AB MACHINERY AND

SOURCES OF FARM POWER MECHANIZATION

ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL POWER

Overview:
Part 2: Mechanical Power
• Heat engines
• Parts and definition
• Classification
• Specification of engines
• Practical examples
PART 2: MECHAN POWER

− Engines
o Heat engines are mechanical devices that convert heat energy
produced by combustion of fuel into mechanical energy.
− Internal Combustion Engines
o type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside
the cylinder (combustion chamber)
− External Combustion Engines
o generally known as steam engines, external combustion
engine would use a heat source to heat water into steam,
then using the steam to turn a turbine.

MAIN PARTS OF AN IC ENGINE

− Engine Block
o Cylinder Block: the main structural
component of the engine. It contains
cylinders and provides support for the
crankshaft, camshaft, and other engine
components.
− Cylinder Head
o The cylinder head sits on top of the cylinder
block and contains the combustion
chamber, which is where the fuel and air are
ignited to generate power. It also houses
the valves and valve train, which control the
intake and exhaust of gases into and out of
the engine.
 AB MACHINERY AND
SOURCES OF FARM POWER MECHANIZATION

− Pistons
o cylindrical components that move up
and down inside the cylinders,
converting the pressure generated by
the fuel-air mixture into mechanical
force that drives the crankshaft.
− Connecting Rods
o connect the pistons to the crankshaft
and transmit the force generated by
the pistons to the crankshaft.
− Crankshaft
o the main rotating component of the engine. It
converts the linear motion of the pistons into
rotary motion, which can be used to drive other
mechanical systems.
− Valves
o control the flow of gases into and out of the
engine. The intake valves allow fuel and air to
enter the cylinder, while the exhaust valves allow
exhaust gases to exit the cylinder.
− Camshaft
o controls the opening and closing of the engine's
valves. It is driven by the crankshaft through timing
gears/chain/belt and typically sits above the cylinder
head.
− Spark Plugs
o used in gasoline engines to ignite the fuel-air mixture in the
combustion chamber.
− Lubrication System
o provides oil to the engine's moving parts, reducing friction, and
preventing wear.
− Cooling System
o helps regulate the temperature of the engine by circulating
coolant through the engine block and radiator.

TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES

− TWO STROKE ENGINE

o two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power
cycle in just two strokes of the piston (1 upward and 1 downward stroke), compared
to the four strokes of a four-stroke engine. The two-stroke engine is simpler in
construction, lighter in weight, and less expensive to manufacture than a four-
stroke engine. Two-stroke engines can be found in a variety of applications,
including small engines such as those used in chainsaws, lawn mowers, and brush
cutters. However, due to their lower efficiency and higher emissions compared to
 AB MACHINERY AND
SOURCES OF FARM POWER MECHANIZATION

four-stroke engines, they are not as common in modern cars and other vehicles.

− FOUR STROKE ENGINE

o A four-stroke engine completes a power cycle in four strokes of the piston: intake,
compression, power, and exhaust. They are commonly used in larger agricultural
machinery such as pumps, generators, and tractors. Four-stroke engines are more
fuel efficient and produce lower emissions than two-stroke engines, making them
a popular choice in developed countries where environmental regulations are
stricter.
• What happens during the Upward and Downward Strokes of a 2-stroke engine?
− UPWARD STROKE
o During the Compression stroke
(UPWARD), the piston rises and
pulls a mixture of air, fuel, and
oil into the crankcase through
an intake valve. At the same
time, an air-fuel-oil mixture is
compressed in the combustion
chamber.
− DOWNWARD STROKE
o During the power stroke
(DOWNWARD), the
combustion retracts the piston,
which closes the intake valve
and pulls the air-fuel-oil
mixture from the crankcase
into the combustion chamber
through the transfer port. At
the same time, exhaust is
expelled from the combustion
chamber through an exhaust
port.
 AB MACHINERY AND
SOURCES OF FARM POWER MECHANIZATION

OPERATIONAL CYCLE OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Cycle - series of events occurring one after the other in a definite sequence and repeats itself after
the last event has occurred.
Events in one cycle of an engine
1. Intake – air-fuel mixture enters the
combustion chamber.
2. Compression – air-fuel mixture is
compressed inside the combustion chamber.
3. Power – spark is produced, and the air-fuel
mixture is ignited resulting to a very rapid
expansion of the burning mixture. This
constitutes the power of the engine.
4. Exhaust – burned gases are removed from
the combustion chamber and the cycle is
repeated.

PHYSICAL AND NOMENCLATURE

− bore (D) – the diameter of the engine cylinder.

− stroke (L) – distance the piston travels in
one direction
− piston displacement (Pd) – volume
displaced by the piston in one stroke.
o Pd = (π × bore^2 / 4) × stroke
− clearance volume (CV) – the space inside
the cylinder when the piston is at top dead
center position.
− total volume/cylinder volume (TV) – the
sum of piston displacement and clearance
volume,
o TV = Pd + CV
− compression ratio (Cr) – ratio of cylinder
volume to the clearance volume
o Cr = (Pd + CV)/CV
− engine efficiency (Ef)– a measure of the
ability of an engine to convert fuel into
useful work.