Selection Test 5

15 March, 2014
Total: 100 marks (20 marks for each question), Time allowed: 180 minutes

Answer all questions.

1. As shown in the figure, a simple reflecting astronomical telescope consists of a

primary concave mirror P that focuses an incoming parallel light beam to an
eyepiece placed at the focal point F. On the other hand, a Cassegrain astronomical
telescope consists of a primary concave mirror P and a secondary convex mirror S
that focuses an incoming parallel light beam to an eyepiece placed at the focal
point F. There is a hole at the center of the primary mirror so that light can reach
an eyepiece behind the primary mirror. Let f1 and −f2 be the focal lengths of the
primary and secondary mirrors respectively, and s be the separation between the
mirrors (here we adopt the convention that the focal lengths of concave and
convex mirrors are positive and negative respectively).
如圖所示，簡單的反射式天文望遠鏡包括一塊主凹面鏡P，它把入射的平行光
束聚焦於放置在焦點F的目鏡上。另一方面，卡塞格倫天文望遠鏡包括一塊主
凹面鏡P和一塊副凸面鏡S，它們將入射的平行光束聚焦於放置在焦點F的目鏡
上。主鏡的中心有一孔，使光能夠到達主反射鏡後面的目鏡。設f1和−f2分別
為主鏡和副鏡的焦距，s為反射鏡之間的距離（我們採用的約定，是以凹鏡和
凸鏡的焦距分別為正數和負數）。

P
F

To eyepiece

A simple reflecting telescope

Q P
S F
R To eyepiece

s
f0

A Cassegrain telescope
(a) Determine the distance between the secondary mirror S and the focal point F in
the Cassegrain telescope. Express your answer in terms of f1, f2 and s.
在卡塞格倫望遠鏡中，求副鏡S和焦點F之間的距離。答案以f1, f2和s表示。
(b) The figure illustrates how an incoming parallel beam is focused to F by the
telescopes. The effective focal length f0 of a Cassegrain telescope is obtained by
extrapolating a light ray converging at F back to intersect the incoming ray at Q. R
is the projection of Q to the optical axis of the telescope, and the distance between
R and F is the effective focal length. Determine f0. Express your answer in terms
of f1, f2 and s.
圖中顯示望遠鏡如何將射入的平行光束聚焦到F。透過將聚焦在F的光線後延
至與入射光束相交於Q點，可以得到卡塞格倫望遠鏡的有效焦距f0。R為Q於
望遠鏡的光軸上之投影，則R和F之間的距離就是有效焦距。求f0。答案以f1，
f2和s表示。
(c) The magnification of a reflecting telescope is proportional to the effective focal
length of the primary and secondary mirror system. Comparing the simple and
Cassegrain telescopes, we can write MCas = mMsim, where MCas is the
magnification of the Cassegrain telescope, and Msim is the magnification of the
simple telescope with the same primary mirror. Hence m is the magnification due
to the installation of the secondary mirror. Determine m. Express your answer in
terms of f1, f2 and s.
反射式望遠鏡的放大率與主鏡和副鏡系統的有效焦距成正比。將簡單望遠鏡
和卡塞格倫望遠鏡作對比，我們可以寫下MCas = mMsim，其中MCas為卡塞格倫
望遠鏡的放大率，Msim則為具有相同主鏡的簡單望遠鏡之放大率。由此，m
便是配備副鏡後的額外放大率。求m。答案以f1, f2和s表示。
(d) The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) is the world’s largest Cassegrain
telescope in the far-infrared and microwave region. The diameters of the primary
mirror (f1 = 5.4 m) and the secondary mirror (f2 = 0.274 m) are 15 m and 0.75 m
respectively. The light ray falling on the edge of the primary mirror is just able to
fall on the edge of the secondary mirror. Determine s.
占士‧麥克思韋望遠鏡(JCMT)是全球最大接收遠紅外線及微波波段的卡塞格
倫望遠鏡。主鏡 (f1 = 5.4 m) 的直徑和副鏡(f2 = 0.274 m)的直徑分別為15 m和
0.75 m。落在主鏡邊緣的光線剛好亦能落在副鏡的邊緣。求s。
(e) Determine the effective focal length of JCMT.
求JCMT的有效焦距。

2. As shown in the figure, a plano-convex lens is placed on a plane glass slab. The
radius of curvature of the convex surface of the lens is R.
 如圖所示，一平凸透鏡，被放置在一平面玻璃板上。透鏡的凸表面的曲率半
徑為R。

d
r

(a) Consider a point at a radial distance r from the axis of the system. Use any method
(geometry, or trigonometry, or coordinate geometry, or series expansion, or
otherwise) to show that the thickness d of the gap between the lens and the slab is
考慮位於距離系統中軸為 r 的一點。使用任何方法（幾何、三角、坐標幾何、
系列展開，或其他方法），驗證透鏡和平板之間的間隙之厚度 d 為
r2
d≈
2R
(b) Light with wavelength λ = 500 nm is normally incident from the top. The
refractive indices of the lens and the slab are n = 1.4 and 1.6 respectively, and the
radius of curvature of the convex lens is R = 0.25 m. Calculate the radii of the
second and third bright rings when viewed from the top.
波長λ = 500 nm的光從頂部垂直入射。透鏡和平板的折射率分別為n = 1.4和
1.6，凸透鏡的曲率半徑為R = 0.25 m。試計算從頂部觀看時，第二和第三亮
環的半徑。
(c) Explain, after measuring the radii of many bright rings, how one can calculate R
experimentally by plotting a linear graph.
試解釋在測量過許多亮環的半徑後，如何可以透過繪製直線圖形計算R。
(d) Calculate the radii of the second and third bright rings when viewed from the
bottom.
試計算從底部觀看時，第二和第三亮環的半徑。
(e) Calculate the radii of the second and third bright rings when the plano-convex lens
is placed on a concave lens with radius of curvature 3R and refractive index n =
1.6, instead of the plane glass slab.
考慮平凸透鏡被放置在凹透鏡上，而不是在平面玻璃板上。凹透鏡的曲率半
徑為3R，折射率為n = 1.6。試計算第二和第三亮環的半徑，
(f) Calculate the radii of the second and third bright rings when the gap between the
lens and the slab is filled with oil with refractive index n = 1.5, and viewed from
the top.
透鏡和平板之間的間隙中填充有油，折射率為n = 1.5。試計算從頂部觀看時，
第二和第三亮環的半徑。
3. Before the development of special relativity, physicists believed that an absolute
reference frame of the universe exists, and light waves were expected to propagate
at the fixed velocity c with respect to this frame, commonly known as the ether.
However, the famous Michelson-Morley experiment found that the speed of light
measured on Earth was independent of the orbital motion of Earth, and hence
verified that the ether did not exist. This led to Einstein’s theory of special
relativity.
在發展狹義相對論前，物理學家認為宇宙存在著一個絕對參考系統-「依太」，
並預期光波以固定的相對速度c於依太內傳播。然而，著名的邁克爾遜 - 莫
雷實驗發現，在地球上測量光的速度，與地球的軌道運動無關，從而驗證了
以太不存在。這導致愛因斯坦發展出狹義相對論。
The figure shows a modern experiment designed to measure, up to a very high
precision, the orbital velocity of Earth relative to the ether, if it exists. A and B are
two lasers set at right angles on a rotating platform. The two light beams are
mixed by a half-silvered mirror, and the beat frequency is measured by the
photomultiplier P.
如果依太存在，下圖顯示了一個用來測量地球相對於依太的軌道速度之現代
化實驗(該測量的精確度非常高)。 A和B是兩個設置在旋轉平台上成直角的激
光器。這兩支光束被一塊半鍍銀反射鏡混合，而所產生的拍頻會被光電倍增
器P所測量。

(a) A laser is a glass tube terminated by two mirrors separated by a distance L. The
tube contains a gas mixture, and energy is supplied to the gas from an external
source. The space between the two mirrors constitutes a resonant cavity for the
light emitted by the gas, with nodal points of the standing waves located at both
ends. A light beam at the resonant frequency comes out through the front mirror.
For a laser at rest in the ether, what is frequency of the nth harmonic of the laser?
 激光器由一玻璃管組成，兩端各有一塊反射鏡，距離為L。該管含有混合氣體，
氣體的能量從外部源提供。兩塊反射鏡之間的空間構成一個為氣體發射出來
的光之共振腔，兩端為駐波的結點。一支光束從前鏡射出，其頻率為共振頻
率。對於一支相對於「依太」靜止的激光，激光的第n個諧波之頻率是甚麼?
(b) Suppose laser A with mirror separation LA is directed at the forward direction of
Earth’s orbital velocity v. What is the time required for light to go from one mirror
to the other and back?
假設鏡面距離為LA之激光A，指向地球軌道向前方向，地球軌道的速度為v。
光線從一面鏡子去到另一面鏡子，再返回原先的鏡子所需要的時間是甚麼？
(c) Suppose laser B with mirror separation LB is perpendicular to Earth’s orbital
velocity. With reference to the following figure, what is the time required for light
to go from one mirror to the other and back?
假設鏡面距離為LB之激光B是垂直於地球的軌道速度。參照下圖，光線從一
面鏡子去到另一面鏡子，再返回原先的鏡子所需要的時間是甚麼？

LB

(d) Derive the expression for the beat frequency of the mixed beam.
試推導混合光束的拍頻之表達式。
(e) The platform is rotated through 90o. Derive the expression for the change in beat
frequency. Show that when LA ≈ LB ≈ L, the result becomes insensitive to the
difference LA − LB. Expand the result to the lowest order of v/c.
旋轉平台轉過90o。試推導拍頻的變化。當時，試驗證結果對長度差LA − LB
不敏感。請將結果展開至v/c的最低階。
(f) It is known that light takes 500 s to travel from Sun to Earth. Estimate v/c.
已知光線由太陽傳遞至地球需時500 s，試估算v/c。
(g) Suppose the wavelength of the laser beams is of the order of 1000 nm. Estimate
the change in beat frequency when the platform is rotated through 90o. Can the
frequency shift be detected if the frequency stability of lasers is of the order of 10
Hz?
假設激光束的波長之量級為1000 nm。試估算當平台轉過90°後拍頻的變化。
如果激光頻率穩定度之量級為10 Hz，上述的拍頻可否被檢測？
4. A heat engine consists of 1 mole of a diatomic ideal gas. The engine operates with
the following four steps in a cycle:
一熱機以1摩爾的雙原子分子的理想氣體運作。熱機的工作週期有以下四個步驟：
Step 1: Adiabatic compression from volume V and temperature T to volume 0.1V.
Step 2: Heating at constant pressure from volume 0.1V to volume 0.2V.
Step 3: Adiabatic expansion from volume 0.2V to volume V.
Step 4: Cooling at constant volume back to the initial temperature of step 1.
第1步：從體積V和溫度T絕熱壓縮至體積0.1V。
第2步：從體積0.1V恆壓加熱至體積0.2V。
第3步：從體積0.2V絕熱膨脹至體積V。
第4步：以恆定體積冷卻至第1步的初始溫度。
(a) Calculate the work done on the gas during step 1.
試計算在第1步中作用在氣體上的功。
(b) Calculate the work done by the gas during step 2.
試計算在第2步中氣體所作的功。
(c) Calculate the heat absorbed by the gas during step 2.
試計算在第2步中氣體所吸收的熱。
(d) Calculate the work done by the gas during step 3.
試計算在第3步中氣體所作的功。
(e) Calculate the heat rejected by the gas during step 4.
試計算在第4步中氣體所排出的熱。
(f) Calculate the efficiency of the engine.
試計算熱機的效率。
In (a)-(e), express your answer as multiples of RT, where R is the universal gas
constant.
請以RT的倍數表達(a)-(e)部的答案，其中R為通用氣體常數。

5. The base of a rectangular water tank has a length of L along the x direction and a
breadth of B along the y direction, with B << L. Water is filled up to a height H
along the z direction. In this problem we will study standing waves of the water
level, given by z(x, t) = H + u(x)cos(ωt), with |u(x)| << H. Let ρ be the density of
water.
一個長方形水缸之底部為沿著x方向的長度為L，沿著y方向的闊度則為B，而
且B << L。 水沿z方向注入至高度H。在這題，我們會考慮水位的駐波。它由
z(x, t) = H + u(x)cos(ωt)所表示，而且|u(x)| << H。設ρ為水的密度。
(a) Consider the water inside a vertical slice with thickness ∆x, sandwiched between
position x and x + ∆x. Derive an expression for the force acting on the surface at
position x as a function of the water level z(x, t). Neglect the atmospheric pressure.
 考慮一塊厚度為∆x，位處於x和x + ∆x之間的水之垂直切片。考慮位置為x的表
面，試推導作用於該表面的作用力，將其表達為水位z(x, t)之函數。可忽略大
氣壓力。
(b) Derive an expression of the acceleration ax of the water in the vertical slice in the
x direction due to the uneven water level. Your answer should take the form
du
cos(ωt ) . Determine A.
ax = A
dx
不均勻的水位，導致垂直切片內的水在x方向加速。試x推導垂直切片內的水
du
在x方向之加速度ax。答案應為 ax = A cos(ωt ) 。求A。
dx
(c) Considering the relation between acceleration and velocity, one can let the x

component of the water velocity vx be vx ( x, t ) = f ( x) sin(ωt ) . At the same time,

water is incompressible, so that the volume of water flowing into the vertical slice
is equal to the volume change due to the rise in the water level. Derive an
expression for the volume of water flowing into the vertical surface at position x
per unit time.

考慮加速度和速度之間的關係，水速度的x分量vx可以由 vx ( x, t ) = f ( x) sin(ωt )

所表示。同時，水是不可壓縮的流體，因此流入垂直切片的水之體積等於水
位上升所引致的體積變化。試推導每單位時間，流進在位置x的垂直平面的水
之體積。
(d) Derive an expression of the rate of change in the water level due to the uneven
flow velocity of water. You answer should be able to reduce to the form
df
u ( x) = C
. Determine C.
dx
由於水的流動不均勻，導致水位變化。試推導水位變化速率之表達式。你的
df
答案應可化為 u ( x) = C 的形式。求C。
dx
(e) Derive the expressions for u(x) and f(x).
求u(x)和f(x)的表達式。
(f) Derive the expression for the wave velocity.
求波速的表達式。
(g) Note that water cannot flow through the wall of the tank at x = 0 and x = L. How
does this affect the boundary condition at x = 0 and x = L? Hence sketch the shape
of the standing wave with the lowest frequency, and determine the lowest
frequency.
注意水缸內的水不能通過在x = 0和x = L的缸壁，這個要求對x = 0和x = L的邊
界條件有甚麼影響？由此，繪畫出最低頻率的駐波形狀，並求它的最低頻率。