INTERNET BASED CONTROLLER

INTERNET COMMUNICATION AND CONNECTION

Course Outline

1 Explain internet type of connectivity

2 Understand Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

IoT
Internet Communication and Connection
Internet Communication and Connection
Course Content Outline

Explain internet type of

connectivity

Describe type of wired

technology

Describe types of wireless

communication technology
• WIRE CONNECTION

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.

Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and
telecommunications signals. Wires are the electrically conductive
connections between the elements in electronic
circuitry. Theoretically, these are zero resistance, perfect
connections.
• WIRELESS CONNECTION

Wiring sensors to a gateway device is not always practical; it is for

this reason that wireless technologies are often used. Wi-Fi
802.11a/b/g/n consumes a lot of power, so there are other wireless
technologies which are also commonplace and applicable. For
example:
WIRED TECHNOLOGY
• USB

USB is a serial bus. It uses 4 shielded wires: two for power (+5v & GND) and two for differential data
signals (labelled as D+ and D- in pinout).
In a USB data cable Data+ and Data- signals are transmitted on a twisted pair with no termination needed.
Half-duplex differential signalling is used to reduce the effects of electromagnetic noise on longer lines. D+
and D- operate together; they are not separate simplex connections.
USB supports four data rates:
Low Speed (1.5 Mbit per second) that is mostly used for Human Input Devices (HID) such as keyboards,
mice, joysticks and often the buttons on higher speed devices such as printers or scanners;
Full Speed (12 Mbit per second) which is widely supported by USB hubs.
Hi-Speed (480 Mbit per second) was added in USB 2.0 specification. Not all USB 2.0 devices are Hi-Speed.
SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) rate of 4800 Mbit/s (~572 MB/s).
Cable
Pin Name Description
A USB device must indicate its speed by pulling either the D+ or D- line high to 3.3 volts. These pull up color
resistors at the device end will also be used by the host or hub to detect the presence of a device 1 VCC Red +5 VDC
connected to its port. Without a pull up resistor, USB assumes there is nothing connected to the bus.
2 D- White Data -
Pinout for the various connectors are shown below 3 D+ Green Data +
4 ID n/a USB OTG ID
5 GND Black Ground
WIRED TECHNOLOGY
• ETHERNET
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) refers to the
hardware that converts parallel to serial communications, and is
often simply called serial, rather confusingly; it is actually the
communication standards over UART to which people are
generally referring; the most common are RS-232 and RS-485.
RS-232 connectors are no longer commonplace on computers but
are easily added using a USB-Serial chip from manufacturers such
as FTDI. Speeds of up to 1 Mbit/s are achievable, but this is often
limited by the slave device. Cable lengths are limited to 15 m at
19.6 kbit/s, depending on the quality of the cable. There are two
variants, a 3-wire and a 5-wire, with the 5-wire variant providing
hardware flow-control for improved speed.
RS-485 is well suited to longer distances, and enables data
transmissions of 35 Mbit/s up to 10 m, but can be used for
distances in excess of 1 km at lower speeds. It is commonplace in
building automation and for protocols such as MODBUS. It also
permits up to 256 devices on a single connection.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
• BLUETOOTH
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) refers to the
hardware that converts parallel to serial communications, and is
often simply called serial, rather confusingly; it is actually the
communication standards over UART to which people are
generally referring; the most common are RS-232 and RS-485.
RS-232 connectors are no longer commonplace on computers but
are easily added using a USB-Serial chip from manufacturers such
as FTDI. Speeds of up to 1 Mbit/s are achievable, but this is often
limited by the slave device. Cable lengths are limited to 15 m at
19.6 kbit/s, depending on the quality of the cable. There are two
variants, a 3-wire and a 5-wire, with the 5-wire variant providing
hardware flow-control for improved speed.
RS-485 is well suited to longer distances, and enables data
transmissions of 35 Mbit/s up to 10 m, but can be used for
distances in excess of 1 km at lower speeds. It is commonplace in
building automation and for protocols such as MODBUS. It also
permits up to 256 devices on a single connection.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
• ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a wireless-based open, global standard
used for personal-area networks targeted at low-
power applications with infrequent data
transmission needs. It operates on the 802.15.4
standard and enables wireless mesh networks
with low-cost and low-power solutions. It can
transmit 250 kbit/s over distances of up to 100
m, and supports up to 65,000 nodes per
network.
It has many applications, for example, in lighting
control, healthcare devices, and electrical
meters.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
• LORA

Semtech’s LoRa devices and wireless radio frequency technology

(LoRa Technology) is a long range, low power wireless chipset that
has become the de facto technology for Internet of Things
(IoT) networks worldwide.[1] LoRa Technology enables a variety
of smart IoT applications aimed at solving challenges like energy
management, natural resource reduction, pollution control,
infrastructure efficiency, disaster prevention, and more. LoRa is a
long-range wireless communication protocol that competes
against other low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) wireless
such as narrowband IoT (NB IoT) or LTE Cat M1.
LoRa uses license-free sub-gigahertz radio frequency bands like
169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North
America). LoRa enables long-range transmissions (more than 10
km in rural areas) with low power consumption.[3] The
technology is presented in two parts: LoRa, the physical layer and
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network), the upper layers.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

• RF
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a
magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from
around twenty thousand times per second (20 kHz) to around three hundred billion times per
second (300 GHz). This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower
limit of infrared frequencies; these are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating
current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves. Different sources specify
different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
• GSM

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard

developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to
describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks
used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. It was first
deployed in Finland in December 1991.[2]By the mid-2010s, it became a
global standard for mobile communications achieving over 90% market
share, and operating in over 193 countries and territories.[3]

2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog

cellular networks. The GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-
switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded
over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport,
then by packet data transport via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two
other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the
900 megahertz (MHz) or 1,800 MHz frequency band
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
• WIFI

Wi-Fi is a family of radio technologies that is commonly used for the wireless
local area networking (WLAN) of devices which is based around the IEEE
802.11 family of standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which
restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully
complete interoperability certification testing.[2][better source needed] Wi-Fi
uses multiple parts of the IEEE 802 protocol family and is designed to
seamlessly interwork with its wired sister protocol Ethernet.

The different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol
standards, with the different radio technologies determining the ranges,
radio bands, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses
the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands;
these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Each channel can be time-
shared by multiple networks. These wavelengths work best for line-of-sight.
Many common materials absorb or reflect them, which further restricts
range, but can tend to help minimise interference between different
networks in crowded environments. At close range, some versions of Wi-Fi,
running on suitable hardware, can achieve speeds of over 1 Gbit/s.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
BACKGROUND
Wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of
spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring
and recording the physical conditions of the environment
and organizing the collected data at a central location.
WSNs measure environmental conditions like temperature,
sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR
WSNs are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental
conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data
through the network to a main location. The more modern networks are bi-directional, also
enabling control of sensor activity. The development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are
used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and
control, machine health monitoring, and so on.

The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each
node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors. Each such sensor network node has
typically The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of
dollars, depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes.
Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources
such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
GATEAWAY
The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless
mesh network. The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be routing or
flooding.

Adding a single Wi-Fi or wired Ethernet Internet connection to a gateway which communicates to
a group of sensors or actuators is more cost-effective. The Internet connection can then be shared by
using either local wired or wireless connections between the gateway and local devices.
The aim of this chapter is to design, build, and test an environmental-sensing IoT architecture for
weather monitoring. The architecture must use commodity hardware and software to produce a
system that is secure, reliable, and low cost.
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
BACKEND SERVICES
The weather station will reside
outdoors in a suitably exposed
location and will need to record
values
from various sensors at regular
time-intervals, mainly temperature,
humidity, wind speed and
direction. This data needs to be
reliably stored and transmitted for
use in analysis, graphs, and for
consumption by external services
Understand Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Course Content Outline

Explain the background of

Sensor Network
Technology

Explain the applications of

Sensor Networks

Explain example of WSN

applications
WSN APPLICATION
EXPLAIN THE APPLICATION OF SENSORS NETWORK
Background of Sensor Network
Technology
■ A sensor network comprises a group of tiny, typically battery-powered devices and
wireless infrastructure that monitor and record conditions in any number of
environments -- from the factory floor to the data center to a hospital lab and even
out in the wild. The sensor network connects to the Internet, an enterprise WAN or
LAN, or a specialized industrial network so that collected data can be transmitted to
back-end systems for analysis and used in applications.
WSN

■ here are a number of nodes in a sensor network, these nodes are the detection
stations and they are very small and portable. There is a sensor/transducer,
microcontroller, transceiver and power source in every sensor node. The transducer
senses the physical condition and if there is any change then it generates electrical
signals. These signals go to the microcomputer for processing. A central computer
sends commands to the transceiver and data is then transmitted to that computer.
WSN

■ Wireless sensor networks are a group of

specialized devices or sensors which are
used to monitor different environmental
conditions and to collect and organize that
data at some certain central location. It
detects and measures a number of physical
conditions such as humidity, temperature,
sound, pressure, speed and direction,
chemical concentrations, vibrations,
pollutant levels and many other such
conditions. It has many application
with microcontroller projects.
WSN

■ here are a number of nodes in a sensor network, these nodes are the detection
stations and they are very small and portable. There is a sensor/transducer,
microcontroller, transceiver and power source in every sensor node. The transducer
senses the physical condition and if there is any change then it generates electrical
signals. These signals go to the microcomputer for processing. A central computer
sends commands to the transceiver and data is then transmitted to that computer.
TYPES OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

■ There are different types of sensor networks such as underground, underwater,

terrestrial and multimedia WSNs etc. We will discuss them briefly.
1. TERRESTRIAL WSNs

■ These types of networks consist of hundreds or thousands of wireless sensor

nodes. These nodes can be deployed in an unstructured or a structured manner.
The nodes are distributed randomly in an unstructured mode, but they are kept
within the target area.
■ As these are the ‘terrestrial’ sensor networks therefore they are above ground and
solar cells can be used to power up these networks. The energy can be conserved
by minimizing delays and by using operations of low duty cycles etc.
2. UNDERGROUND WSNs
■ These sensor networks are more costly as
compared to terrestrial networks. The
equipments used are expensive and proper
maintenance is needed. These are effectively
used to monitor the underground conditions
therefore their whole network is underground
but to pass on the information to the base
station, sink nodes are used which are
present above the ground.
■ Problems are faced while recharging the
batteries of the underground sensor networks
and loss of signal can also occur due to high
level of attenuation in the underground
environment.
 3. UNDERWATER WSNs
■ Underwater wireless sensor
network system comprises of
sensor nodes and vehicles which
are deployed under the water. To
gather data from the sensor nodes,
underwater vehicles are to be used.
The long propagation delay and
sensor failures are a big challenge
to the underwater communication
system. The battery of these WSNs
is also limited and cannot be
recharged; therefore, different
techniques are being developed to
solve this issue of energy usage
and conservation.
4. MULTIMEDIA WSNs

■ These sensor networks can gather information in

the form of audio, video and imaging. The sensor
nodes in these networks are connected with
cameras and microphones. They can track and
monitor different events occurring and can keep a
visual display of the events also. For the purpose of
data compression, retrieval and correlation, these
nodes are also interconnected with one another
through a wireless connection.
■ As audio and visual data can also be transmitted
through these networks therefore they require high
consumption of power and high bandwidth.
Advanced techniques of data processing and
compression are used in it.
5. MOBILE WSNs

■ The mobile network, as the name suggests, is not fixed rather the sensor nodes can
move from one place to any other. They can be easily interfaced with the
environment around them. Their main advantage is that they provide better
coverage, superior channel capacity and enhanced coverage. These mobile WSNs
are more versatile as compared to the other static sensor network systems.
 APPLICATIONS OF
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
Overview:

Wireless sensor networks are widely used in controlling and monitoring different physical
environments. The introduction of wireless sensors has reduced the physical presence of
humans in monitoring several situations. Currently most of the sensors are compact, advanced
and highly cost effective, which improved the availability of these sensors to anyone. People can
easily buy these sensors and use to measure a variety of situations like temperature, motion,
distance, acceleration, location, etc.
Wireless sensor networks can be implemented in automation of various application like
• Defense • Environmental monitoring • Logistics • Human-centric applications • Robotics.
1. DISASTER RELIEF OPERATION
■ If an area is reported to have been stricken from some sort of calamity such as
wildfire, then drop the sensor nodes on the fire from an aircraft. Monitor the data of
each node and construct a temperature map to devise proper ways and techniques
to overcome the fire.
 2. MILITARY APPLICATIONS
■ As the WSNs can be deployed rapidly
and are self organized therefore they are
very useful in military operations for
sensing and monitoring friendly or
hostile motions. The battlefield
surveillance can be done through the
sensor nodes to keep a check on
everything in case more equipment,
forces or ammunitions are needed in the
battlefield. The chemical, nuclear and
biological attacks can also be detected
through the sensor nodes.
■ An example of this is the ‘sniper
detection system’ which can detect the
incoming fire through acoustic sensors
and the position of the shooter can also
be estimated by processing the detected
audio from the microphone.
Defense Surveillance
 3. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
■ These sensor networks have a huge number of applications in the environment.
They can be used to track movement of animals, birds and record them. Monitoring
of earth, soil, atmosphere context, irrigation and precision agriculture can be done
through these sensors. They can also used for the detection of fire, flood,
earthquakes, and chemical/biological outbreak etc.
■ A common example is of ‘Zebra Net’. The purpose of this system is to track and
monitor the movements and interactions of zebras within themselves and with
other species also.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

■ Air monitoring: A good example for air monitoring is using air quality sensors for
measuring the level of air pollution in major cities to let the people know the level of
pollution and take proper measures to control air pollution.
■ Water monitoring: A lot of government agencies are involved in monitoring the national
waters to determine the water quality, finding problems like water pollution and pollution
control efforts and responding to emergencies.
■ Some of the popular Example of Environmental monitoring are:
❖ Great Duck (bird observation on Grate Duck island)
❖ ZebraNet (studying wild life tracking systems)
❖ Glacier (glacier monitoring)
❖ Herding (cattle herding)
❖ Bathymetry
❖ Ocean (ocean water monitoring)
❖ Cold Chain (cold chain monitoring)
❖ Avalanche (rescue of avalanche victims)
3. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
4. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

■ In health applications, the integrated monitoring of a patient can be done by using

WSNs. The internal processes and movements of animals can be monitored.
Diagnostics can be done. They also help in keeping a check on drug administration
in hospitals and in monitoring patients as well as doctors.
■ An example of this is ‘artificial retina’ which helps the patient in detecting the
presence of light and the movement of objects. They can also locate objects and
count individual items.
5. HOME APPLICATIONS
WSN
■ As the technology is advancing, it is
also making its way in our household
appliances for their smooth running
and satisfactory performance. These
sensors can be found in refrigerators,
microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners,
security systems and also in water
monitoring systems. The user can
control devices locally as well as
remotely with the help of the WSNs.
 6. ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS
■ Now a day there is advanced development in robotics. Robots are equipped with
multiple sensors that can solve different problems humans face every day [11].
Wireless sensors play an important role in these robots by gathering the
information, processing and providing output to the user. Robomote one of the kind
of robot developed by USC renter for Robotics and Embedded systems to promote
research in large scale sensor networks
 7. SPACE RESEARCH
■ Wireless sensors in Space Research: Curiosity is a robotic rover that is exploring
mars to study the Martian atmosphere, surface, atmospheric pressure, humidity,
ultraviolent radiation around the rover.
■ Rover Environmental Monitoring Station(REMS):
Space Research

■ Two small booms on the rover mast will record the horizontal and vertical
components of wind speed to characterize air flow near the Martian surface from
breezes, dust devils, and dust storms. A sensor inside the rover's electronic box will
be exposed to the atmosphere through a small opening and will measure changes
in pressure caused by different meteorological events such as dust devils,
atmospheric tides, and cold and warm fronts. A small filter will shield the sensor
against dust contamination
REFERENCES

■ https://microcontrollerslab.com/wireless-sensor-networks-wsn-
applications/#TERRESTRIAL_WSNs