROCEDURE

The temperature hood cover was removed. The CC18-18mm cup and the bob
measuring system from Anton Paar were attached. The cylindrical cup was then
unscrewed and filled to the measurement level with the sample fluid. The sample
fluid was carefully monitored to prevent overfilling the cup. The measuring cup was
then fastened on firmly and set into its measurement position. The viscotherm was
then turned on after the Rheology program had been activated. Then, the
Rheometer temperature was set to 25 ° and the viscotherm temperature was set to
15 °C. The software's open flow curve project was opened, and the testing
temperature was set to range from 25 to 100 °C. The measuring gap was set to
5mm. The test was then started and monitored until the temperature was stable. The
test was then repeated at a temperature of 100 °C.

4.RESULTS

8
 Viscosity vs Shear rate at 25 ℃
47.5
47
46.5
46
Viscosity (mPa.s)

45.5
45
44.5
44
43.5
43
42.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Shear rate 1/s
FIGURE:4.1

Viscosity vs Shear rate at 100℃

40
35
30
viscosity(mPa.s)

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Shear rate 1/s
FIGURE:4.2

4.1. CALCULATIONS

At 25℃ :

9
  η=44 .868 mPa.s ×10−3
= 0.044868 Pa. s

6 3
g 1 kg 10 c m
 ρ =0.853 × ×
c m 1000 g
3
1m3

kg
=853 3
m

 Ri=12.5mm ×10−3
=0.0125m

( 41.2 . η )
ωc= 3
2
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) 2 ]

(4 1.2× 0. 044868 Pa . s)
ωc=
853 kg 2
3
∗( 0.0125 m ) ∗(1.0847−1)3 /2
m

=562.65 m/s

ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri . ( δ cc −1 ) ] /(2 . η)
2

( )
562 .65 m
∗853 kg
s 2
3
∗( 0.0125 m ) ∗( 1.0847−1 )
m
ℜ=
2∗0.044868 Pa. s

¿70.782

The Re is ≥ 1 which then indicates that occurrence of “end effects”, causing flow
instabilities around the edges of the upper and lower end of the cylindrical part of the
bob.

10
 Qconv =hA ( T w −T ∝ )

 ℎ=500 W/m2 . K
 T W =15℃
 T ∝=25℃

A=πDL

¿ π∗0.028943 m∗0.08 m
−3 2
¿ 7.2742× 10 m

Therefore:

W
Qconv =500 2
×7.2742 ×10−3 m2 ( (2 5+273)−(1 5+273) ) K
m .K

=36.371W

At 100℃ :

η=4 .2619 mPa.s ×10−3

=4.2619×10−3 Pa. s

6 3
g 1 kg 10 c m
ρ =0.7963 × ×
c m 1000 g
3 3
1m

kg
=796.3
m3

Ri=12.5mm ×10−3
=0.0125m

( 41.2 . η )
ωc= 3
2
[ ρ . Ri . ( δ cc−1 ) 2 ]

11
 (41.2 ×4.2619 × 10−3 Pa . s)
ωc=
796.3 kg 2 3 /2
3
∗( 0.0125 m) ∗(1.0847−1)
m

=57.25 m/s

ℜ=[ ω . ρ . Ri 2 . ( δ cc −1 ) ] /(2 . η)

( )
5 7.25 m
∗796.3 kg
s 2
3
∗( 0.0125 m ) ∗( 1.0847−1 )
m
ℜ= −3
2∗4.2619 ×10 Pa . s

¿70.781

The Re is ≥ 1 which then indicates that occurrence of “end effects”, causing flow
instabilities around the edges of the upper and lower end of the cylindrical part of the
bob.

Qconv =hA ( T w −T ∝ )

 ℎ=500 W/m2 . K
 T W =15℃
 T ∝=25℃

A=πDL

 D=28.943mm ×10−3
=0.028943m
 L=8cm ×10−2
=0.08m

¿ π∗0.028943 m∗0.08 m
−3 2
¿ 7.2742× 10 m

Therefore:

12
 W
Qconv =500 2
×7.2742 ×10−3 m2 ( (100+273)−(15+273) ) K
m .K

=309.15W

5.DISCUSSION

It is known that viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature where, as

temperature increases the kinetic energy of the fluid increases thus separating the
molecules of the fluid thus viscosity decreases thus decreasing the flow resistance of
the fluid and at lower temperatures the kinetic energy of the molecules is smaller
thus keeping the molecules more compacted and the viscosity is higher, increasing
its flow resistance.

From the results gathered, it was observed that at 25℃ when the bob began to rotate
at a low velocity, flow instabilities were observed from the graph this is due to the
shear stress and torque which act as an external force on the fluid the fluid thus at
25℃ a non-linear progression is observed which indicates a non-Newtonian fluid but
as the shear rate increases the line progression stabilizes a little which indicates a
transition of the fluid to being Newtonian.

Then at 100℃ a constant linear progression is observed, indicating that the fluid is
Newtonian meaning that the viscosity of the fluid remains constant with the increase
in the shear rate.
The type of convection that took place was forced convection.

13
 6.CONCLUSION
Flow instabilities in flow are required to increase the effectiveness of heat transfer,
whilst turbulent flow is way more favourable, turbulent flow was not observed in this
experiment due to the Reynolds number being greater than 1 but less than 1000
thus indicating that the flow that was observed were only flow instabilities at both
25℃ and 100℃.

The type of heat transfer that was taking place was convection, particularly forced
convection. This is because the fluid was forcefully pumped through, and no heat
was applied to the fluid.

14
 7. RECOMMENDATIONS

Whilst turbulent flow is can also be used in the enhancement of heat transfer
processes, another way that heat transfer can be enhanced is by increasing the
surface area for convection as well as increasing the convection heat transfer
coefficient.

15
References
 Bill Rehm, J. S. A. H. S. P. J. H., 2009. Managed Pressure Drlling. s.l.:s.n.
 Chakravarthy Balaji, C. C., 2023. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,
Volume 190.
 Sokolova, I., 2019. Encyclopedia of Ecology. 2nd ed. s.l.:s.n.

16
 NOMENCLATURE

Symbols Description Units

η Viscosity Pa.s. mPa.s
ρ Density g kg
3 and 3
cm m
A Area m2
ℜ Reynolds Number Unitless
D Diameter m
Ri Radii mm and m
ℎ Heat transfer W
.K
convection coefficient m
2

Qconv Convection heat transfer W

Tw Surface Temperature ℃
T∝ Fluid Temperature ℃
ωc Angular velocity m/s
δ cc Ratio of the Radii unitless
L Length m

17
 APPENDIX

RAW DATA:
At 25℃:
Point Shear Shear Viscosit Temperatur
No. Rate Stress y e Torque
           
  [1/s] [Pa] [mPa·s] [°C] [mN·m]
0,00023
1 0,1 0,0044497 44,489 25,01 6
0,00027
2 0,117 0,005146 44,083 25,01 3
0,00032
3 0,136 0,0060717 44,642 25,01 3
0,00037
4 0,159 0,0070392 44,376 25,01 4
0,00044
5 0,185 0,0083778 45,265 25,01 5
0,00050
6 0,216 0,00956 44,351 25,01 8
0,00060
7 0,252 0,011403 45,323 25,01 6
8 0,293 0,013745 46,908 25,01 0,00073
0,00081
9 0,342 0,015361 44,96 25,01 6
0,00095
10 0,398 0,017973 45,109 25 5
0,00110
11 0,465 0,020881 44,948 25 9
0,00128
12 0,542 0,024111 44,51 25 1
0,00150
13 0,632 0,028277 44,746 25 2
0,00175
14 0,737 0,03308 44,899 25 8
0,00203
15 0,859 0,038371 44,671 25 9
0,00237
16 1 0,044718 44,649 25 6
0,00276
17 1,17 0,05212 44,635 25 9
0,00322
18 1,36 0,060713 44,596 25 6
0,00376
19 1,59 0,070908 44,674 25 7

18
 0,00438
20 1,85 0,082532 44,601 25 5
0,00513
21 2,16 0,096564 44,755 25 1
0,00598
22 2,52 0,11257 44,75 25 1
0,00697
23 2,93 0,13121 44,74 25 1
0,00815
24 3,42 0,15346 44,879 25 4
0,00951
25 3,99 0,17914 44,935 25 8
0,01109
26 4,65 0,20876 44,912 25 2
0,01293
27 5,42 0,24344 44,918 25 4
0,01505
28 6,32 0,28337 44,85 25 6
0,01753
29 7,37 0,33009 44,814 25 8
0,02044
30 8,59 0,38482 44,807 25 6
31 10 0,44982 44,925 25 0,0239
0,02785
32 11,7 0,52434 44,92 25 9
0,03238
33 13,6 0,60958 44,789 25 8
34 15,9 0,71294 44,929 25 0,03788
0,04408
35 18,5 0,82977 44,856 25 7
36 21,6 0,97043 44,989 25 0,05156
0,05993
37 25,1 1,1281 44,856 25 7
38 29,3 1,3158 44,875 25 0,06991
39 34,2 1,5367 44,955 25 0,08165
0,09517
40 39,9 1,7914 44,949 25 9
41 46,5 2,0827 44,824 25 0,11066
42 54,2 2,4335 44,919 25 0,12929
43 63,2 2,8321 44,839 25 0,15047
44 73,6 3,3103 44,953 25 0,17588
45 85,9 3,8481 44,82 25 0,20445
46 100 4,5074 45,029 25 0,23948

19
At 100℃:
Point Shear Viscosit Temperatur
No. Shear Rate Stress y e Torque
           
  [1/s] [Pa] [mPa·s] [°C] [mN·m]
0,00019
1 0,1 0,0035935 35,905 100,09 1
0,00018
2 0,117 0,0034428 29,478 100,09 3
0,00014
3 0,136 0,0026594 19,554 100,11 1
0,0006757
4 0,159 6 4,2625 100,11 3,59E-05
0,0007885
5 0,185 5 4,2664 100,09 4,19E-05
0,0007386
6 0,215 6 3,4279 100,08 3,92E-05
0,0009303
7 0,251 1 3,701 100,08 4,94E-05

20
 8 0,293 0,0011221 3,8306 100,06 5,96E-05
0,0009763
9 0,342 7 2,8581 100,06 5,19E-05
10 0,398 0,0016365 4,1096 100,05 8,69E-05
0,00010
11 0,464 0,0019302 4,1565 100,05 3
0,00014
12 0,541 0,0026909 4,9704 100,04 3
0,00013
13 0,631 0,0025513 4,0411 100,04 6
0,00016
14 0,737 0,0031309 4,2505 100,04 6
15 0,858 0,0037689 4,3918 100,04 0,0002
0,00022
16 1 0,0042869 4,2831 100,04 8
17 1,17 0,0048892 4,1841 100,04 0,00026
0,00028
18 1,36 0,0053304 3,9199 100,04 3
0,00032
19 1,59 0,0061925 3,8993 100,04 9
0,00038
20 1,85 0,0072792 3,9313 100,04 7
0,00046
21 2,16 0,0087484 4,0555 100,04 5
0,00054
22 2,51 0,010325 4,1066 100,04 9
0,00066
23 2,93 0,012432 4,2396 100,04 1
0,00076
24 3,42 0,014463 4,2275 100,04 8
0,00089
25 3,99 0,016812 4,2145 100,03 3
26 4,65 0,019568 4,2102 100,03 0,00104
0,00119
27 5,42 0,022557 4,1598 100,03 9
0,00139
28 6,32 0,026261 4,1572 100,03 5
0,00164
29 7,37 0,031012 4,2076 100,03 8
0,00193
30 8,59 0,036381 4,2366 100,03 3
0,00221
31 10 0,041678 4,1593 100,03 4
0,00259
32 11,7 0,048785 4,1765 100,03 2
0,00307
33 13,6 0,057839 4,2469 100,03 3
0,00349
34 15,9 0,065841 4,1491 100,03 8
35 18,5 0,078561 4,2437 100,03 0,00417

21
 4
0,00477
36 21,6 0,089872 4,1639 100,03 5
0,00565
37 25,2 0,10639 4,2278 100,03 3
0,00667
38 29,3 0,12568 4,2835 100,03 8
0,00777
39 34,2 0,14631 4,2817 100,03 4
0,00908
40 39,9 0,17093 4,2849 100,03 2
0,01064
41 46,5 0,20029 4,3118 100,03 2
0,01210
42 54,2 0,22791 4,2084 100,02 9
0,01424
43 63,1 0,26803 4,2447 100,02 1
0,01694
44 73,6 0,31886 4,3324 100,02 1
45 85,8 0,36909 4,3014 100,01 0,01961
0,02326
46 100 0,43783 4,3683 100,01 2

22