Modeling of Turbulent Flows

In our engineering domains

There are always differences encountered
between neighboring zones
Such as differences in velocity
concentration
Temperature
Under laminar flow conditions

any molecule moves a molecular

free path length

At ambient temperature this distance is about 68

nanometer and decreases at higher pressures
The molecule preserves the property gained
from its original position along its path into
the new position
It follows that the continuum hypothesis is reached
and you see every property as a smooth function
Faster molecule moving
T from the right zone

Slower molecule moving

x from the left zone

As you take domain points separated by distances that are

highly larger than the molecule mean
Youfreeget
path
a thick region
Superposition of sinusoidal around each point which
function with phase shifts gives tells you the average of
The shape of random variation fluctuation
In turbulent flow
The wavy parcels of molecules move to larger distances

As they have larger momentum

Such that we can notice the wrinkling in any property curve

Dissipation is calculated as
There are thus two groups of wavy flow parcels

The group that carries the fluctuation due to

inertia upon following the disturbance

And the group that dissipates the fluctuation due

to viscosity so as to damp the fluctuation
Both groups have a source of production
Once they are produced, they are carried by the
flow and diffuse as well
After which they are consumed and disappear in
sinks
y The concentration varies in the radial
For a jet direction The difference in slopes is
positive
The difference is pronounced
as a concentration increase in
the perpendicular direction
with a negative change in the
corresponding
x slope
∂ ∂ ∂
[ ρ.φ ] + [ ρ .U .φ ] + [ ρ.V .φ ]=
∂t ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ
[Γ. ]+ [Γ. ]+ S
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
If you divide by ρ The kinematic viscosity appears

∂k ∂k ∂  ν t ∂k   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i 
+u i =   +ν t
 +   −ε
∂t ∂x i ∂x i  σ k ∂x i   ∂x j ∂x i  ∂ x j 
∂ε ∂ε ∂  ν t ∂ε   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i  2
+u i =  +C ε1ν t  +   −C ε 2 ε
∂t ∂xi ∂xi  σ ε ∂xi     k
 ∂x j ∂xi  ∂x j 
∂ ∂ ∂
[ ρ.φ ] + [ ρ .U .φ ] + [ ρ.V .φ ]=
∂t ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂φ ∂ ∂φ
[Γ. ]+ [Γ. ]+ S
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
 2 The first equation determines
k
ν t =C \
µ the energy in the turbulence
ε
∂k ∂k ∂  ν t ∂k   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i 
+u i =   +ν t
 +   −ε
∂t ∂x i ∂x i  σ k ∂x i   ∂x j ∂x i  ∂ x j 
∂ε ∂ε ∂  ν t ∂ε   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i  2
+u i =  +C ε1ν t  +   −C ε 2 ε
∂t ∂xi ∂xi  σ ε ∂xi     k
 ∂x j ∂xi  ∂x j 
The second one determines the scale of turbulence
k 32 Turbulent viscosity is the momentum
ε= enlarged coefficient of exchange
l From this relationship, you get information
about the length scale (wave length)
 k 2 By considering only the steady state
ν t =C \ µ terms:
ε
∂k ∂  ν t ∂k   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i 
u i =  +ν t  +   −ε
∂xi ∂xi  σ k ∂xi   ∂x j ∂xi  ∂ x j 
∂ε ∂  ν t ∂ε   ∂ui ∂u j  ∂ui  ε 2
ui = 
  + 
 C ε1ν t  +   − Cε 2
∂xi ∂xi  σ ε ∂xi    k
 ∂x j ∂xi  ∂x j 
Put large value for the viscosity, you get
3 2 shorter jet penetration core or shorter
ε= k flame
l Dissipation ends up by reaching very
small values of length scale
This becomes the production term of turbulent
kinetic energy
∂k ∂  ν t ∂k   ∂u i ∂u j  ∂u i 
u i =  +ν t  +   −ε
∂xi ∂xi  σ k ∂xi   ∂x j ∂xi  ∂ x j 
2 2 2
∂k ∂ k ∂ k  ∂u  32
u =ν t 2 +ν t 2 +ν t   − k
∂y ∂x ∂y  ∂x  l

As the radial velocity of entrainment [v] is a fraction

of the axial velocity and its relative change is small
compared with U
Solve the two transport equations
And eddies develop before viscosity starts to act

Results indicate the existence of a region within

which the turbulent kinetic energy is generated

Turbulent Kinetic Energy Turbulent dissipation Rate

 The buoyancy can add a term to the production
of turbulent kinetic energy

The coefficient of thermal expansion, is defined as

 32
l= k
ε
To develop industrial systems you need to make
strong computational model like large eddy
simulation

Then you need Lagrangian flow expressions instead

of Eulerian Expressions
From which you get more detailed information
about the individual motion of wavy parcels