DOSSIER: GRAMMAR &

VOCABULARY

Subject: Usos del inglés

INDEX:
1. Grammar contents ( Pages 1-4 )

1.1 First and second conditional

1.2 Relative clauses

1.3 Reported speech

1.4 Third conditional

1.5 Should have and could have

2. Glossary ( Pages 5-6)

2.1 Unit 10: No limits

2.2 Unit 11: Connections

2.3 Unit 12: Experts

1 GRAMMAR CONTENTS:
1.1 First and second conditional:

First type: We use the first type of conditional when there’s more probability to happen.

IF + Present simple + Future simple

Example: If I pass this exam, I’ll celebrate.

- We can also use might + verb and going to + verb.

Second type: We use the second conditional to talk about unreal situations or situations with less
probability to happen in the present or future.

IF + Past simple + WOULD + verb

Example: If I knew where she lived, I would visit her.

- We can also use could/ might + verb.

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 - When the if clause comes first, we use a comma between the two clauses.

1.2 Relative clauses:

Relative clauses are used to say exactly which person, thing, place or time we are talking about.

Example: This is the movie that I saw last month.

To present a relative clause, we use a relative pronoun or relative adverb after a noun. Depending
on the type of noun, we3 use different relative pronouns:

- for things: that or which

- for people: that or who
We use the relative pronoun whose, to talk about possession.

Example: John has a daughter whose ambition is to be a photographer.

We also make relative clauses with the relative adverbs where and when. They mean the same as
preposition + wich

Example: That´s the house where I grew up.

Do you remember the day when we moved out?

1.3 Reported speech:

We use direct speech or reported speech to say what someone else said.

Example: -Direct speech: She said “i´ll see you tomorrow”

-Reported speech: She said that he'd see me tomorrow.

When we use reported speech, we make some changes to the words the person actually said. We
normally change the tense of the verb.

Direct speech Reported speech

Present simple Past simple

want wanted

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Direct speech Reported speech

Present continuous Past continuous

I'm waiting was waiting

Past simple Past perfect

sent had sent

Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

have arrived had arrived

will would
I´ll I would

can could
can´t couldn´t

We usually have to make changes to pronouns and adjectives, and words and expressions.

-pronouns: I →she/he, we→they

-adjectives: my→her/his, our→ their, this→ that

-time: now→then, today→ that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day

- place:here→there

However, if the sentence is reported on the same day it was said, we don´t need to change the
verb form, the time or the place.

To report questions, we use the verb ask. To report a wh- question we use normal order (subject
before the verb). We don't add do, does or did.

Example: “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived

To report statements, we use say and tell. With tell, we use an object before the reported speech.

“ I can help” → He told them (that) he could help.

With say, we never use an object before the reported speech.

“We don't want to …” → They said that (they) didn't want to …

1.4 Third conditional:

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We use the third conditional to talk about unreal situations in the past. The result of that
imagined past situation is expressed by the main clause. The form:

if + past perfect + would + have (not) + past participle

We use a negative form if the past event happened and a positive verb if the event didn´t happen.

Example: If my alarm had gone off, I wouldn't have been late.

1.5 Should have and could have:

We use should + past participle to talk about regrets about past actions.

- Should have: when something was the right thing to do, but we didn't do it.

Example: I should have studied more.

- Shouldn't have: when something was the wrong thing to do, but we did it.

Example: I shouldn't have done that.

We use could + past participle to say if something that didn't happen was possible or
impossible.

- Could have: when something was possible but didn´t happen.

Example: You could have hurt yourself.

- Couldn't have: when something was impossible and it didn't happen.

Example: We couldn't have done it without you.

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2. GLOSSARY
2.1 Unit 10 No limits:

1. accident: (accidente) an event that happens by chance unintentionally.

2. astronaut: (astronauta) trained person to travel in a spacecraft.
3. bruises: (moretones) an injury caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood
vessels.
4. emergency: (emergencia) unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate
action.
5. epilepsy: (epilepsia) condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures.
6.injuries: (lesiones) an instance of being injured.
7. journey: (viaje) to travel somewhere.
8.sprain: (esguince) twist the ligaments violently so as to cause pain and swelling
9.stitches: (puntos) a loop of thread or yarn used in the medical field to close an open
wound.
10. surgeon: (cirujano/a) a medical practitioner who practices surgery.

2.2 Unit 11 Connections:

1. blog: website on which someone writes their personal opinion and experiences.
2.email: (correo electrónico) messages distributed by electronic means from one computer
user to another.
3. news: (noticias) a broadcast or published report of news.
4. phone: (teléfono) object used to call another phone.
5. search engine: (buscador) a program that searches in a database used especially for
finding particular sites.
6.social media: (redes sociales) websites and apps that enable users to create and share
content or to participate in social networking.
7. text: (mensaje) send someone a text message.
8.tweet: post made on the social media app Twitter.
9. Twitter: social media app that allows users to post.
10. Youtube: website that allows the user to watch and or upload videos.

2.3 Unit 12 Experts:

1. igloo: shelter built from blocks of solid snow.

2. samurai: member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan.

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 3. Starvation: (hambre) suffering or death caused by lack of food.
4. surroundings: (alrededores) the things and conditions around a person or thing.
5. survival: (supervivencia) state of continuing to live in difficult conditions.
6. tank: (pecera) large storage chamber for liquid or gas.
7. tent: (tienda) portable shelter made of cloth.
8. predator: (depredador) an animal that naturally preys on others.
9. website: (sitio web) a set of related web pages located under a single domain name.
10. wild: (salvaje) living or growing in the natural environment.