DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ET-334)

Instructor: Engr. Syed Junaid Iqbal

Lecture-1,2
Communication
The term communication or telecommunication means the transfer of
information from one place (known as source of information) to another
place (known as the destination of information) using some system to
do this function known as a communication system.
Communication
Old Methods of communication
 Pigeons, Horseback, Smoke, Fire, Post office, Drums etc.

Problems with old communication methods

 Slow

 Difficult and relatively expensive

 Limited amount of information can be sent

 Some methods can be used at specific times of the day

 Information is not secure

Communication
Todays Communication methods
 Satellite, Telephone, Television, radio, optical fiber, copper cables,
telephone lines, coaxial cables, twisted pair etc.
Advantages of todays communication system
 Fast

 Easy to use and very cheap

 Huge amount of information can be transmitted

 Secure transmission of information can easily be achieved

 Can be used 24 hours a day

A Communication Model
A Communication Model
Source
 This device generates the data to be transmitted. Examples are telephones and

personal computers.
Transmitter
 Convert data into transmittable signal. A transmitter transforms and encodes the
information that can be transmitted across some sort of transmission system
 For example: A modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device such as
personal computer and transforms that bit stream into an analog signal, that can be
handled by telephone network.
Transmission System
 A single transmission line or a complex network connecting source and destination.

 For example: Electrical conductors, optical media, free space etc.

A Communication Model
Receiver
 Converts received signal into data.

 For example: A modem accept an analog signal coming from a network or

transmission line and convert it into a digital bit stream.

Destination
 Takes the incoming data from the receiver.
Types of Electronic Communication
Electronic communications are classified according to whether they are
1. One-way (Simplex) or two-way (Half duplex or Full duplex) transmissions
2. Analog and digital signals
Simplex
 The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex.
 Direction of communication- unidirectional
 The sender can only send data
 Worst performing mode of transmission
 Examples: keyboard and monitor, TV, radio
Types of Electronic Communication
Half Duplex
 The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a
time is known as half duplex.
 Direction of communication- two directional one at a time

 The sender can send and receive data, but one a time

 Better performance than simplex

 Example: Police, military, walkie talkie

Full Duplex
 When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex.

 Direction of communication- two directional simultaneously

 The sender can send and receive data

 Best performing mode of transmission

 Example: telephone, audio/video calls

Signals
 A signal is referred as a function that conveys information about the any physical
behavior or a message between observers.
 The term “Signal” is a physical quantity which varies with respect to time, space &

contain information from source to destination.

 It is a function which represents a physical phenomenon, for example Your voice
signals is a function of time and frequency
Various types of signals in communications
 Electrical signals like Voltages and currents

 Video signals like Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time and so on…

 But, for enabling electronic communication, we convert all signals into electrical

signals Use various kinds of transducers

Signals

 Amplitude: Measure of the strength of the signal

 Frequency: Number of oscillations per second, measured in Hertz
 Phase: Two or more signals are at different points of their cycle at a given time
 Amplitude
 Two signals with the same phase and frequency, but different amplitudes
 Amplitude is the height, force or power of the wave
 The lower the power, or amplitude, the lower the wave form peeks all while frequency,
cycle and wavelength remain the same.
 Frequency
 Frequency is the rate of change of cycle (Pos. & Neg.) with respect to time.
 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase, but different frequencies
Phase
 Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.
 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency, but different phases.
Units of Period and Frequency
Practical Case – Composite Signal
Some Important Terms
Some Important Terms
Crest: Indicates largest value of a signal
Trough: Indicates smallest value of a signal
Time period: Time taken by the signal to complete one cycle, Measured in seconds
Wavelength: Distance (meters) between two successive crests or troughs or Distance travelled
by a signal in one cycle

For wireless communication, velocity is taken as 3x108 m/s

For wire line communication (electrical), velocity is taken as 2x108 m/s
Find the Amplitude, Freq & Phase of the following signals
Varying the Amplitude
Varying the Frequency
Varying the Phase