The evaluation of impact involves comparative methods.

Early approaches to impact assessment

involved the use of computer simulation models to predict the impact [22]. Decisions were then made
based on the soundness of those predictions [12]. Much of the work involved the effect of nuclear
power plants on fish and other organisms. As part of plant operation, a large amount of water is
removed from rivers or other water bodies to cool the plant. Fish may be harmed when passing through
the cooling system and the warm water that is released from the plant may affect the area near where it
is released. In the late 1970s, emphasis also focused on more empirical approaches for evaluating
impact [23]. Since 1970, studies of potential impacts have increased beyond nuclear power plants and
include spills, and effluent studies as well as recovery of systems. Although the data used to interpret
effects are quite varied, the methods for analysis are often quite similar and involve comparison of
impact areas with control areas. When information is available prior to the potential impact, the design
is often referred to as a Before–After Control-Impact (BACI) design. Several variations on the basic
design have been proposed and are discussed below.