UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
CONFORMITY & DEVIANCE
Conformity
- Act of following the roles and goals of one’s
society.
- Involves a change in belief or behavior with the
people they interact in or socialize with.
IDENTITY AND BELONGINGNESS
- Every society has a form of SOCIAL CONTROL.
- All norms are supported by SANCTIONS.
- Formal Sanctions
- Informal Sanctions (it is not formally
inscribed by the law)
- Positive Sanctions (repetition of good
behavior)
REWARD AND PUNISHMENT
- Reward (good behavior and conformity)
TYPES OF SANCTION
● Formal Positive
○ Given by institution to encourage
conformity
● Formal Negative
○ Given by institution to enforce conformity
● Informal Positive
○ Given by an individual or group that
encourages conformity
● Informal Negative
○ Given by an individual or group to coerce
conformity
TYPES OF SITUATIONS WHEN PEOPLE CONFORM
1. Compliance
- Conforming to a rule, fulfilling a desire,
demand, proposal, regimen or coercion.
- Rejecting the role in private and accepting
the role in public.
2. Identification
- A process by which an individual aspires to
pattern himself / herself after another, but
only while he or she is in the presence of
the other person.
- Ex: liking a music like their friends
3. Internalization
- The acceptance and incorporation of the
standards or belief of the other person or
of the society by the individual
- It is the highest and deepest conformity;
permanent behavior (you accept the norm
or role publicly and privately)
TWO TYPES OF CONFORMING INFLUENCES
1. Normative Influence
- Going along with the group so they will
like you
- Ex: PEER PRESSURE
- The compliance and identification is
present.
2. Informational Influence
- Going along with the group because you
believe that they are correct (you think
they know more than you do)
- Ex: RATINGS ONLINE (reviews on certain
shops or product)
- Critical thinking is present since you are
looking for the right information before
you decide.
Deviance
- Violating the prescribed social norms
- Behavior that departs from social expectations
- It is often associated with stigma (a strong sense
of disapproval on nonconforming behavior from
members of a society)
TYPES OF DEVIANCE
● Positive Deviance
○ Behavior that is outside the norm but later
viewed as appropriate or even heroic
● Negative Deviance
○ Behavior that goes against the norms and
has detrimental effect on a individual and
society in general (negative behavior,
negative actions, negative result)
● Formal Deviance
○ Criminal violation of formally-enacted
laws
○ Abide the professional code of conducts
punished by law
● Informal Deviance
○ Violations of informal social norms, which
are norms that have not been codified into
law
○ Social sanctions that are not as heavy as
what if punished with law
“ All Criminal behavior is DEVIANT, while not all deviant
behavior is CRIMINAL.”
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

THEORIES THAT EXPLAINS THE EXISTENCE OF DEVIANTS AND

DEVIANCE THE FOUR CATEGORIES
1. Innovators
1. Social Control Theory - Agree with the goals society set, but do
- Lack of strong social bonds within a not agree with society’s approved way to
society (relationship with a particular attain them. Works towards those goals by
group or society) alternate methods.
2. Rational Choice Theory 2. Ritualists
- Decision to follow or go against the norms - Have given up hope to meet the goals
depends on perceived cost and benefits society sets, but keep on acting as if they
(weighing of decisions before acting to it) are trying to.
3. Differential Association Theory 3. Retreatists
- Conformity and deviance is learned by an - Do not agree with either the society’s
individual from those he or she associates goals or the means in which they try to
with (you are influenced by the group you attain them. Does not conform to society’s
are surrounded) norms at all.
4. Labeling Theory 4. Rebels
- Actions are initially not considered deviant - Do not agree with either the society’s
until they are labeled as such by members goals or the means in which they try to
of the community attain them. Instead, they work towards
TWO STAGES OF DEVIANCE: different goals by different means. (Che
> Primary Deviance ( a type of act that Guevara - Argentine Marxist
does not end with the individual being Revolutionary)
labeled as such. This is due to age and
intensity of the deviance committed.)
> Secondary Deviance (a type of act that
results from being labeled by the society
as a deviant. ) (since they are labeled as
such they would often commit deviant acts
due to societal pressure)
5. Conflict Theory
- The group that has access to power
determines which actions are deviant
based on their perceived advantage
(someone who was in the higher position
can label what certain actions can be
punishable)
6. Structural Strain Theory
- Proposes two perspectives in the
formation of deviant behavior.

Robert K. Merton’s Deviance Typology

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
( Examples : Angelites, Artists )
CHARACTERISTICS OR CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE REGARDED:
> Social Aggregate
- Gather in the same place but neither interacting
nor sharing similar characteristics. ( People were
accidentally together )
- Ex: Mass (does not have a same goal and does not
know each other), People who crosses the
pedestrian lane ( there are little to know chance
that they can meet again), Students in elevator,
Shoppers at mall, People waiting in line in
restaurants
> Social Category
- Classified with a shared trait or common
characteristics but no interaction.
- Ex: Elderly , Left-handed people
> Social Group
- Collection of people with common characteristics
with constant interaction. Common goal is present
within the group. (Monthly or weekly that have
interaction)
- Ex: Class ( same age gaps, same strand on a class,
common goals)
Social Network
- Social structure consisting of people who have
varying degrees of relations and interrelations.
- Ex: Students ( connections with teachers )
Sociogram
- A visual representation of the social networks
present in one group or more.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
1. In-Group and Out-Group
In-Group
- A social group that a person is
part of. (Direct affiliations,
loyalty is present, and
belongingness)
- Use titles, external symbols, and
dress to distinguish themselves
from the out-groups
- Apply positive (same principles)
and negative (your perception to
them is “hindi pagsang-ayon”)
stereotypes
- Clash or compete with members
of the out-group
Out-Group
- A group that is an individual is
not part of. ( You are not belong)
- Negative attributes are usually
associated with individuals who
are part of this group.
- Individuals here are considered
malevolent even if they are not.
2. Primary Group
- Informal and personal (small scale of
group)
- Direct sources of an individual’s social
skills and knowledge (relationship is more
important than the achievements of goals)
- Personal, intimate
- Long-lasting
- Strong personal identity
- Ex: Family, Friends
3. Reference Group
- They are the ideal group (we took
references from them whether it is good
or bad)
- We compare ourselves to this group
- Guide our behavior and attitudes and help
us identify social norms
4. Secondary Group
- Formal in context
- Short term
- Relationship and interaction are limited
(more focused on the common goal)
- There is a hierarchy
- Ex: A class section ( after graduation the
students will pursue different paths)
Small Group and Large Group
- The type and extent of human interaction depend
on the size of the group that they belong to.
- Small Group (primary relationship)
- Dyad (consists of two individuals)
- Triad (consists of three
individuals)
- Large Group (secondary relationship)
- Social loafing ( a phenomenon of free
riding).
Social Organizations
- Created by individuals to foster a more direct
relationship in a secondary group setting.
1. Formal Organization
- It is where the secondary group is directed
by its goals.
- Ex: political parties, academic and
professional organizations
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

2. Informal Organization
- It is formed within formal organizations
that are characterized by the informal
relationship between members.

Rational Planning
- Used by the organizations, which is a process
where it implies the identification of tasks, roles,
implementation programs, and general policies.
Which provides organizations a businesslike nature.

Why social groups or organizations are important to us

and to our society?

“The outgroup is as important to our sense of self as the

ingroup, just in an opposite way; we are who we are because
they are who we are not.”

- Marilyn Brewer, 1979 (Social Psychologist)

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

Matrilineal Descent

KINSHIP ( web of social relationships)

FAMILY (smallest unit of society)

- Social and economic unit that consists of one or
more parents and their children.
● A family is a socioeconomic unit.
● A family can have one or more parents.
● A family can have parents who are not married.
● A family can have parents with same gender.
● A family should have at least one child.
- Found among 15% of all cultures
Types of Kinship - Kinship is traced through the female line
- Women control land and products
- Found in Southeast Asia, the SouthPacific, and in
some parts of Europe and North America
- Ex: the Minangkabau of Indonesia (Sumatra)
- A man traditionally marries into his wife’s
household, and the woman inherits the
Kinship Relations ancestral home.
- Matriline = Red color in a diagram

Ashante/ Ashanti (Ghana)

- Women inherit status and property directly from
their mothers
Khasi Tribe (India)
- A woman cannot be forced into marriage
- Women own children and properties
- A women may end the marriage at her will

Patrilineal Descent

- Found among 45% of all cultures

- Kinship is traced through the male line
- Males dominate status, power, and property
- Patriline = Blue Color in this diagram

Muong (Vietnam)
- Only men own the properties
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
Bilateral Descent
- Kinship is traced through both ancestral lines of
the mother and father
- Reckons kin through sexes equally
Kinship by Marriage
- “Socially or ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that establishes rights
and obligations between them, and their children.”
Marriage
- An important social institution wherein two
persons, a man and a woman, enter into a family
life.
Marriage according to the Family Code of the Philippines
- A special contract of permanent union between a
man and a woman entered into in accordance with
the law for the establishment of conjugal and
family life.
- It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable
social institution whose nature. Consequences, and
incidents are governed by law and not subject to
stipulation, except that marriage settlements may
fix the property relations during the marriage
within the limits provided by this Code.
Four types of Families based on Marriage Systems
● Matriarchal or Matrifocal
● Patriarchal or Patrifocal
● Monogamous
● Polygamous ( Polyandry or Polygyny)
Divorce
- Ends a legally valid marriage
Annulment
- Marriage is null and void
*both parties are single and may remarry or enter into a
domestic partnership
*child custody
*child support and alimony
*division of assets
Ground for Annulment
- The marriage was incestuous
- The marriage was bigamous
- The marriage was the result of force, fraud, or
physical or mental incapacity
- The marriage took place when one or both spouses
were below the legal age for marriage
- The marriage took place when one or both spouses
were under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Legal Separation
- Does not ends the marriage
- No to remarriage
RA 9262
“ it is a special law, otherwise known as Anti-Violence
against women and their Children Act of 2004 (Anti-VAWC).
Which penalizes as a public crime certain acts of violence
against women and their children.
When was the law signed and became effective?
- The law was signed last March 8, 2004. It took
effect on March 27.
What is “violence against women and their children?”
- “Violence against women and their children (VAWC)
is any act or a series of acts committed against the
victim which result in or is likely to result in
physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering,
or economic abuse including threats of such acts,
battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty.”
Types of Evidence needed to convict adultery and
concubinage
For Adultery: indirect evidence can be sufficient
(pictures showing intimate moments, text messages, love
letters, etc.)
For Concubinage: Direct Evidence only and Under 3
circumstances only
1. Cohabitation (living together like husband and wife
in a separate home)
2. Sexual intercourse in scandalous way
3. Bringing and sexual intercourse with the mistress
in conjugal home
Adultery (Article 333 of the Revised Penal Code)
Penalty: range of 2 years, 4 months and 1 day to 6 years
imprisonment
- If your wife has proven that you have abandoned
her without justification, the penalty is lessened (
range of 4 months and 1 day to 2 years and 4
months imprisonment).
Concubinage (Article 334 of the Revised Penal Code)
Penalty: 4 years and two months ( for the husband) and or
exile ( for his mistress)
- Psychological violence due to marital infidelity
under RA 9262
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

- Penalty: minimum of 6 years up to 12
years of imprisonment
- The maximum penalty is imposed if the violence is
committed by the husband or the intimate partner
against the woman when she is pregnant or in the
presence of their children.
Marriage Across Cultures
> Endogamy
> Monogamy
> Exogamy
> Polygamy
- Polygyny
- Polyandry
- Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan
- India (Zanskar, Ladakh, Toda of South
India, Nairs of Kerala, the Nymba and
Pahari of North India)
- Sri Lanka
- China (the Mosuo of Yunnan), Mongolia
- Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania
- Guanches of the Canary Islands
- Surui of Northwestern Brazil
Extended Family
- Has several married couples and their children
living in one household.
Compadrazgo (Kinship by ritual)
- System that is popular in Spanish-Influenced
regions of the world. Individuals not originally part
of the family are made extended family members
being the godparents.
Reconstituted Family (step family)
- The current spouses were previously married and
had children.
Why did God allow polygamy in the Bible?
Polygamy Practiced by God’s Prophets
According to the Bible:
● Abraham had three wives (Genesis 16;1, 16:3, 25:1)
● Moses had two wives (Exodus 2:21, 18:1-6; Numbers
12:1)
● Jacob had four wives (Genesis 29:23, 29:28, 30:4,
30:9)
● David had at least 18 wives (1 Samuel 18:27,
25:39-44; 2 Samuel 3:3, 3:4-5, 5:13, 12:7-8, 12:24,
16:21-23)
● Solomon had 700 wives (1 Kings 11:3)
Polygamy in Quran
- The Muslim scripture, the Quran, is the only known
world scripture to explicitly limit polygamy and
place strict restrictions upon its practice:
“... marry women of your choice, two or three or four; but if
you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with them,
then only one.” (Quran 4:3)
Post Marital Residency Rules
● Patrilocal Residence
○ The woman is expected to transfer to the
residence of her husband’s father, where
they will raise their children integrated
into their lineage.
● Natalocal Residence
○ Allows both spouses to remain with their
own households after marriage.
● Matrilocal Residence
○ The man is expected to take residence
with his wife’s mother’s area, raising their
children and integrating them to the
maternal line.
● Matrifocal Residence
○ Arises when the father is economically and
physically unable to provide support for
the family, ascribing the role of sole
provider and caregiver to the woman.
● Neolocal Residence
○ Requires both spouses to leave their
households and create their own at times
even in a different locality.
● Ambilocal Residence
○ Allows the couple to choose to live either
with the wife’s mother’s area or the
husband’s father’s area.
● Avunculocal Residence
○ Complex residency pattern requires two
residence transfers.
● Transnational Families
○ Families tend to practice alternative forms
of residency patterns that are not based
on lineage perpetuation, with this type of
families it makes a member of the family
reside separately across territories.
Kinship of Politics
● Cayetano
● Duterte
● Binay
● Villar
● Revilla
● Sotto
● Ampatuan
● Marcos
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
● Chiefdom
Political Organization
- Any entity that is participating in a political
process.
Four Types of Socio Political Organizations
● Bands
○ It is the least complex form of political
organization, as it has neither a rigid form
of governance nor a structured form of
leadership.
○ Typically consists of 20-50 individuals who
are usually related to one another by
virtue of Kinship.
○ Based on Foraging society (hunting and
gathering)
○ It has an informal leadership , where the
eldest member of the group acts as a
facilitator upon their decision-making.
○ It is egalitarian in social composition,
individuals have equal access to resources
and values.
○ Reciprocity is a primary form of exchange
among the members.
● Tribes
○ Is a political organization that consists of
segmentary lineages.
○ The Kinship relation is marked by loyalty
per family cluster or segment. Allows for
creation of interdependent generations.
○ Semi-mobile or less mobile, as their form
of economic subsistence requires a degree
of settlement, this type requires
Horticultural (shifting agriculture) and
pastoral (tending animals) upon their
settlement in one area of a specific period
thus supports an informal form of
leadership based on what is needed.
● State
○ The leaders that are chosen in this type of
organization are individuals who are
believed to possess special skills or
aptitudes that relate to economic activity.
○ The segmented nature of a tribe’s social
dynamics allows for an economic system
that uses redistribution of commodities
among social segments through the
process of tribute.
○ A tribute is a form of gift that may consist
of wealth, food, or other materials given
to a central figure who in turn
redistributes the accumulated goods to
the other members of the society.
○ Complex and elaborate political system
that is incorporated by religion, kinship,
and politics.
○ Embodied its characteristics that include a
political leader with an advisory council, a
leader who exercises power that is based
on legitimacy, and the existence of social
stratification.
○ Consists of a few local communities who
subscribe to the power and rule of a
leader who has absolute power on them.
This power is derived from the perceived
relation of the leader to supernatural
forces and powers, which is a form of
legitimizing factor.
○ It is tied with horticulture and
pastoralism, with same economic process
of redistribution through tribute collection
is practiced
○ The existence of social stratification
(segregates society into the elite – often
relatives of the ruler and also believed to
have divinity or connections to the
supernatural and the commoner) is what
makes it different from tribe.
○ Ex: Mayan Civilization and Aztec
Civilization (Floating Gardens of the Aztec)
○ Aztec Class Structure
○
○ Refers to a group of people sharing
similar culture and political history.
(Political Concept)
○ An independent political entity with clear
geographic boundaries
○ Uses absolute power in directing the path
of a society
○ Uses complete political coerciveness
(armed personnel, strict laws, and rigid
government policies) to attain societal
goals and objectives which provides
marginal intersection between politics and
kinship, as both are required not to
interact in the guise of professionalism
and incorruptibility.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

○ The primary form of economic subsistence ● Legal Authority

in this political organization is market
exchange. Standardized currencies are
used as a medium of exchange for
commodities.
○ Being a citizen of a country also entails
the enjoyment of certain privileges that
are labeled as rights.
■ Natural Rights
● Are those that are
expected to be enjoyed
by all individuals
regardless of citizenship.
(Right to life, right to
liberty or freedom, right
to property)
■ Legal Rights
● Are those that are
awarded to an individual
by the state as part of
its culture, traditions,
and norms. (right to
vote, right to privacy,
right to join formal
organizations)
Nation
- Refers to a political organization united by a
common set of laws. (Cultural concept)
- A large population that shares the same culture,
language, traditions, history.
○ Achieved through the process of following
established codes and procedures
governing the allocation and distribution
of power and resources within a society.
(Legitimized by legally enacted rules and
regulations)
● Traditional Authority
○ Form of leadership legitimacy that
highlights the right of a leader to rule
based on inheritance of the title. (derived
from long established customs, habits,
and social structures)
● Charismatic Authority
○ It is based on the personal attachment of
the subordinates to the ruler whose
characteristics, experiences, or even skills
are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe
even supernatural.
POWER, AUTHORITY, LEGITIMACY
● Power
○ Ability to get someone to do something
they might not choose to do
● Authority
○ Rightful power which implies an
obligation to obey.
● Legitimacy
○ Sense of rightfulness

Nation-State
● Japan
● Denmark

Divided Nation
● Korea

Multinational States
● China
● United Kingdom
● Canada
● South Africa
● Belgium

Nations without a state

● The Kurds (Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and
Azerbaijan)
● Tibetan People (China)
● Basques (Spain and France)

Authority and Legitimacy

“According to Max Weber, a 2oth century sociologist, every
leader has some form of justification as to why he or she
should be accorded with such power.”
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)

redistribution of resources within an

economic system
○ One way processes
What is Economics? ● Redistribution
- “Oikos” means house or home, “Nemein” means ○ Occurs when the resources of one, several
managing individuals, or groups are collected and
- Greek word “Oikonomia” means management of a distributed proportionally or equally to
household participating members.
- It tells about the production, consumption, and ○ Progressive income tax system and charity
distribution of goods and services by different donations.
forms of agents.
- There are two types of economy: Market Transactions
- Microeconomics
- Macroeconomics Market is referred to as the exchange of goods and services
that involves buying and selling processes. However, it is not
Evolution of the Economy a simple process of exchanging materials, goods, and
services. It involves several elements and transactions. The
market is about making money, capital, income, and growth
(Women and Economy, 2011).

Market Transactions will continue to happen as long as there

are buyers, sellers, supplies, and demands, in society.

“How the economy started from ancient times up to modern They key element that separates market transactions from
times, as it highlights the money-driven economy reciprocity and redistribution is the use of standardized
represented by casinos more than the simplistic hunting currency.
tradition.”

Economic Processes Market and State

● Reciprocity
- Basically, the market involves all the human actions
○ When you give something away, you
associated with economic aspects. On the other
expect something in return.
hand, the state serves as the institution that
○ A binding method that holds people,
protects and maintains economic balance through
peers, and families together.
its economic laws and policies.
○ There are no goods or services lost.
- Markets play a dominant role in allocating
resources and incentivizing firms, while state
Marshall Sahlin’s Type of Reciprocity
interventions address market failure.
● Generalized Reciprocity
○ Gift giving without any
Types of Economic Subsistence
expectation of immediate return.
● Foraging
● Balanced Reciprocity
○ One of the most ancient types of
○ Expecting immediate return from
subsistence pattern.
any given favor. The value of the
○ During ancient times, people lived in the
commodities is expected to be
simplest way by being highly dependent
equal.
on their environment.
● Negative Reciprocity
○ Hunting for animals and gathering wild
○ The exchange tends to favor one
plants were their most common activities.
party over the other, as the value
○ Nomads are individuals or groups of
of the goods for exchange is
people who stay in a place for a short
unequal.
period of time. These people usually built
● Transfers
temporary dwellings in a certain area for a
○ When resources from one individual or specific period of time.
organization are given to another with no
expectation of return. This type of
economic process allows for the
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
Types of Foraging
● Pedestrian
○ Hunting and gathering on foot
was the simplest way of living
and survival. Foragers mostly
occupied riversides, valleys, and
grasslands. A simple digging stick
served as the tool of early
foragers.
● Equestrian
○ Foragers hunted large animals
while on horseback, which served
as their mode of transportation.
Equestrians were langer and
more mobile. This society was
dominated by men.
● Aquatic
○ Foragers hunted aquatic animals
such as fish, mollusks, and other
marine animals.
● Horticultural
○ Horticulture - combination of small-scale
farming and domesticating animals for the
purpose of food and prestige.
○ Swidden Farming - key example,
swiddeners prepare and plant in one land
area for a period of time and move to
another area the procedure is harvested
from the first area.
○ Kaingin is a form of slash and burn
planting method in the Philippines.
● Pastoral
○ Subsistence pattern that is primarily
focused on “tending herds of large
animals” (O’Neil, 2011).
○ Became the biggest source of the survival
of the pastoralists.
○ Common animals tended by pastoralist
societies are sheep, deer, goat, cattle, and
horses.
Two Classifications of Pastoralism
● Pastoral nomads
○ Temporary settlements transfer from one
place to another in search for food and
resources that are not just limited for their
consumption alone but also for the
consumption of their animals.
● Transhumance pastoralists
○ Following a cyclical pattern of migrations
that usually take them to cool highland
valleys in the summer and warmer
lowland valleys in the winter. (seasonal
migration)
● Agriculture
○ Agriculture is their primary mode of
economic subsistence in most large-scale
societies.
○ Agriculture was highly practiced in the
ancient civilizations in Egypt,
Mesopotamia (now Iraq and eastern Syria),
India, Pakistan, North China, Mesoamerica,
and Western South America ( Ferraro and
Andreatta, 2010). They viewed farming and
agriculture as permanent and sustainable
subsistence patterns for their survival.
STATE (own by the government)
-Landbank
-PHILHEALTH
-PCSO
-United Nations
-SSS
-PAGIBIG
NON-STATE
-Metro Bank
-Nestle
-Camella Homes
-Meralco
-Philippine Airlines
-Unicef
NON STATE INSTITUTIONS
- Organizations and individuals that are not affiliated
with, directed by, or funded through the
government
● Banks and Corporations
● Cooperatives and Trade Unions
● Transnational Advocacy Groups
● Development Agencies International
Organizations
NON STATE ORGANIZATIONS
- market or economic organizations or civil society
organizations
- organized political actors not directly connected to
any established institutions or the state but
pursuing aims that affect vital state interests
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
MARKET AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
- Corporate environmental users such as
corporations use the resource for profit, and not for
subsistence
- Financial institutions such as banks
- Provide funds to finance the implementation policy
through development projects and programs by the
government as well as the private sector
BANK
- financial institution that lends money both to
public as well as private organizations
TYPES OF BANKS
● Commercial Banks
○ Financial deposit with security and
convenience which could be in the form of
credit card, debit card, and check.
● Investment Banks
○ Financial intermediaries that perform a
variety of services for businesses and
some governments
● Insurance Companies
○ Aids individuals and companies in terms of
risk management and wealth preservation
● Brokerages
○ Intermediaries in the transaction between
buyers and sellers for the purpose of
security
○ Commission-based earnings
● Investment Companies or Corporation
○ Help individuals invest funds or money
with other investors to manage portfolios
of security
CORPORATION
- Organizations representing a company or group of
people
- Engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public
function, such as the provision of a good service to
the larger society
- Ex: jollibee, SM prime holdings, BPI, BDO, ayala
COOPERATIVE AND TRADE UNIONS
- promoting labor welfare and good industrial
relations
- workers and laborers with common goals and
interests
COOPERATIVE
- Autonomous association
- Membership is voluntary
- Attainment of common economic, social and
cultural needs or aspirations
- Owned by its members
- Democratically operated
TRADE AND LABOR UNION
- Organization of workers whose main objective is to
protect the welfare of its members
ROLES OF TRADE UNIONS AND COOPERATIVES
1. Political
● Can be powerful and influential in creating political
impact
● Can be in conflict with other parties due to large
number of members with common interests that are
different from other union's interest
2. Market
● Reactive because of preoccupied economic aims
that concern employment salaries, wages, and
inflation rates and rights (macroeconomic and
microeconomic policies)
3. Regulatory
● Influential in determining and improving job
qualities ands standards to regulate employment
functions
4. Democratizing
● Promote rights to economic democracy and
participation to industrial democracy
5. Service
● Promote the welfare of members through various
initiatives and partnerships with different
organizations that provide service to them
6. Enhancement
● Concerned for potential development and member's
improvement
7. Welfare
● Multifunctional institutions, conforming more to the
idea of the trade union as being part of a
movement
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS
- Internal catalyst for change, aiming to achieve
international changes toward policies and
practices.
○ Amnesty International
○ OXFAM
○ Human Rights Watch
○ World Wildlife Fund
○ GREENPEACE
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
● Concentrate on the growth, progression, and
advancement of specific societal concerns, which
can be infrastructure of social institutions.
● They have specific aims and goals
● Common denominator among these organizations
is the term DEVELOPMENT
○ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS by
United Nations Development Programme
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
4TH QUARTER (GRADE 12 - ADAM)
Ms. Rhea D. Yu (class and subject teacher)
● Two major types of organizations considered as
development agencies;
■ International Organizations
■ NGOs (Non Government
Organizations)
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
- Essentially to provide support and assistance
through an organized framework to international
cooperation.
○ Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
○ International Labour Organization
○ United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)
○ Australian Agency for International
Development (AusAID)
○ Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA)
○ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)
○ Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (Sida)
NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION
- Intensive collaboration with local stakeholders to
improve their beneficiaries’ conditions
- To promote the practice of democracy among
societies (SOCIAL CHANGE)
- WOMEN
- POOR
- AGED
- PWDs
- MINORITIES
CATEGORIES OF NGOs AND THEIR DESCRIPTION
1. Community associations
● Represent voices of people from different
communities, and act as bridge between members
of the communities and government
2. Policy advocacy groups
● Have local, national, and international levels of
participation; serve as catalysts for collective
action among poor persons in societies
unaccustomed to such behavior
3. Service provider intermediaries
● Have national and international levels of
participation; serve remote areas and communities
especially those who fail to receive government
programs; seek fund through income generating
activities which are mostly nonprofit
4. Contractors
● Involved in sponsored projects as consultants to
government agencies or to international financial
institutions that gain no profit at all
5. Cooperatives
● Protect and provide economic benefits to the
needy; are formed when a task cannot be done on
the individual level, such as obtaining credit
(Cernea,1988:13-4 in Estes, 1992).
BILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS
● USAID
● Department for International Development
MULTILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS
● UNDP
● THE WORLD BANK
GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
- These include both multilateral and bilateral
organizations.
- They operate by giving loans or grants to other
countries which these countries can use for their
development.
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
- Non-state
- Not-for-profit
- Voluntary entities formed by people in the social
sphere
- Separate from the State and the market
- Represent a wide range of interests and ties
- They can include community-based organizations
as well as non-government organizations
- Mainly humanitarian driven
● Academic and Science- based
Organizations
● Religious Organizations
● Mass Media
● Non Governmental Organizations
● People’s Organizations
○ Popularly known as POs
○ Independent, bona fide
associations of citizens with
demonstrated capacity to
promote the public interest and
with identifiable leadership,
membership and structure, as
stated in Section 15, Philippine
Constitution of 1987.
○ Members come from all sectors of
society including the poor and
the disadvantaged.