Selection Test 3

1 March, 2014

Total: 100 marks (20 marks for each question)

Time allowed: 180 minutes
Answer all questions.

1. On Earth’s surface, the distance between two cities is b. Let θ = b/(2RE). A railway through a
straight tunnel is proposed to be built between the two cities, as shown in the figure, where RE is
the radius of Earth. The train on the railway travels between the two cities is powered only by
Earth’s gravitational force. Neglect friction.
在地球表面，兩個城市的距離為b。設θ = b/(2RE)。如圖所示，當局擬建造一條貫穿這兩個城
市的鐵路隊道，其中RE為地球半徑。該鐵路的列車只用地球引力提供動力。忽略摩擦力。

b
A B
x
R

(a) Calculate the length of the tunnel and its maximum depth of the tunnel below Earth’s surface.
計算隧道的長度和其距離地球表面的最大深度。
(b) Let x be the distance of the train from the center of the tunnel. Calculate the component of the
gravitational force acting on the train of mass m along the tunnel direction. Express your
answer in RE, g, θ and x, where g is the gravitational acceleration on Earth’s surface.
設x為列車與隧道中心的的距離。計算作用於質量為m之列車上,沿隧道方向的重力分量。
以RE，g，θ和x表示答案，其中g是地球表面的重力加速度。
(c) Derive an expression for the maximum speed of the train.
求列車最大速度之表達式。
(d) Derive an expression for the travel time of the train.
求列車所需的行駛時間之表達式。
(e) The distance between Hong Kong and Guangzhou is 130 km. Calculate the numerical answer
to (a)-(d) if such a railway is built between Hong Kong and Guangzhou. In part (c), express
your answer in km/h. In part (d), express your answer in minutes. Data: RE = 6400 km, and g
= 9.8 m/s2 on Earth’s surface.
香港和廣州之間的距離為130公里。如果鐵路是建於香港和廣州之間，計算(a)-(d)答案的
數值。以km/h來表示(c)的答案。以分鐘表示(d)的答案。數值：RE = 6400公里。於地球
表面，g = 9.8 m/s2。
2. As shown in the figure, a spring-mass system is driven by a motor rotating at a constant angular
velocity ω, such that the angle between the axis of the system and the downward vertical line is ωt.
The spring-mass system consists of a mass m attached to a massless spring of spring constant k
and of relaxed length l0. Let x be the extension of the spring.
如圖所示，以恆定角速度 ω旋轉的馬達，驅動著一個彈簧－質點系統，轉動的軸線與向下的
垂直線之間的角度為 ωt。彈簧－質點系統是由一個質量為m的重物,及一條正常長度為l0，彈
簧常數為k的無質量彈簧所形成。設x為彈簧的延伸長度。

g ωt

(a) Derive the equation of motion of x.

求x的運動方程。
(b) The extension x is given by x = A + B cosωt. Derive the expressions for A and B.
延伸長度x可以由x = A + B cosωt所表示。求A和B的表達式。
(c) State the position at which the tension in the spring is maximum, and what is the maximum
tension?
在哪個位置時,彈簧的張力會是最大? 而該最大張力又是甚麼？
(d) Derive an expression for the torque exerted by the motor at time t. Since the answer is
complicated, explicit expressions of A and B in the answers are not required.
求馬達在時間t所施加的力矩之表達式。由於答案比較複雜，無需寫出A和B的明確表達
式。
(e) What is the angular velocity at which the extension has a maximum oscillating amplitude?
甚麼角速度會使延伸長度有最大的振盪幅度?

3. As shown in the figure, a uniform rod of mass M and length L is initially in a vertical position with
its lower end in contact with a rough surface. The rod rotates about the lower end due to
gravitational force. When it has rotated an angle θ, it hits a rough peg at a distance L/3 from the
lower end, and the hit is inelastic. After the hit, the rod loses contact with the rough surface and
rotates without slipping about the peg. When the rod has rotated to the horizontal direction, the rod
starts to slide away from the peg and fall.
如圖所示，一支質量為M，長度為L的均勻桿，最初處於垂直狀態，其下端觸着一個粗糙的
表面。由於重力的關係，該桿繞着下端轉動。當它旋轉了θ角度後，與一個粗糙的栓發生非
 彈性碰撞，碰撞點與下端距離為L/3。在碰撞後，該桿與粗糙表面失去接觸，並且開始繞着
栓作非滑倒性的旋轉。當桿轉至水平方向時，它開始滑動，移離栓和開始下跌。

Inelastic hit Rotate Slide

L/3

(a) What is the angular velocity ω1 of the rod immediately before it hits the peg?
在與栓碰撞前的瞬間，角速度ω1是甚麼？
(b) What is the angular velocity ω2 of the rod immediately after it hits the peg?
在與栓碰撞後的瞬間，角速度ω2是甚麼？
(c) What is the angular velocity ω3 of the rod when it is directed at the horizontal direction?
當桿轉至水平方向時，其角速度ω3是甚麼？
(d) What is the coefficient of static friction between the peg and the rod?
栓和桿之間的靜摩擦係數是甚麼？
Remark: The moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass M and length L about its center is
ML2/12.
註: 一支質量為M, 長度為L的均勻桿,其圍繞着中心的轉動慣量為ML2/12。

4. As shown in the figure, one end of a U-tube is closed and the other end is open to the atmosphere.
The cross-section area A of the U-tube is uniform. A liquid of mass M and density ρ partially fills
the U-tube and traps air at the closed end. At equilibrium, the liquid level in the open end is higher
than that in the closed end by h. Let H be the atmospheric pressure.
如圖所示，一條U形管的一端是封閉的，而另一端則與大氣連接。U型管的橫截面面積為A，
其截面是一致的。U形管局部注入質量為M、密度為ρ的液體，並把空氣困在封閉的一端。在
平衡狀態下，開口端的液面比在閉合端的液面高出了h。設H是大氣壓力。

(a) Suppose that when the liquid level at the closed end rises by x from its equilibrium position, the
trapped air is compressed adiabatically. For x << L, the pressure change ∆P of the trapped air is
linear proportional to x. Derive an expression for ∆P. You may denote the adiabatic exponent as γ.
假設在封閉端的液面從平衡位置上升了x時，被困的空氣被絕熱壓縮。對於x << L時，被困空
氣的壓力變化∆P，與x成線性正比。求∆P的表達式，你可以γ表示絕熱指數。
 H

g L
h

(b) Derive an expression for the temperature change ∆T as a function of x.

求溫度改變∆T對應於x的函數。
(c) Derive an expression for the oscillation frequency of x.
求x的振盪頻率。

5. Air Convection in Atmosphere大氣內之空氣對流

(a) Consider a horizontal slab of air whose thickness (height) is dz. If this slab is at rest, the pressure
holding it up from below must balance both the pressure from above and the weight of the slab.
Use this fact to find an expression for dP/dz, the variation of pressure with altitude, in terms of the
density ρ of air.
考慮一薄塊的空氣，其厚度（高度）是dz。當這薄塊處於靜止狀態時，從下方施加於薄塊的
壓力必須平衡於從上面施加於薄塊的壓力和薄塊的自身重量。由此,找出壓力隨高度變化的
表達式dP/dz，答案以空氣密度ρ來表示。
(b) Use the ideal gas law to write the density ρ of air in terms of pressure P, temperature T, and the
average molar mass M of air. Show, then, that the pressure obeys the condition
dP
= − f ( M , g , R, T ) P
dz ,
where f ( g , M , R, T ) is a function of average molar mass M of air, gravitational acceleration g,
universal gas constant R, and absolute temperature T of air. Find the function f ( g , M , R, T ) .

利用理想氣體定律，寫出空氣密度ρ與壓力P，溫度T及平均摩爾質量M的關係。由此，証明
壓力滿足以下關係

dP
= − f ( M , g , R, T ) P
dz
其中 f ( g , M , R, T ) 是一個含有平均摩爾質量M，重力常數g，標準氣體常數R及空氣絕對溫度
Ｔ的函數。求 f ( g , M , R, T ) 。
(c) Assume that the temperature of the atmosphere is independent of height. Then the atmospheric
pressure at height z is given by P(z) = P(0)exp(−λz). Find λ.
假設大氣的溫度隨高度無關。因此，在高度為z的大氣壓力可以由P(z) = P(0)exp(−λz)表示。
求λ。
 In practice, the atmospheric temperature depends on height. If the temperature gradient |dT/dz|
exceeds a certain critical value, convection will occur: warm, low-density air will rise, while cool,
high-density air sinks. The decrease of pressure with altitude causes a rising air mass to expand
adiabatically and thus to cool. The condition for convection to occur is that the rising air mass
must remain warmer than the surrounding air despite this adiabatic cooling.
在實際情況下，大氣的溫度會隨高度變化。當溫度梯度|dT/dz|超越一個臨界值時，對流就會
產生：低密度的熱空氣上升，高密度的冷空氣則下降。隨高度上升而下降的氣壓，使上升的
空氣團發生絕熱膨脹，從而冷卻。對流發生的條件是：上升中的氣團縱然發生絕熱冷卻，仍
須較周圍的空氣溫暖。
(d) Assume that the molar heat capacity of air at constant volume is cV = 5R/2. Applying the first law
of thermodynamics to adiabatic expansion, write the relations between dU, dQ, and dW in terms of
temperature change dT and volume change dV. Here, dU, dQ, and dW are respectively the change
in the internal energy, the heat absorbed by air, and the work done by air.
假設空氣的定容摩爾熱容量為cV = 5R/2。把熱力學第一定律應用於絕熱膨脹過程，以溫度改
變dT，體積改變dV，寫出dU, dQ及dW之間的關係。在此，dU, dQ及dW順序代表空氣的內能
改變，空氣吸收的熱量、及空氣所作的功。
(e) Hence show that when air expands adiabatically, the temperature and pressure are related by the
condition
dT T
=a
dP P.

Find the constant a.

由此証明，當空氣絕熱膨脹時，溫度和壓力是滿足以下條件

dT T
=a
dP P
求常數a。
(f) Assume that dT/dz is just at the critical value for convection to begin, so that the temperature drop
due to adiabatic expansion of the convecting air mass is the same as the temperature gradient of
the surrounding air. Find a formula for dT/dz in this case.
假設dT /dz正處於對流開始發生的臨界值，以致對流空氣由絕熱膨脹引起的溫度下降，正正
等於周邊空氣的溫度梯度。在此情況下,求dT/dz的公式。
(g) Calculate numerically the critical temperature gradient in part (f). Express your answer in oC/km.
Data: M = 29 g, g = 9.8 m/s2, R = 8.31 J/mol/K, T = 300 K.
計算(f)部的臨界溫度梯度之數值。答案以oC/km為單位。數值: M = 29 g, g = 9.8 m/s2, R = 8.31
J/mol/K, T = 300 K。