Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FMD GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-8 06042020015812PM
FMD GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-8 06042020015812PM
FMD GTU Study Material E-Notes Unit-8 06042020015812PM
𝜋 𝑑𝑂 4 − 𝑑𝑖 4 Eq. (8.3)
𝑇= ×𝜏[ ]
16 𝑑𝑂
Let k = Ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft = d i / do
Now the Eq. (8.3) may be written as
𝜋 𝑑𝑂 4 𝑑𝑖 4
𝑇= ×𝜏× [1 − ( ) ]
16 𝑑𝑂 𝑑𝑂
𝜋 Eq. (8.4)
𝑇= × 𝜏 × 𝑑𝑂 3 [1 − (𝑘)4 ]
16
From the Eq. (8.3) or Eq. (8.4), the outside and inside diameter of a hollow shaft may be determined.
𝜋 𝑑 𝑂 4 − 𝑑𝑖 4 Eq. (8.7)
𝑀= × 𝜎𝑏 × [ ]
64 𝑑𝑂
Let k = Ratio of inside diameter and outside diameter of the shaft = d i / do
Dr. A. J. Makadia, Department of Mechanical Engineering
8.4 Fundamental of Machine Design (3141907) |
Unit-8 Shafts and Keys
Now the Eq. (8.7) may be written as
𝜋 𝑑𝑂 4 𝑑𝑖 4
𝑀= × 𝜎𝑏 × [1 − ( ) ]
32 𝑑𝑂 𝑑𝑂
𝜋 Eq. (8.8)
𝑀= × 𝜎𝑏 × 𝑑𝑂 3 [1 − (𝑘)4 ]
32
From the Eq. (8.7) or Eq. (8.8), the outside and inside diameter of a hollow shaft may be determined.
It may be noted that the axles are used to transmit bending moment only. Thus, axles are designed
on the basis of bending moment only.
1 32𝑀 2 16𝑇 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( 3 ) + ( 3 )
2 𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑
16
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2
𝜋𝑑 3
Eq. (8.9)
𝜋𝑑3
× 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2
16
The expression M2 + T2 is known as equivalent twisting moment and is denoted by Te.
The equivalent twisting moment may be defined as that twisting moment, which when acting
alone, produces the same shear stress (𝜏) as the actual twisting moment.
By limiting the maximum shear stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) equal to the allowable shear stress (𝜏) for the
material, the Eq. (8.9) may be written as
Dr. A. J. Makadia, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental of Machine Design (3141907) | 8.5
Unit-8 Shafts and Keys
𝜋𝑑3 Eq. (8.10)
𝑇𝑒 = × 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2
16
𝜋 1 Eq. (8.12)
𝑀𝑒 = × 𝜎𝑏 × 𝑑3 = [ (𝑀 + √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2 )]
32 2
From this expression, diameter of the shaft (d) may be evaluated.
In case of a hollow shaft, the Eq. (8.10) and Eq. (8.12) may be written as
𝜋
𝑇𝑒 = × 𝜏 × 𝑑𝑂 3 [1 − (𝑘)4 ] = √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2
16
𝜋 1
𝑀𝑒 = × 𝜎𝑏 × 𝑑𝑂 3 [1 − (𝑘)4 ] = [ (𝑀 + √(𝑀)2 + (𝑇)2 )]
32 2
8.4.5 Splines
Fig.8.8 – Splines
Sometimes, keys are made integral with the shaft which fits in the keyways broached in the hub.
Such shafts are known as splined shafts as shown in Fig.8.9.
These shafts usually have four, six, ten or sixteen splines.
The splined shafts are relatively stronger than shafts having a single keyway.
The splined shafts are used when the force to be transmitted is large in proportion to the size of
the shaft as in automobile transmission and sliding gear transmissions.
By using splined shafts, we obtain axial movement as well as positive drive is obtained.
Ex. 8.1 Find the diameter of a solid steel shaft to transmit 20 kW at 200 r.p.m. The ultimate shear
stress for the steel may be taken as 360 MPa and a factor of safety as 8.
If a hollow shaft is to be used in place of the solid shaft, find the inside and outside diameter
considering the ratio of inside to outside diameters as 0.5.
Solution: Given Data: To be Calculated:
P = 20 kW d=?
N = 200 rpm 𝑑𝑖 =?
𝜏𝑢 = 360 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑑𝑂 =?
fs = 8
𝑑𝑖
𝑘= = 0.5
𝑑𝑂
The allowable shear stress,
𝜏𝑢 360
𝜏= = = 45 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐹. 𝑆. 8
Diameter of the solid shaft
Let d = Diameter of the solid shaft.
Ex. 8.2 A line shaft is driven by means of a motor placed vertically below it. The pulley on the line
shaft is 1.5 metre in diameter and has belt tensions 5.4 kN and 1.8 kN on the tight side and
slack side of the belt respectively. Both these tensions may be assumed to be vertical. If
the pulley be overhang from the shaft, the distance of the centre line of the pulley from the
centre line of the bearing being 400 mm, find the diameter of the shaft. Assume maximum
allowable shear stress of 42 MPa.
Ex. 8.3 A shaft is supported by two bearings placed 1 m apart. A 600 mm diameter pulley is
mounted at a distance of 300 mm to the right of left hand bearing and this drives a pulley
directly below it with the help of belt having maximum tension of 2.25 kN. Another pulley
400 mm diameter is placed 200 mm to the left of right hand bearing and is driven with the
help of electric motor and belt, which is placed horizontally to the right. The angle of contact
for both the pulleys is 180° and μ = 0.24. Determine the suitable diameter for a solid shaft,
allowing working stress of 63 MPa in tension and 42 MPa in shear for the material of shaft.
Assume that the torque on one pulley is equal to that on the other pulley.
Solution: Given Data: Given Data: To be Calculated:
AB = 1 m = 1000 mm; 𝑑 =?
θ = 180° = π radian;
AC = 300 mm = 0.3 m;
BD = 200 mm = 0.2 m; μ = 0.24;
T1 = 2.25 kN =2250 N; σb = 63 MPa
DC = 600 mm or RC = 300 mm
DD = 400 mm or RD = 200 mm 𝜏 = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
Ex. 8.4 Design a shaft to transmit power from an electric motor to a lathe head stock through a
pulley by means of a belt drive. The pulley weighs 200 N and is located at 300 mm from
the centre of the bearing. The diameter of the pulley is 200 mm and the maximum power
transmitted is 1 kW at 120 r.p.m. The angle of lap of the belt is 180° and coefficient of
friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. The shock and fatigue factors for bending
and twisting are 1.5 and 2.0 respectively. The allowable shear stress in the shaft may be
taken as 35 MPa.
Solution: Given Data: Given Data: To be Calculated:
W = 200 N; θ = 180° = π Radian; 𝑑 =?
L = 300 mm; μ = 0.3;
D = 200 mm or R = 100 mm; Km = 1.5;
P = 1 kW = 1000 W; Kt = 2;
N = 120 r.p.m. 𝜏 = 35 MPa = 35 N/mm2
Ex. 8.5 A steel spindle transmits 4 kW at 800 r.p.m. The angular deflection should not exceed 0.25°
per metre of the spindle. If the modulus of rigidity for the material of the spindle is 84 GPa,
find the diameter of the spindle and the shear stress induced in the spindle.
Solution: Given Data: Given Data: To be Calculated:
P = 4 kW G = 84 GPa a) 𝑑 =?
N = 800 rpm θ = 0.25° b) 𝜏 =?
Dr. A. J. Makadia, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental of Machine Design (3141907) | 8.17
Unit-8 Shafts and Keys
θ = 0.25° = 0.25 = 0.0044 Radian
180
Diameter of the spindle
The torque transmitted by the shaft,
60 𝑃 60 × 4000
𝑇= = = 47.74 𝑁. 𝑚 = 47740 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝑁 2𝜋 × 800
We also know that
𝑇 𝐺. 𝜃
=
𝐽 𝐿
𝑇. 𝐿
𝐽=
𝐺. 𝜃
𝜋 47740 × 1000
× 𝑑4 = = 129167
32 84000 × 0.0044
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 ≅ 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Shear stress induced in the spindle
We know that the torque transmitted by the spindle (T),
𝜋
𝑇= × 𝜏 × 𝑑3
16
𝜋
47740 = × 𝜏 × 353
16
𝜏 = 5.67 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Ex. 8.6 Compare the weight, strength and stiffness of a hollow shaft of the same external diameter
as that of solid shaft. The inside diameter of the hollow shaft is being half the external
diameter. Both the shafts have the same material and length.
Solution: Given Data:
do = d;
𝑑𝑂
𝑑𝑖 =
2
𝑑𝑖
𝑘= = 0.5
𝑑𝑂
Comparison of weight
We know that weight of a hollow shaft,
WH = Cross-sectional area × Length × Density
𝜋 Eq. (8.17)
𝑊𝐻 = [(𝑑𝑂 )2 − (𝑑𝑖 )2 ] × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
4
Also weight of the solid shaft,
𝜋 Eq. (8.18)
𝑊𝑆 = (𝑑)2 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
4
Since both the shafts have the same material and length, therefore by dividing Eq. (8.17)
by Eq. (8.18), we get
8.5 References
1) A Textbook of Machine Design by R.S. Khurmi, S. Chand Publication.
2) Strength of Materials by R.S. Khurmi, S. Chand Publication.
3) Design of Machine Elements by V.B. Bhandari, McGraw-Hill Publication.