CN Question Bank for Mid term

Longs Questions :-

1. Describe OSI reference model with brief functionality of each layer. (7)
Reference Model
• Reference Model offers a means of standardization which is acceptable
worldwide.
• Since people using the computer network are located over a wide physical
range and their network devices might have various architecture.
• In order to provide communication among various devices, we need a
standardized model i.e. a reference model, which would provide us way how
these devices can communicate regardless their architecture.

Physical Layer
• Specifications for the physical components of the network.
• Functions of Physical Layer:
• Bit representation – encode bits into electrical or optical signals
• Transmission rate – The number of bits sent each second
• Physical characteristics of transmission media
• Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks
• Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, full duplex
• Physical Topology – how devices are connected – ring, star, mesh,
bus topology
Data Link Layer
Responsible for delivery of data between two systems on the same network
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits received from network layer into
manageable data units called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header to the frame to define the
physical address of the source and the destination machines.
• Flow control – Impose a flow control – control rate at which data is
transmitted so as not to flood the receiver
• Error Control – Adds mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged
or lost frames. This is achieved by adding a trailer to the end of a
frame

Network Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
• Responsible for delivery of packets across multiple networks
• Routing – Provide mechanisms to transmit data over independent
networks that are linked together.
• Network layer is responsible only for delivery of individual packets
and it does not recognize any relationship between those packets
• Add Logical address to the header of the packet

Transport Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
• Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message
• Segmentation and reassembly – divide message into smaller
segments, number them and transmit. Reassemble these messages at
the receiving end.
• Error control – make sure that the entire message arrives without
errors – else retransmit.

Session Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
• Dialog control – allows two systems to enter into a dialog, keep a track of
whose turn it is to transmit
• Synchronization – adds check points (synchronization points) into stream of
data.

Presentation Layer
Responsibilities of this layer are:
 • Translation
• Different computers use different encoding systems (bit order
translation)
• Convert data into a common format before transmitting.
• Syntax represents info such as character codes - how many bits
to represent data – 8 or 7 bits
• Compression – reduce number of bits to be transmitted

Application Layer
• Contains protocols that allow the users to access the network (FTP, HTTP,
SMTP, etc)
• Protocols contain utilities and network-based services that support email via
SMTP, Internet access via HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc

Summary of Functions of Layers

2. Explain LAN, MAN, WAN in detail. (7) OR Write difference between

LAN, WAN & MAN. (5)
A computer network can be defined as a collection of computing devices
(nodes) interconnected by wires or other means and governed by a set of
standards (protocols) in order to share data and resources.
LAN (Local Area Network)
• A local area network(LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices
that share a common communication line or wireless link
• Connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within
a small geographic area.
• A local area network may serve as few as two or three users or as many as
thousands of users
• Scope of LAN is limited to an organization, we can implement strict policy
rules within the network.
• Ex: account data access by account department
• Wireless LANs are very popular these days, especially in homes, older
office buildings, cafeterias, and other places where it is too much trouble to
install cables.
• In these systems, every computer has a radio modem and an antenna that
it uses to communicate with other computers.
• There is a standard for wireless LANs called IEEE 802.11, popularly
known as WiFi, which has become very widespread.

• Wired LANs run at speeds of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, have low delay
(microseconds or nanoseconds), and make very few errors. Newer LANs can
operate at up to 10 Gbps.
• The topology of many wired LANs is built from point-to-point links. IEEE
802.3, popularly called Ethernet, is, by far, the most common type of wired
LAN.
• Gateway level filtering is possible.
• Gateway are devices between the LAN and outside world.
• LAN is secured from the attacks generated out side
• LAN are connected is known as topologies
• Various topologies are possible in network Ex. Star, Ring, Bus
 • LAN can be restricted to 100 meters.
• Hub, Cable or Switch can be used to implement LAN architecture.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that is utilized across
multiple buildings
• Commonly used in school campuses or large companies with multiple
buildings
• Is larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN
• Is also used to mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them
together. This short of network is also referred to as a campus network
• It work between 5 to 50 km.
• MAN aim was to provided enough bandwidth a large of customers and
provided services.
• The best-known examples of MANs are the cable television networks
available in many cities.
• Recent developments in highspeed wireless Internet access have resulted in
another MAN, which has been standardized as IEEE 802.16 and is popularly
known as WiMAX.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Is the largest network of all network types.
• The internet is the largest WAN in the world.
• WAN generally covers large distances such as states, countries.
• WAN is group of MANs or LANs or the mixture of both network.
• An example in the society using WAN is the banking organization.

Difference between Three types of network connection

 3.Justify the statement: ‘Network is layer architecture’. (3)
• Divide and conquer is a well known mechanism to solve complex problem.
• The entire networking problem is solved in pieces.
• They can evolve independent of each other without much trouble
• These solution pieces are arranged in a way that one solution piece provides
all that is required by another pieces .
• That pieces in turn provides whatever is required by another one and so on.
• All such solutions pieces are called layers in the networking .

4. Write difference between TCP/IP & OSI model in detail. (7)

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

It stands for Open System Interconnection. It stands for Transmission Control

OSI model has been developed by ISO
(International Standard Organization).
It is an independent standard and generic
protocol used as a communication gateway
between the network and the end user.
In the OSI model, the transport layer
provides a guarantee for the delivery of the
packets.
In this model, the session and presentation
layers are separated, i.e., both the layers are
different.
It is also known as a reference model
through which various networks are built. For
example, the TCP/IP model is built from the
OSI model. It is also referred to as a
guidance tool.
Protocol.
It was developed by ARPANET
(Advanced Research Project Agency
Network).
It consists of standard protocols that
lead to the development of an internet.
It is a communication protocol that
provides the connection among the
hosts.
The transport layer does not provide the
surety for the delivery of packets. But
still, we can say that it is a reliable model.
In this model, the session and
presentation layer are not different
layers. Both layers are included in the
application layer.
It is an implemented model of an OSI
model.
5. Differentiate: MAN & WAN. (3)
6. Write short note on Transmission media. (7) Or Explain guided and
unguided media in detail. (7)
7. Write difference between Twisted pair and Fiberoptics cable. (7)
8. Write difference between coaxial cable & fiberoptics cable.(7)
9. Write notes on Electromagnetic Spectrum.(7)

10.Write in detail: Fiber optics cable.(7)

• The fiber optic cable is made up of pure glass.

• That pure glass extremely transparent and it can be bend without breaking.
• It offers least possible resistance to the light passing through it.
• Both these properties make it an excellent candidate to carry light signals
through a long distance.
• Fiber optic cable use light pulses as the carries of zeros and ones.
• Light pulses are electromagnetic waves having higher frequency than radio
waves and microwaves.
• The frequency range of 1014 Hz.
• The bandwidth offered by fiber optic cables in huge
• It is in Gbps.
• It is possible to squeeze nearly 50 terabytes of bandwidth in a fiber optic
cable.
• These cable have a light source at the one end which can generate light
pulses in presence of electric pulse

• At the other end , there is a detector which can sense the light pulse and
generate an electric signal.
• Fiber operates in the range of visible light.
 • There are three different ranges of frequencies which have consistent
attenuation(shrinking).
• The first range is centered at 0.85 micron; it has an attenuation of about 0.8
decibels/km
• The second range is centered at 1.30 micron; it has an attenuation of about
0.2 decibels/km
• The third range is centered at 1.55 micron; it has an attenuation of about 0.2
decibels/km
• All the three ranges are 25000 to 30000 GHz wide.
• Two ranges offer less attenuation, they are used in long range
communication.
• the first range has a high level of attenuation
• If we point a flashlight in upward direction at night.The light spreads out in
all directions.
• This effect is known as dispersion.
• The best way to utilize the fiber optimally is to send as many light pulses
together as possible.
• Unfortunately when light pulses are close to each other and they travel a
long distance, there is a chance that a wave conflict with a dispersed
neighbor's outstretched wave.
• Both of them get merged and result into garbage.
• Such transmissions where multiple light rays are sent across are restricted to
a short distance.
• Some waves can still be sent together.

Design for Fiber Cables

• Fiber Optic cables are designed in three different ways:
• The first two types are multimode(thicker) and the third type is single
mode(a very thin)
• An optical fiber has three different layers
• The innermost layer is called the core which is made up of pure glass(and
sometimes plastic as well)
• The carries the light rays within
• The layer on the outer side of the core is known as then cladding.
 • It is usually made up of glass (sometimes plastic) with a lower refractive
index than the core.
• The interface between core and the cladding is responsible for refracting the
light back into the cable.
• The outermost layer of the cable is known as the jacket.
• The shields the cladding and the core from moisture, crushing and abrasion
(scratch).
• The multimode fiber is of two different types.
• The first one is known as single step multimode where than cladding has
less refractive index than the core
• The light rays travel in a straight line and reflect from the interface between
the core and the cladding like a mirror.
• Second type of fiber, the graded index multimode fiber, the core has a
higher refractive index at the center and reduces consistently towards the
cladding.
• These types of fibers are used mostly in LANs.
• The Multimode fiber is used for Shorty distance communications.
• For long distance (50 to 60 km) the single mode fiber is used.

11.Explain Radio waves, micro waves, infrared waves & ISM Band in
detail.(7)
Radio Waves
• The lowest part of spectrum is known as radio waves.
• Here the frequency is less and thus the waves are long .
• An equation is: λf=T Note: λ= pie
• Where λ= Wavelength
 f = frequency of wave
T= speed of wave

Important points to remember

• 104 to 108 Hz frequency
• Frequency is less and waves are long
• Travel in all directions ( Omnidirectional )
• Passing through obstacles
• Travels a long distance
• Poor candidates for data transmissions

Microwaves
• Its EM Range is between 108 to 1011 Hz
• Travel straighter and not in all directions
• The waves are so focused in the microwave range that if the sender and
receiver are not precisely aligned, they can not communicate , this
requirement is known as The line of sight (LoS) requirement.
• Microwave gets more and more focused as the wavelength decreases.
• Sender and receiver contain Parabolic antennas (used to pick up safelight
signals) facing each other.
• Do not penetrate through the walls; have a tendency to bounce off the
obstacles
Advantages :
• No wiring between the sender and receiver.
• Microwaves wireless transmission is better here because it does not require
to pass through uneven land and does not require to channel like wire
connections on busy roads and buildings.
• Inexpensive because we only need tower with antennas.
• It can not affected by the natural disaster like flood or earthquake.
• Example : Dish Antenna

Infrared waves
• Our TV remote controls use infrared waves to send signals.
• Other short range devices like VCRs(Videocassette recorder) and stereos
and some electronic toys use infrared waves.
• This waves are easy to produce and use.
• The devices that need to produce and use infrared is cheap.
• Problems:
- Travel straight and can not pass through obstacles.
 - They can not work out doors.
The ISM Bands
• This portion is intended to be used for industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) needs.
• A device which operates in this band does not require any license.
• The only restriction for those who operates in this range is the power.
• It is possible to create problems if a user violates and starts transmitting at a
higher power level than others. It will create problems for all his neighbors.
• FCC- Federal Communications Commission has provided three ISM bands
in the US.
• In India , only the middle one is allowed.
• 902 to 928 MHz
• 2.4 to 2.48 GHz
• 5.736 to 5.860 GHz
• Lower-end band are far better than higher-end bands.
• Lower-end band consume less power to cover the same distance.
Thus the battery life increases and the cost is reduced.
• They do not have any problem flowing through rain or others.
• Some codeless phone also use this bands.

12.Explain Radio Waves in detail.(3)

• The lowest part of spectrum is known as radio waves.

• Here the frequency is less and thus the waves are long .
• An equation is: λf=T Note: λ= pie
• Where λ= Wavelength
f = frequency of wave
T= speed of wave

Important points to remember

• 104 to 108 Hz frequency
• Frequency is less and waves are long
• Travel in all directions ( Omnidirectional )
• Passing through obstacles
• Travels a long distance
• Poor candidates for data transmissions
13.Explain coaxial cable with diagram. (7)
• Coaxial is called by this name because it contains two conductors that are
parallel to each other. Copper is used in this as centre conductor which can
be a solid wire or a standard one. It is surrounded by PVC installation, a
sheath which is encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, barid or both..

• Outer metallic wrapping is used as a shield against noise and as the second
conductor which completes the circuit. The outer conductor is also encased
in an insulating sheath. The outermost part is the plastic cover which
protects the whole cable.

Coaxial Cable Standards

Coaxial cables are categorized by their Radio Government(RG) ratings. Each
RG number denotes a unique set of physical specifications, including the wire
of the inner conductor, the thickness and the type of the inner insulator, the
construction of the shield, and the size and type of the outer casing. Each cable
defined by an RG rating is adapted for a specialized function, as shown in the
table below:
 Coaxial Cable Connectors
To connect coaxial cable to devices, we need coaxial connectors. The most
common type of connector used today is the Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC)
connector. The below figure shows 3 popular types of these connectors: the
BNC Connector, the BNC T connector and the BNC terminator.

• The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable to the device,
such as a TV set.
• The BNC T connector is used in Ethernet networks to branch out to a
connection to a computer or other device.
• The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection
of the signal.

Advantages of Coaxial Cable

• Bandwidth is high
• Used in long distance telephone lines.
• Transmits digital signals at a very high rate of 10Mbps.
• Much higher noise immunity
• Data transmission without distortion.
• They can span to longer distance at higher speeds as they have better
shielding when compared to twisted pair cable
Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable
• Single cable failure can fail the entire network.
• Difficult to install and expensive when compared with twisted pair.
• If the shield is imperfect, it can lead to grounded loop.

14.Explain STP & UTP twisted pair cables in detail.(7)

A twisted pair consists of two conductors(normally copper), each with its own
plastic insulation, twisted together.
Twisted Pair is of two types:
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

It is the most common type of telecommunication when compared with Shielded
Twisted Pair Cable which consists of two conductors usually copper, each with its
own colour plastic insulator. Identification is the reason behind coloured plastic
insulation.
UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use
RJ(register jack)-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45 connector.

Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

• Installation is easy
• Flexible
• Cheap
• It has high speed capacity,
• 100 meter limit
• Higher grades of UTP are used in LAN technologies like Ethernet.
Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
• Bandwidth is low when compared with Coaxial Cable
• Provides less protection from interference.

Shielded Twisted Pair Cable

This cable has a metal foil or braided-mesh covering which encases each pair of
insulated conductors. Electromagnetic noise penetration is prevented by metal
casing. Shielding also eliminates crosstalk
Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
• Easy to install
• Performance is satisfied
• Can be used for Analog or Digital transmission
• Increases the signaling rate
• Higher capacity than unshielded twisted pair
• Eliminates crosstalk
Disadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
• Difficult to manufacture
• Heavy

15.Differentiate: copper wire and fiber optics (3)

16.Write difference between radio waves & infrared waves.(3)
17.Explain passband signaling in detail. (7) Or Explain ASK, FSK, PSK.
(7)

18.What is multiplexing? Explain types of multiplexing. (7)

• Multiplexing is a technique by which different analog and digital streams of
transmission can be simultaneously processed over a shared link.
Multiplexing divides the high capacity medium into low capacity logical
medium which is then shared by different streams.
• Communication is possible over the air (radio frequency), using a physical
media (cable), and light (optical fiber). All mediums are capable of
multiplexing.
• When multiple senders try to send over a single medium, a device called
Multiplexer divides the physical channel and allocates one to each. On the
other end of communication, a De-multiplexer receives data from a single
medium, identifies each, and sends to different receivers.
Frequency Division Multiplexing

• When the carrier is frequency, FDM is used. FDM is an analog technology.

• FDM divides the spectrum or carrier bandwidth in logical channels and
allocates one user to each channel. Each user can use the channel frequency
independently and has exclusive access of it.
• All channels are divided in such a way that they do not overlap with each
other.
• Channels are separated by guard bands. Guard band is a frequency which
is not used by either channel.
Time Division Multiplexing

TDM is applied primarily on digital signals but can be applied on analog signals as
well. In TDM the shared channel is divided among its user by means of time slot.
Each user can transmit data within the provided time slot only. Digital signals are
divided in frames, equivalent to time slot i.e. frame of an optimal size which can be
transmitted in given time slot.

TDM works in synchronized mode. Both ends, i.e. Multiplexer and De-multiplexer
are timely synchronized and both switch to next channel simultaneously.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Light has different wavelength (colors). In fiber optic mode, multiple optical
carrier signals are multiplexed into an optical fiber by using different wavelengths.
This is an analog multiplexing technique and is done conceptually in the same
manner as FDM but uses light as signals.

Code Division Multiplexing

Multiple data signals can be transmitted over a single frequency by using Code
Division Multiplexing. FDM divides the frequency in smaller channels but CDM
allows its users to full bandwidth and transmit signals all the time using a unique
code. CDM uses orthogonal codes to spread signals.
Each station is assigned with a unique code, called chip. Signals travel with these
codes independently, inside the whole bandwidth.The receiver knows in advance
the chip code signal it has to receive.

19.Explain Public Switch Telephone Network. (4)

20.Describe flooding in brief.(3)
21.Explain types of routing. (7)

22.Describe Transport Layer services.(3)

End-to-end delivery
The transport layer transmits the entire message to the destination. Therefore, it
ensures the end-to-end delivery of an entire message from a source to the
destination.

Addressing
The transport layer provides the user address which is specified as a station or port.

Reliable delivery
The transport layer provides reliability services by retransmitting the lost and
damaged packets.

Flow Control
Flow control is used to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver. If the
receiver is overloaded with too much data, then the receiver discards the packets
and asking for the retransmission of packets. This increases network congestion
and thus, reducing the system performance. The transport layer is responsible for
flow control. It uses the sliding window protocol that makes the data transmission
more efficient as well as it controls the flow of data so that the receiver does not
become overwhelmed. Sliding window protocol is byte oriented rather than frame
oriented.

Multiplexing
The transport layer uses the multiplexing to improve transmission efficiency.
Multiplexing can occur in two ways:
Upward multiplexing: Upward multiplexing means multiple transport layer
connections use the same network connection.
Downward multiplexing: Downward multiplexing means one transport layer
connection uses the multiple network connections.

23.Describe service primitives that provide a simple connection-oriented

service.(3)
24.Describe 3-Way handshake method in brief.(3)

25.Write difference between TCP & UDP. (7)

Feature TCP UDP

Requires an established
Connectionless protocol
connection to transmit data
Connection with no requirements for
(connection should be closed
status opening, maintaining, or
once transmission is
terminating a connection
complete)

Data
Able to sequence Unable to sequence
sequencing

Guaranteed
delivery Can guarantee delivery Cannot guarantee
of data to the destination delivery of data to the
 router destination

Retransmission Retransmission of lost No retransmission of lost

of data packets is possible packets

Basic error checking

Extensive error checking and
Error checking mechanism using
acknowledgment of data
checksums

Data is read as a byte UDP packets with defined

Method of stream; messages are boundaries; sent
transfer transmitted to segment individually and checked
boundaries for integrity on arrival

Does not support Does support

Broadcasting
Broadcasting Broadcasting

Used by HTTP, SMT, FTP,

Optimal use POP, DNS, VoIP, etc
etc

26.Explain DNS in detail.(7)

DNS (Domain Name System)
DNS is a host name to IP address translation service. DNS is a distributed database
implemented in a hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer protocol for
message exchange between clients and servers.
Every host is identified by the IP address but remembering numbers is very
difficult for the people and also the IP addresses are not static therefore a mapping
is required to change the domain name to IP address. So DNS is used to convert
the domain name of the websites to their numerical IP address.
Domian
There are various kinds of DOMAIN :
Generic domain : .com(commercial) .edu(educational) .mil(military) .org(non
profit organization) .net(similar to commercial) all these are generic domain.
Country domain .in (india) .us (United state) .uk (United kingdom)
Inverse domain if we want to know what is the domain name of the website. Ip to
domain name mapping. So DNS can provide both the mapping for example to find
the ip addresses of gtu.ac.in then we have to type nslookup www.gtu.ac.in

DNS Structure
The domain name is usually contained in a URL. A domain name is made of
multiple parts, called labels. The domain hierarchy is read from right to left with
each section denoting a subdivision.
The TLD appears after the period in the domain name. Examples of top-level
domains include .com, .org and .edu, but there are many others. Some may denote
a country code or geographic location, such as .us for the United States or .ca for
Canada.
Each label on the left-hand side of the TLD denotes another subdomain of the
domain to the right. For example, in the URL www.techtarget.com, "techtarget" is
a subdomain of .com, and "www." is a subdomain of techtarget.com.

DNS server types

There are four types of server involved in completing a DNS resolution.
1. Recursive server. The recursive server takes DNS queries from an application,
such as a web browser. It's the first resource the user accesses and either provides
the answer to the query if it has it cached or accesses the next-level server if it
doesn't. This server may go through several iterations of querying before returning
an answer to the client.
2. Root name server. This server is the first place the recursive server sends a
query if it doesn't have the answer cached. The root name server is an index of all
the servers that will have the information being queried.

3. TLD server. The root server directs the query based on the top-level domain --
the .com, .edu or .org in the URL. This is a more specific part of the lookup.
4. Authoritative name server. The authoritative name server is the final
checkpoint for the DNS query. These servers know everything about a given
domain and deal with the subdomain part of the domain name. These servers
contain DNS resource records with specific information about a domain, such as
the A record.

DNS queries
Recursive DNS queries are those that take place between the recursive server and
the client.
Iterative DNS queries take place between the recursive resolver, which is a local
DNS server, and the nonlocal name servers, like the root, TLD and authoritative
name servers.
Non-recursive queries are those for which the recursive resolver already knows
where to get the answer. The answer is either cached on the recursive server or the
recursive server knows to skip the root and TLD servers and go directly to a
specific authoritative server.

Domain Records
Every domain, whether it is a single host or a top-level domain, can have a set of
resource records associated with it. These records are the DNS database. For a
single host, the most common resource record is just its IP address, but many other
kinds of resource records also exist. When a resolver gives a domain name to DNS,
what it gets back are the resource records associated with that name. Thus, the
primary function of DNS is to map domain names onto resource records.
A resource record is a five-tuple.
1. Domain name : The Domain name tells the domain to which this record
applies.
2. Time to live : The Time to live field gives an indication of how stable the
record is.
3. Class : Class is used for Internet information, it is always ‘IN’.
4. Type : The Type field tells what kind of record this is.
5. Value : This field can be a number, a domain name, or an ASCII string.
 Short Questions :-

1. What is Computer Network?

A computer network can be defined as a collection of computing devices (nodes)
interconnected by wires or other means and governed by a set of standards
(protocols) in order to share data and resources.

2. What is Internet?
The Internet is not really a network at all, but a vast collection of different
networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services.
It is an unusual system in that it was not planned by anyone and is not controlled
by anyone.
It is widely used since 1980’s.

3. What is ARPANET?

• ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet.
• In 1967, ARPANET was developed under the direction of the U.S.
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
• In 1969, the idea became a modest reality with the interconnection of four
university computers. The initial purpose was to communicate with and
share computer resources among mainly scientific users at the connected
institutions.
• ARPANET took advantage of the new idea of sending information in
small units called packets that could be routed on different paths and
reconstructed at their destination.
• The development of the TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s made it possible to
expand the size of the network, which now had become a network of
networks, in an orderly way.
• In the 1980s, ARPANET was handed over to a separate new military
network, the Defense Data Network

4. What is Standard name of Wi-Fi and Ethernet?

The Standard name of Wi-Fi is IEEE 802.11.
The Standard name of Ethernet is IEEE 802.3.

5. List the protocols used by OSI model.

 6. Differentiate: connection oriented and connectionless services.

7. Write full form of PSK, FSK, ASK.

PSK - Phase-shift keying
FSK - Frequency-shift keying
ASK - Amplitude-shift keying

8. Range of Radio waves or type of Radio waves.

The range of the radio spectrum is considered to be 3 kilohertz up to 300
gigahertz.

There are two types of radio wave signals which transmit, we call
them Analog Signal And Digital Signal.

9. Which type of waves are uses in Remote?

Infrared waves are used in remote control.

10. What is ISM?

11. What is Multiplexing & De-Multiplexing?

Multiplexing is a technique by which different analog and digital streams of
transmission can be simultaneously processed over a shared link. Multiplexing
divides the high capacity medium into low capacity logical medium which is then
shared by different streams.

Working of demultiplexing is just the reverse of the multiplexing process and

demultiplexing delivers the segment received from the receiver to the correct process
of the application layer.

12. Full form of SDLC, HDLC, SLIP, PPP.

SDLC - software development lifecycle
HDLC - High-level Data Link Control
SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol.
PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol
 13. What is routing?
There may be multiple paths from the source to the destination. Routing
involves choosing an optimal path among all possible paths, in terms of cost
and time. There are several routing algorithms that are used in network systems.

14. List types of routing.

• Automatic routing
• Static or Manual routing
• Dynamic routing

15. Describe meaning of SYN, ACK, FIN message.

SYN: a synchronization message typically used to request a connection between a
client and a server.

ACK: an acknowledgment message employed to declare the receipt of a particular

message.

FIN: a message that triggers a graceful connection termination between a client

and a server.