BDES1011 2021 LEARNING JOURNAL

STUDENT: Emily Withford SID: 510432177

WEEK 02
Reading Response: How did climatic changes and/or transforming cultural practices, such as
herding and the growing of crops, affect human societies, their culture, their way of engaging with
their environment, their life patterns, and their architecture? Pick one example in this week's
readings and discuss.

Climatic change caused groups to move to sites that enable them to have more shelter and
produce, for example, closer to a water source or lake. This would allow them to farm and to fish.

The Gravettian Culture are seen to be the first group of people to 'master the cold' as they stayed
in their territory during the extreme cold of the Ice Age (c. 25,000BCE - 15,000 BCE). They
adapted to the new climate by using new leather-making skills and new technology, such as the
needle. They made fur-lined clothing, boots, and jackets and during festivals they would
congregate near caves for possible reasons such as warmth and shelter. This is where we now
find evidence of great images of animals on the walls and ceilings of the caves, causing
archaeologists to consider that these were done in line with their spiritual beliefs and their belief
system surrounding the fertility of animals. It is still unknown why they chose these places,
however, due to the nature of the animals being painted as living beings, not carcasses, it is
speculated that they were respected as being the lifeline of their small society. This shows the
transformation from pure survival to spiritual beliefs within their interactions with the natural
environment.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Southwest Alice Springs – principles of symbols and geometry – signs of advanced
civilisation.
2. Central Western Australia – indicates dream time spirituality and the origin of the people.
3. Jordan – Movement around the river – forming cultures.
4. Turkey – creating safe internal environment and ceremonial activities. E.g.:
- Catalhoyuk – rectangular geometry – entered from above – each house has own
shrine.
5. Skara Brae (Prehistoric Village in Sandwick, Scotland) – stone construction, covered in
earth – climactic and defensive reasons – place to worship, living, cooking (very
connected – not like today with separate notions of architecture).
6. Pyramid of Djoser (Saqqara, Egypt) – built in 27 th Century BC for glory of pharaoh –
‘prototype’ pyramid.

Building Study Research Update:

This week we were continuing our research surrounding the Roman Pantheon. I found a
monograph, journal article and a thematic book. We unfortunately could not find an exhibition
catalogue that fit our topic. Our group compiled all out research into a collaborative google docs
and started to create our bibliography in the Chicago referencing style.
WEEK 03
Reading Response: Describe a concept or point in this week's reading that you found
interesting. Make sure you summarise the idea in your own words and describe the evidence
used to make the point (e.g., a particular detail in the form or construction of a building).

The Minoan architecture is an interesting concept as they not only constructed smaller villages,
but these villages were centred around large palaces. These palaces shared many functions, for
example, the Palace of Knossos, arguably the largest structure on the Crete island, served as an
administrative building, political building, a home to the ruling residents and many more. They
had large storage pithoi that were found in the north-west region of the palace which indicate an
administrative port which potentially weas were all products of the region entered and were
distributed across the land. They also had the ‘Throne Room’ which indicate a ruling party;
however, the nature of this ruling party is unknown. It is speculated that there could have been a
hierarchy of either priests or priestesses or a ruling family. Mosaics and frescoes, such as ‘The
Prince of the Lilies’ show a male figure that seems to be some sort of ruling being. However, this
is unreliable as the image has been pieced together by the main archaeologist on the site, Arthur
Evans who created this misogynistic idea of the ‘all ruling male figure’.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Comparison between Stonehenge (Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England) and Sumerian
Ziggurat, Pyramid of Ur (Built by King Ur-Nammu in 21 st Century BC in Mesopotamia).
2. Cathedral of Syracuse, Sicily – Became gothic Catholic Cathedral, then a mosque –
importance of context to architecture and materials.
3. Egypt – importance of Nile Delta - Difference between left (land of dead) and right (land of
living) banks – context of where the pyramids were built (left side) as they were tombs.
4. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Upper Egypt) – symbolic and housed ceremonial boats.
5. Temples/Pyramids of Memphis – ancient design of mountains – inside sacred and private
and outside public. Inverted shape of pyramid = bringing together of peoples + multiplicity
to singular.
6. Palace of Knossos – Trade and Religion rising independent of outside contact. Minoan
architecture develops parallel with Greek architecture (16,00 BCE). Key Motif – labyrinth –
network of disorientating layout.
7. Temple of Amun (Luxor) – transition to the journey to the centre – darkness and space
important symbolism. Communicates the pharaonic power.
8. Akentaten – Akhenaten’s city that was destroyed after his death.

Building Study Research Update:

This week both myself and one of my group members found two different exhibition catalogues
as we mainly focused on this because we were unable to find one last week. I have started to
choose my theme for my research based around context and site and we started to look at the
bibliography portion of the assignment. I have also begun to start the annotated bibliography as
only on source is due next week to see if I am on track. This assignment is very similar to my
extension history major work, so I feel confident in my abilities.
WEEK 04
Reading Response: What were two significant buildings built during the period covered in this
week’s reading? What reasons are given in the reading for their significance?

- Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia – Page 125.

- Temple of Hephaestus in Athens – Page 129
- The Parthenon from the Propylaea at Athens– Page 131
- Temple of Apollo at Delphi – Page 140
 Significance: The temple of Apollo at Delphi is highly significant due to its location.
It was a journey in itself to arrive there even with the help of a member of the
Delphian cult. Many would travel to the temple to connect with a Sibyl, which was a
female oracle that resides close to the temple. Before the site we can see today,
the area was home to two previous Doric temples which were burned down and
replaced with one larger temple. On the east pediment facing the alter in front of
the temple, structures portrayed the arrival of Apollo at Delphi and at the opposite
end, Dionysus was depicted. This established balance in the building structure and
aesthetics and it also symbolises the balance of embodying the wholeness of life.
- Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste – Page 160
 Significance: This building is of high significance as it displayed the experimental
style of this era and displays the use of a new concrete made from volcanic ash.
This area was favoured by the wealthy as it was considered a summer resort, so it
has spectacular terraces, colonnades, exedras and porticos on levels descending
the hillside which were linked by ramps and stairs. It is possible that most of the
structures were designed by a Greek or an Anatolian as architecture in Rome was
a new concept. Similarly, most of the structure was built from only concrete as the
Romans learned to exploit the new material.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Temple of Solomon (Supposedly built in Jerusalem under King Solomon’s reign in 957
BC) – referenced in the Bible.
2. Parthenon (former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, built after 447BC).
3. Stupa temples in the Hindu and Buddhism Culture/Religion.
4. Pompeii / Herculaneum – Volcanic destruction in 79 AD.
5. Pantheon in Rome – Reconstructed around 113-125 AD, Former Roman temple,
converted to catholic church in 609.

Building Study Research Update:

This week’s reading and lecture references the Pantheon and its possible portrayal of the
celebratory procession in the southwest corner of the building (page 130). It discusses the
depiction of the annual Panathenaic procession that has been challenged by scholars who argue
that it must be a representation of a mythological moment, not a real procession involving
mortals. It includes references to the historians John Boardman and Chrysoula Kardar. This
information has guided my building study research towards more of a focus on site and context
of the Pantheon.
WEEK 06
Reading Response: All four images below are representing different aspects of the Great
Mosque at Cordoba (784–988), which also features in your readings for this week. Choose one
of the images you find intriguing. First, briefly describe the image: what type of image is it? What
information does it convey about the building (size, colour, materials, textures, scale,
organisation)? Then, describe what you see: what impression of the building does this image
give you? Also, what kind of questions are emerging from the image for you? What kind of
answers can the image give? What kind of themes does the image suggest and address? Please
contribute your thoughts and your reasoning. There is no correct or incorrect answer. Rather,
we would like you to practice your reading of images.  

Figure 3. Senan y Gonzalez, Interior of the Mosque in

Cordoba, Spain, ca. 1870-1899. Photographic print, 26 x 20
cm. DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University.

Your response: This black and white image shows the

Hypostyle Hall in the Mosque in Cordoba. It functions as a
visual representation of the vast space within the Hall and
shows the large number of columns which typically were used
to show the wealth of an area. As dictated in the name, as
well as the photo, the Hypostyle Hall is filled with columns,
and it shows the detailed focus on geometry. While it is not
seen in the photo, the hall is painted in bright colours which
reiterates the need to display wealth as it is typically shown
through colossal monuments or vibrant colours. The image
lacks in the representation of colour as it does not give a true
sense of feeling that arises with the painted interior. The
image gives the impression of a large space that is broken up by the columns and seems to
represent a spiritual area, possibly a space for prayer. However, spaces for prayer typically have
alters or dedicated spots to sit and neither is shown within this image.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Abbey of Le Thoronet – Le Thoronet, France, Romanesque Architecture, Monastery.
2. San Vitale, Ravenna – Basillica in Ravenna, Italy. 6 th century church, Byantine
Architecture.
3. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul – Holy Grand Mosque, former church of Hagia Sophia, designed
by Greek geometers, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles in 27 Dec 537 AD.
4. St Philibert, Tournus
5. Abbey of St Foy, Conques
6. Abbaye de St Marie-Madeleine, Vezelay – Romanesque/Gothic Architecurre, constructed
around 1120 – 1150.

Building Study Research Update:

This week I completed my annotated bibliography and submitted it on Wednesday night as it was
due on Thursday, and I am working hard on time management. I also chose to focus my
research on the Oculus in the dome of the Pantheon and how it relates to the spirituality of the
Roman culture (i.e., the sun). This really helped finalise my annotated bibliography as I was able
to relate and analyse the sources in relation to the theme as well as finding more sources that
are specific to my topic.
WEEK 07
Reading Response: Using specific examples drawn from this week's reading, can you briefly
describe and compare two ways in which architecture may embody, structure, or communicate
ideas, values, and cultural practices?

You’re welcome to consider all aspects of a building, from its location, siting, orientation, and
construction materials and methods to its internal organisation, tectonic expression, external
form, colouring, decoration, and ornamentation.

Architectural focus: Muqarnas

Muqarnas, also called stalactite and look like honeycombed vaulting, are one of the most
common features of the Islamic architecture produced between the 11 th and 15th centuries. It is
unknown exactly what these structures represent spiritually but they allude to the geometry of
heavens and the wonders of God’s creation. This can be seen in the Shrine of Imam Dur,
Samarra, Iraq, as it is built like a reaching hand towards the open sky. This building consists of
an elongated cube on which rests a series of octagonal tiers that rotate upwards towards the final
dome. Much like the buildings of the period, the colossal size is mean to be representative of the
wealth of the ruling party and the civilisation at the time that it was built. The detailed exterior,
made mainly from a variety of brick, stone, stucco and wood, show the excellence in which the
artists of the time worked with complex geometrical patterns on the doors and window moldings.
Another example of excellence in architecture is the dome (qubba) of al-Barubiyyin in Marrakech,
Morocco (1117 AD). The four corners of the building have their own muqarnas which produced a
three-dimensional effect and projects the sense of both chaos and order at the same time.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week
1. Stupa of Borobudur, Java – one of the greatest Buddha temples in the world. Built under
reign of Syailendra Dynasty. Located in Kedu Valley, Java.
2. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul – notes further up.
3. Chartres Cathedral, France – Roman catholic church. Constructed in 1194. Gothic/
Romanesque style.
4. Durham Cathedral – United Kingdom. Architects: George Gilbert Scott, James Wyatt,
Anthony Salvin, Edward Robert Robson, Richard Farnham. Romanesque/ Gothic/ Norman
style. Opened 1133 AD.
5. Lakshmana temple, India – 10th century hindu temple. Built by Yashovarman. Located in
Khajuraho, India.
6. Descent of the Ganges – monument at Mamallapuram, on Coromandel Coast of the Bay
of Bengal.
7. Hindu temples – Queen’s Stepwell

Building Study Research Update:

I spent this week gathering more information and researching to further develop my topic and
aiming to filter down the research to create a concise question. Through this research I came up
with three topics that I could use as topics in different paragraphs to answer the possible
question, which surround the belief system of why the Roman Pantheon was built. These include
the foundation of Rome as a city and the oculus aligning with the sun to illuminate this
mythological story, the Pagan beliefs surrounding light versus dark and the possibility that the
structure was built to function as an ancient sundial. I need to gather more information of the
actual belief systems of the time, so I am able to compare.
WEEK 08
Reading Response: In starting to learn about architectural history you have also had to start
learning how to talk about buildings and developing a new vocabulary. Pick two constructional or
organisational elements of buildings that are discussed in this week’s reading and that you did
not understand or know of. Write a definition for each. You may need to do a little research to
complete this task (e.g., by using a dictionary of building/architectural terms). Use your own
words to explain what the terms mean.

Portico: A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building with a roof structure over the
walkway, typically supported by columns and not walls. Porticos were used in Greek temples and
subsequently adopted into other cultures, most notably, Roman infrastructure.

Cupola: A Cupola is a small dome that is placed om a circular, polygonal, or square base or on
small pillars to crown a roof or larger dome. They are usually spherical with pointed tops and
were first seen in Islamic architecture in the 8 th century.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Complex of Angkor, Cambodia – Built by Emperor Suryavarman II who ruled from
1113 – 1150.
2. Angkor Wat – Cambodia, 163 ha, Architectural style of Khmer.
3. Temple of Angkor Thom.
4. Temple of Bayon.
5. Temple town of Tiruchirappalli, South India – is an educational centre. Early to mid-
medieval Southern India.
6. Sana Gimana
7. Cathedral of Siena – ‘Duomo di Siena’ – construction started in 1196, Architects:
Giovanni Pisano, Camaino di Crescentino, Giovanni di Agostino, Giovanni di Cecco.
Romanesque/ Italian Gothic/ Classical Architecture.
8. Cathedral of Florence

Building Study Research Update:

I continued from what I stated in the last weeks journal research update and I am gathering new
information on why the oculus was built into the structure and what the belief system of the time
looked like. I have also filtered down a more concise question through trial and error with some
help from my tutor, so I am able to base my research more clearly on the specific topic. Next
week I would like to have enough information to be confident in writing a draft introduction and
my first paragraph. I also collated 6-8 images of the Pantheon to bring into class as per the
instructions.
WEEK 09
Reading Response: Architecture can be employed to legitimate, inscribe, or authorize new
political, religious and economic regimes. Put simply, architecture often gets used to build or
exert power. This happens, to give just two examples, through architecture that creates or
extends infrastructural networks or an architecture that celebrates an elite.

Discuss and compare different ways architecture was used through the 1400s and 1500s in
places such as Italy, the Ottoman Empire, Ming China, The Americas, and Persia. Give some
brief but specific architectural examples to support your discussion. What aspects of the
buildings were important to exerting different kinds of power?
The time between 1400 – 1600 saw a major shift in the return to classical ideas which resulted in
the renaissance. Seen predominantly in northern Europe, the Perpendicular style emerged in the
1400-1500s and it is characteries by soaring vertical lines, huge narrow windows, heavy use of
glass and hammerbeam or ‘angel’ roofs. This type of architecture showcases the power and
wealth of cities and communities which can be seen in the architecture of St John’s Abbey Gate.
This last surviving part of a rich Benedictine monastery in Colchester Essex was built in
approximately 1400 to strengthen the abbeys defence which displays the hight of its power and
influence within the community. The Italian Renaissance was led by the master Andrea Palladio
who designed beautifully symmetrical villas such as Villa Rotonda near Venice, Italy. This type of
building was designed specifically for the wealthy and the architecture was a direct line to show
off this wealth not only to the people but to the pagan gods of the time. The exterior was used to
create a powerful impression that reflected the residents and by building extravagant and
beautiful structures, the owners could showcase their power and wealth. However, the real
dramatic extravagance is seen throughout the Baroque period that comes after the 1400-1500s.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Tikal’s great Plaza – In Guatemala.
2. The temple of the Great Jaguar
3. The Grand Plaza at the ruins of Tikal.
4. Temple IV Tikal (c. 600BCE-900CE).
5. Stelae, Copain, Honduras (600-800).
6. Nunnery, Uxmal (c. 900)
7. Hagia Sophia.
8. Bayezid Mosque (1501-08), c. 1880 – Ottoman imperial mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.
9. Sulemaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1550-57
10. Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque in Luleburgaz (1560-5).
11. Plan of St. Maria degli Angeli by Brunelleschi, Florence – 1434.

Building Study Research Update:

I started writing us my structure in more detail this week and I have completed a draft
introduction with reference to this structure. I have also refined my question and title as I am
playing around with the wording, so I know exactly what I am answering. Finally, I am continuing
to grow my bibliography ad research which is enabling me to fine highly refined evidence for my
argument. I found some more images that I could use as further evidence in my essay which
stems from the previous weeks task.
WEEK 10
Reading Response: This week's discussion is a little experiment in writing about buildings.
Developing an ability to describe and discuss buildings is key to engaging with architectural
history. It is also important more broadly for discussions about architecture you might have in
design studios and other contexts. You can better understand a building if you are able to
describe it. With that in mind, pick a building from the week's reading and describe it in your
own words.

Your description cannot name the building, its location or its function. Study the buildings'
description, images and drawings in the Global History. In your own contribution, describe it more
like an object; think about qualities such as scale, mass, form, geometry, structure, ornament,
materials, colours, textures, repetition, modification, symmetry, asymmetry and so on. You may
also describe the setting of the building as it relates to the building design (e.g. that the building
sits on top of a hill, or adjacent to a river). You are welcome to use resources other than the
Global History to find out more about your chosen building's attributes. And, you might want to
refer to dictionaries of architecture and/or building terms to develop your vocabulary.

Known as the largest church in the world, it became the centre of the Christian world after the
loss of Hagia Sofia in 1453. Its classic Renaissance structure took over a century to build and
started when Pope Julius II commissioned a competition to design the greatest building known to
the Roman empire, which ended up going to Michelangelo in 1547 who based the design off
Bramante’s. The façade showcases stunning symmetry and the dome towers over the skyline to
showcase the power and might of the Vatican in the context of its construction. It also houses an
incredible Baldachin, or ciborium, that is constructed high over the alters to create the focal point
of the hall. It is designed in classic Baroque style and became a standard for church interiors and
architecture all over the world.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. Johann Friedrich Dauthe, Nikolaikrche
2. Chinese Teahouse, Sans Souci, Germany, 1757.
3. New Lanark Cotton Mills, Scotland – 18th century village. Created by ‘Utopian idealist’,
Robert Owen.
4. Queens Square, Bath – a square of Georgian houses, opened 1728. Architect: John
Wood, the Elder.
5. Chiswick House, Richard Boyle, West London, England.
6. St Paul’s Cathedral, London.

Building Study Research Update:

This week I started using my structure to place research that I have collected under the titles and
moving it around to form my paragraphs. I did this for paragraphs 1 and 2 and have pieced
together this disjointed research to make sense and to put it into a logical and coherent draft.
WEEK 11
Reading Response: The eighteenth century saw many kinds of architectural “referentiality”. This
could be seen in the cross-cultural borrowing, adaptation, and historicism of, for example, Neo-
Palladianism, chinoiserie and colonial classicism. It reflected broader trends in the period’s visual
and material cultures: intensified global mobility and exchange meant designers, patrons,
viewers, and consumers were in a position to reconsider their own traditions in light of new
models and information at their disposal.

Drawing from this week’s reading, provide an architectural example of referentiality.

A well know example of referentiality within European architecture is the adaptation of Chinese
gardens within Britain. European merchants brought home folios and travel accounts of these
gardens, characterising them as irregular landscape scenery in critique of the axial symmetry
and carefully pruned formal orders that characterised European gardens at that time. William
Kent’s “Elysian Field” of 1738 at Stowe House exemplifies this trend as it provides a new vision
of nature and of man’s place within it, challenging the Bibles version in which earth was naturally
‘barbaric’. It also projected Kent’s version of harmony between nature and the “natural”
proportions of the classical order. The influence of the Chinese garden on the English nationalist
garden landscape is undoubtfully overt as in 1675 this continued through Louis XIV when he built
the Trianon de Porcelain which used patterns from the famous pagoda at Nanjing.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. St. Mary Woolnoth, London, England.
2. Strathford Hall Plantation, Virginia, USA.
3. Ghat, Chandernagore, India.
4. Hypothetical – Cenotaph for Newton, Boullee 1784.
5. Artwork: A view of the eastern portico of the Pantheon. ‘The Antiquities of Athens
measured ans deliniated by James Stuart F.R.S and F.S.A and Nicholas Revett painters
and architects, vol. II’, London, John Nichola, 1787.
6. Neoclassicism: Chiswick House – Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington), West London,
England. 1724-29.
7. Indigo Jones, Queen’s House, Greenwich, 1616-1635.
8. George Dance the Younger, Newgate Prison and Session House (1769-1777).

Building Study Research Update:

The class task this week was to do a “3-minute-thesis” activity as I prepared to explain my topic
and argument of the essay in under three minutes. I found that this really helped me in my ability
to synthesise ideas on the spot to further my arguments around my essay theme of context and
structure. One example is that I had not previously though about in the writing of my essay is the
link between other emperors later in the tie and looking into what they did with the pantheon to
update it into the modern catholic world. Similarly, I hadn’t thought to include the connection
between Caesar’s comet and the oculus, however, in my explanation and further research, I
found that this connected, and this formed the entirety of one of my paragraphs.
WEEK 12
Reading Response: Using an example from this week's Global History chapter, describe how
architecture has been thought to influence social or cultural change. How has the design of
buildings been thought to influence people’s values, their behaviour or even their character? Try
to give some specific detail about how the architecture was thought to have this influence.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, South Asia was thought to be at their zenith of prosperity and
modernity due to the forward thrust of transformation, production, and exploration of the
possibilities of the new ‘status quo’. The kingdom of Amer (Jaipur) was rued by Sawai Jai Singh
II (1699-1743), who used this new age as an advantage to secure more independence for his
kingdom. This pre-existing kingdom had been existing as a fortress town guarding an important
pass on a trade route linking western India to Delhi since the 10 th century. In 1727, Sawai Jai
Singh felt secure enough to build a new capital that was unprotected by the fortress. With the
help of the architect, Vidyadhar, the city was a bustling town full of shop fronts for 25 years. It is
clear that the push to modernity and prosperity within the South Asia had influenced the un-
fortified architecture of Sawai Jai Singh’s new capital and would continue to influence the later
architecture.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. ‘Utopia’
2. Artwork – “Under the paving stones, the beach” Graffiti on a wall in Paris, May 1968.
3. Artwork/ Installation – Francis Cape, ‘Utopian Benches’, 2011 – 2012
4. Etienne Louis Bollee, design for a cenotaph, 1781.
5. House of Directors at the Salline Royale d’Arc et Senans, France.
6. The Familistere at Guise.
7. Proposal for ‘New Harmony’.
- Richard Meier Architects, ‘Atheneum, New Harmony’, Indiana 1979.
8. Kali’s Dome, Northern Rivers, NSW 2013.

Building Study Research Update:

This week’s class task was to improve the structure of our essay, which I completed with my
tutor, Amir. We discussed my chosen topic and edited the headings and overall ‘question’. I
continued to write my essay and am now onto the last half. While this is only my first draft, I am
pleased with the outcome of the first half (roughly 1500 words).
WEEK 13
Reading Response: The introduction to this week’s chapter of the Global History suggests: “As
the 19th century wore on, the forms, institutions, and modes of representation that can be
retrospectively identified as being modern or modernist eventually started to coalesce.”

Describe three architectural characteristics in the period that are identified with modernism. Draw
in the reading to provide specific architectural examples as support.

One form of modernism within architecture is the interconnectivity between nations and people,
brought about by the physical mobility and exchange of transport. Railroad stations are the
physical representation for this as they encapsulate the new culture. In London, St. Pancras
Station (1863-76) was built, as it was a marvel as it defied all previous architecture with its sheer
volume of space. Similarly, the Victoria Terminus in Mumbai (1888) had also become a symbol of
the age.

National Museums were also a widespread beacon for the new age as they were being used to
strengthen the link between national identity and the history of civilisation. This is seen
particularly within the architecture and usage of the Louvre was transformed in 1793 from a
private royal collection into a public art museum. However, these buildings also built in the
colonies to stress the legitimacy of the coloniser’s forced civilisation on the native people to
“recognise themselves as differentiated subjects under the overarching and unifying umbrella of
empire” (From ‘A Global History of Architecture’, Page 667).

Another idea had sprung up in the turn of the century that was credited to modernism. This idea
was the concept of associations, and the theoretical underpinnings can be credited to Alexis de
Tocqueville (1805-59) It was the notion of citizens coming together around a particular set of
common interests which became a social movement and even reached into the middle class and
into architecture. It was physicalised within Atheneums, which were built all over Europe and the
United States. These institutions sought to be very current and in tune with extant intellectual
cultures, for example, the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut is a fascinating blend of
diverse architectural idioms.

Lecture: List of 5-10 key architectural sites and buildings this week.
1. London Slums (1872), Lagos Slums.
2. Palmanova, 1593 – ideal planned city.
3. Strasbourg, 17th Century.
4. Piazza del Popolo – square in Rome, opened in 1818, by Architect, Giuseppe Valadier.
5. Bandstand Clapham Common, London.
6. Leed’s Mechanics Institute 1868.
7. Derby Arboretum – collection of photos.
8. Haussmann apartments – typical photos of plan and elevation.
9. Charles Marville – Paris urinals in the 1860s.

Building Study Research Update:

As this was the last week that we could get feedback, I tried to complete as much of my essay as
I could. I ended up finishing the first draft without the conclusion, however, I came up slightly
short for words. I am going to work on improving the word count as I produce multiple drafts and
my conclusion. Finally, I am really enjoying completing this assignment as I really like the topic
and building, I chose, and I love learning about its history. I am very pleased with my progress
thus far and I believe that my time management skills have greatly improved within the last
semester.