Conics

Parabola D: x = –a D: x = a y y
y y F = (0, a) D: y = a

V V
V F = (a, 0) F = (–a, 0) V
x x
x x
D: y = –a F = ( 0 , – a)

y2 = 4ax y2 = - 4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = - 4ay

Ellipse y y V = (0, a)
(0, b) 2
F 2 = (0, c)
V1 = (–a, 0) V2 = (a, 0)
(b, 0)
x x
(– b, 0)
F1 = (–c, 0) F2 = (c, 0)
(0, –b) F 1 = (0, – c)
V 1 = (0, –a)

x2 y2 x2 y2
+ = 1, a 7 b, c 2 = a2 - b2 + = 1, a 7 b, c 2 = a2 - b2
a2 b2 b2 a2

Hyperbola y y
F 2 = (0, c)
V 1 = (–a, 0) V 2 = (a, 0)
V 2 = (0, a)
F 1 = (– c, 0) F 2 = (c, 0) x V 1 = (0, –a) x

F 1 = (0, – c)

x2 y2 2 2 2
y2 x2
- = 1, c = a + b - = 1, c 2 = a2 + b2
a2 b2 a2 b2
b b a a
Asymptotes:  y = x,  y = - x Asymptotes:  y = x,  y = - x
a a b b

Properties of Logarithms Binomial Theorem

loga (MN) = loga M + loga N n n
(a + b)n = an + a b ban - 1 + a b b2an - 2
1 2
M
log a a b = log a M - log a N n
N + g+ a b bn - 1 a + bn
n - 1
logaMr = r logaM
Arithmetic Sequence
log M ln M
log a M = = a1 + (a1 + d) + (a1 + 2d) + g + [a1 + (n - 1)d]
log a ln a n n
= 3 2a1 + 1n - 12d 4 = 3 a1 + an 4
ar = e r ln a 2 2
Geometric Sequence
Permutations/Combinations
1 - rn
a1 + a1r + a1r 2 + g + a1r n - 1 = a1 #
0! = 1  1! = 1
n! = n(n - 1) # c # (3)(2)(1) 1 - r
n! Geometric Series
P1n, r2 =
If 0 r 0 6 1, a1 + a1r + a1r 2 + g = a a1r k - 1
q
1n - r2!
n n! k=1
C 1n, r2 = a b = a1
r 1n - r2! r! =
1 - r
Library of Functions
Identity Function Square Function Cube Function
f1x2 = x f 1x2 = x2 f 1x2 = x3
y y y
3 ( – 2, 4) 4 (2, 4) 4

(1, 1) (1, 1)
(– 1, 1) (1, 1)
–4 (0, 0) 4 x
–3 (0, 0) 3x
(–1, –1) –4 (0, 0) 4x (– 1, – 1)

–4

Square Root Function Reciprocal Function Cube Root Function

1 3
f1x2 = 1x f1x2 = f 1x2 = 2x
x
y y y
3
3
2 (1, 1) 2 (2, 1–2) (2, 2 )
(4, 2)
(1, 1)
(1, 1) ( 1–8, 1–2) ( 1–8 , 1–2)
–1 (0, 0) 5 x
–2 2x 3 3 x
(0, 0)
(– 1, – 1)
–2
3 (1, 1)
(2, 2 )
3

Absolute Value Function Exponential Function Natural Logarithm Function

f1x2 = 0 x 0 f1x2 = e x f1x2 = ln x
y y y
3 (2, e2) 3
(–2, 2) (2, 2) 6 (e, 1)
(–1, 1) (1, 1)
–3 (0, 0) 3 x 3 (1, 0) 3 x
(1, e)
(–1, 1–e ) (0, 1) ( 1–e , 1)

3 x

Sine Function Cosine Function Tangent Function

f1x2 = sin x f1x2 = cos x f1x2 = tan x
y y y

– 3
–– 1
2 1 2
1
 
–   x
2 5––     
3–– 
2 5–– x  
1 2 2
–1 –   3––
 5––   –– – 
3–– 5
–– x
2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 2 2

Cosecant Function Secant Function Cotangent Function

f1x2 = csc x f1x2 = sec x f1x2 = cot x
y y y

– 3
––– 1 1
2 1 2
3  x  3   3 5 x
––– 1 –
2
3
 –––  –– 
– 3
–– x  –––
2
– 1 –
2 2
–––
2
–––
2
2 2 21 2 2
Formulas/Equations
Distance Formula If P1 = 1x1, y1 2 and P2 = 1x2, y2 2, the distance from P1 to P2 is

2 2
d(P1, P2) = 3(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

Standard Equation The standard equation of a circle of radius r with center at (h, k) is
of a Circle
1x - h2 2 + 1y - k2 2 = r 2

Slope Formula The slope m of the line containing the points P1 = 1x1, y1 2 and P2 = 1x2, y2 2 is
y2 - y1
m =    if x1 ≠ x2
x2 - x1
m is undefined   if x1 = x2

Point–Slope The equation of a line with slope m containing the point (x1, y1) is
Equation of a Line
y - y1 = m(x - x1)

Slope–Intercept The equation of a line with slope m and y-intercept b is

Equation of a Line
y = mx + b

Quadratic Formula The solutions of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, are

- b { 2b2 - 4ac
x =
2a
If b2 - 4ac 7 0, there are two unequal real solutions.
If b2 - 4ac = 0, there is a repeated real solution.
If b2 - 4ac 6 0, there are two complex solutions that are not real.

Geometry Formulas
Circle r r = Radius,  A = Area,  C = Circumference
A = pr 2    C = 2pr

Triangle b = Base,  h = Altitude (Height),  A = area

h
1
b A = 2 bh

Rectangle l = Length,  w = Width,  A = area,  P = perimeter

w
l A = lw P = 2l + 2w

Rectangular Box h l = Length,  w = Width,  h = Height,  V = Volume,  S = Surface area

(closed) w
l V = lwh S = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

Sphere r r = Radius,  V = Volume,  S = Surface area

V = 43 pr 3 S = 4pr 2

Right Circular Cylinder r r = Radius,  h = Height,  V = Volume, S = Surface area

(closed)
h V = pr 2h  S = 2pr 2 + 2prh
Trigonometric Functions
Of an Acute Angle
b Opposite a Adjacent b Opposite Hypotenuse
sin u = = cos u = = tan u = = Opposite θ
c Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse a Adjacent c
b
c Hypotenuse c Hypotenuse a Adjacent θ
csc u = = sec u = = cot u = =
b Opposite a Adjacent b Opposite a
Adjacent to θ
Of a General Angle
b a b y
sin u = cos u = tan u = a ≠ 0
r r a 2
r= a  b 2

r r a θ
csc u = b ≠ 0 sec u = a ≠ 0 cot u = b ≠ 0 (a,b)
b a b
x

Trigonometric Identities
Fundamental Identities Half-Angle Formulas Double-Angle Formulas
sin u cos u u 1 - cos u sin 12u2 = 2 sin u cos u
tan u = cot u = sin = {
cos u sin u 2 A 2 cos 12u2 = cos2 u - sin2 u
1 1 1 u 1 + cos u cos 12u2 = 2 cos2 u - 1
csc u = sec u = cot u = cos = {
sin u cos u tan u 2 A 2 cos 12u2 = 1 - 2 sin2 u
sin2 u + cos2 u = 1 u 1 - cos u 2 tan u
tan2 u + 1 = sec2 u tan = tan 12u2 =
2 sin u 1 - tan2 u
cot 2 u + 1 = csc2 u

Even-Odd Identities Product-to-Sum Formulas

sin 1 - u2 = - sin u csc1 - u2 = - csc u sin a sin b = 12 [cos 1a - b2 - cos 1a + b2]

cos 1 - u2 = cos u sec1 - u2 = sec u cos a cos b = 12 [cos 1a - b2 + cos 1a + b2]

tan 1 - u2 = - tan u cot1 - u2 = - cot u sin a cos b = 12 [sin 1a + b2 + sin 1a - b2]

Sum and Difference Formulas Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin 1a + b2 = sin a cos b + cos a sin b a + b a - b
sin a + sin b = 2 sin cos
sin 1a - b2 = sin a cos b - cos a sin b 2 2
cos 1a + b2 = cos a cos b - sin a sin b a - b a + b
sin a - sin b = 2 sin cos
cos 1a - b2 = cos a cos b + sin a sin b 2 2
a + b a - b
tan a + tan b cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos
tan 1a + b2 = 2 2
1 - tan a tan b
a + b a - b
tan a - tan b cos a - cos b = - 2 sin sin
tan 1a - b2 = 2 2
1 + tan a tan b

Solving Triangles
Law of Sines Law of Cosines
B
a
c sin A sin B sin C a2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
= =
A a b c b2 = a2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
C
b c 2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C