Approaches towards Verb

What is the syntactic category of been in “The tiger may have been chased by the lion”.
- Primary Auxiliary
What is the syntactic category of may in “The dog may have bitten the cat”.
- Secondary Auxiliary
What is the syntactic category of chased in “The rabbit may have been chased by the hunter”.
- Lexical Verb
What is the syntactic category of been in “The tiger may have been chased by the lion”.
- Primary Auxiliary
Complete the statements about this sentence: We all saw Mary in town.

 The syntactic category ‘verb’ is - Saw

 The syntactic function ‘verb’ is – all saw Mary in town
Complete the statements about this sentence: Jack has not been seen for a long time.

 The syntactic category ‘verb’ is - Seen

 The syntactic function ‘verb’ is - Has not been seen
Complete the statements about this sentence: Mary has never liked John.

 The syntactic category ‘verb’ is - Liked

 The syntactic function ‘verb’ is - Has never liked
Complete the statements about this sentence: John had walked home an hour ago.

 The syntactic category ‘verb’ is - Walked

 The syntactic function ‘verb’ is - Had walked
Which of the following is true of verb groups?
- There must be at least a lexical verb
Which of the following is not a type of verb?
- Semantic Verb
What is a verb phrase according to generative syntax?
- a constituent consisting of a verb and its obligatory and optional constituents.
Which of the following is true of verb groups?
- There must be at least a lexical verb
What is the maximum number of auxiliary verbs which can precede a lexical verb in Present
Day English? - 4
Which is the primary auxiliary verb in the sentence: She will be hosting the dinner on
Tuesday.
- Be

Types of Verbs
What are non-finite verb forms?
- Verb forms that are not tense-marked.
What does the abbreviation “NICE” mean?
- Negation, Inversion, Coding, Emphasis
What kind of clause pattern is typical for an intransitive verb in PDE?
- Subject + Verb
What is a characteristic of secondary auxiliaries (modals)?
- They can not be used in a copular function.
How many auxiliary verbs can a complex verb group maximally contain? - 3
What is the difference between primary auxiliaries and modal verbs?
- Modal verbs are not inflected
In “They are used to talk to me.”, the following verbs can be identified.
- Are - Primary auxiliary verb
- Used - Secondary auxiliary verb
- Talk - Lexical verb
In “The boys might want to come early”, the following verbs can be identified
- Might - Secondary auxiliary verb
- Want - Catenative verb
- Come - Lexical verb
In “The game may have taken place”, the following verbs can be identified
- May - Secondary auxiliary verb
- Have - Primary auxiliary verb
- Taken - Lexical verb
In “The student may have done the task.”, the following verbs can be identified
- May - Secondary auxiliary verb
- Have - Primary auxiliary verb
- Done - Copular verb
 Tense
Here are two sentences using the past tense in special cases. Select these cases!
If you knew him, you wouldn’t say that.
- HYPOTHETICAL PAST
She said that she knew you.
- INDIRECT SPEECH
The eruption of Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii.
- EVENT PAST
In ancient times, the Olympic Games were held at Olympia.
- HABITUAL PAST
I once liked reading novels
- STATE PAST
The Normans invaded Great Britain in 1066.
- EVENT PAST
How do you define tense?
- Tense is the grammatical realization of time by verbal inflection.
How many tenses do we find in PDE?
- Two (2)
What typical kind of the past tense is used in Columbus discovered America
- EVENT PAST
Which of these sentences denotes the future time?
- The train leaves at seven.
Which one of the following sentences expresses the Hypothetical Past?
- I wish I had a better job.
In Oil will float on water we have a case of [GENERIC] use of will.
In She will sit for hours and watch the TV we have a case of [HABITUAL] use of will.
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Aspect and Voice

In “She has been listening to music.” The verb group denotes the …
- PERFECTIVE AND PROGRESSIVE ASPECT
Select the correct aspect in the following two sentences:
They have been dancing all night
- PERFECTIVE PROGRESSIVE
He is working today
- SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE
Mary was told to stay, got it?
- CENTRAL PASSIVE
The world is being globalized.
- PSEUDO-PASSIVE
They were beaten by four goals to nil.
- CENTRAL PASSIVE
I am interested in linguistics.
- SEMI-PASSIVE
You have gone home.
- SIMPLE PERFECTIVE
He has been working.
- PERFECTIVE PROGRESSIVE
By 9 am, he will have left.
- SIMPLE PERFECTIVE
He walks home every day.
- UNMARKED (SIMPLE)
The building is demolished.
- PSEUDO-PASSIVE
Our cat got run over.
- GET-PASSIVE
What kind of perfective is used in “I may have left the key at the office”?
 - PRESENT PERFECTIVE (HYPOTHETICAL)
What is aspect?
- A way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time
Which of the following sentences exhibits a pseudo-passive?
- The car was stolen
What is voice?
- The possibility to view the action of a sentence as an active or a passive one
Which of the following sentences cannot be transformed into an active sentence?
- I was born in Marburg.
One of the following sentences expresses a semi-passive, which one?
- Sarah is interested in science

Mood and Modality

Identify the modality of CAN in “You can sign the book now”.
- Permission
The mandative subjunctive is…
- Usually introduced by an expression of demand, recommendation, proposal, etc
What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive mood?
- The only difference lies in the 3rd person singular present tense and the indicative forms
of be.
The sentence “He may be ill” shows which kind of modality?
- Epistemic modality (possibility)
The verb in the phrase “Suffice it to say…” displays which kind of mood?
- The formulaic subjunctive
What is NOT a formulaic subjunctive?
- If I were you…
What expresses dynamic modality?
- : It concerns the properties and dispositions of persons referred to the clause, especially
by the subject.
In which of the following sentences can you find the subjunctive?
 - The party proposed that Mrs Miller be elected.
How do understand the MUST in “The dog must come to its owner at once”?
- MUST = strong obligation
How many central modal verbs does PDE have?
- 9

Noun Phrase
Some of the extremely large apples that you have ate were bad
- The – determiner
- Extremely large – premodifier
- Apples – head noun
- That you have ate – Post modifier
The football club announced that a German insurance company acquired 8.33% of its shares.
- German – premodifier
With Candice Glover’s long-anticipated debut album, all eyes will be on the season US idol
winner.
- With – determiner
- Candice – Head noun
- Long-anticipated – predeterminer
- Debut album – Head Noun
- All – predeterminer
- On – det
- The – det
- US idol winner – Head noun
Both critics and fans will be watching to see how well she will do in the next phase of her music
career.
- Critics – head noun
- Fans – head nouns
- She – head noun
- Her- HN
- Musical career – HN
With a wicked smile on her face, she pushed her little brother into the lake.
Head nouns:
- Smile
- Her
- She
- Her
 - Little
- Brother
- Lake
- Wicked
The football club announced that a German insurance company acquired 8.33% of its shares.
- 8.33% - predeterminer
The football club announced that a German insurance company acquired 8.33% of its shares.
- The – det
- Football club – HN
- A – det
- German – premodifier
- Insurance company – HN
- 8.33% - predeterminer
- Its - det
- Shares – HN

Head Nouns
What is declension?
- The collection of inflectional processes for nouns.
What is a “proper noun”?
- A name of an individual person, a place, an event or a thing.
Non-count nouns cannot occur with …
- the indefinite article
What is the difference between reflexive and reciprocal pronouns?
- Reciprocal pronouns can co-refer only to plural noun phrases.
In “People often talk about linguistics”, the following noun types can be identified (select them
here):
- People – plural invariable
- Linguists – singular invariable
In “The poor do not use binoculary”, the following plural classes can be identified (select them
here):
- Poor – plural invariable
- Binoculars – personal adjective heads
The girl played chess despite the bad weather.
- Girl – Count Noun
 - Chess – Non-count Noun
- Weather – Non-count Noun
They blamed each other for having chosen those who were bad.
- They – central
- Each other – reciprocal
- Those – demonstrative
- Who – relative
Noone saw in those days that they would kill themselves.
- Noone – infinite
- They – central
- Themselves – reciprocal
What did he notice when they saw each other but noone realized that?
- What – interrogative
- He – central
- They – central
- Each other – reciprocal
- Noone – infinite
- That – demonstrative

The Adverbial
Yesterday, I humbly offered my apologies.
- Yesterday – adjunct
- Humbly – subjunct
This, the match continued for an hour.
- Thus – conjunct
- For an hour – adjunct
In 1966 England won the finals after extra time.
- In 1966 – Adjunct
- After extra time – adjunct
Fortunately, Mary kind offered John a ride.
- Fortunately – disjunct
- Kindly – subjunct
Will you please leave the room at once?
- Please – subjunct
- At once – adjunct
Yesterday, the boy quickly ran right across the road.
 - Yesterday – adverb phrase
- Quickly – adverb phrase
- Right across the road – prepositional phrase
For several months there had been street fighting in London an elsewhere.
- For several months – prepositional phrase
- There – adverb
- In London – prepositional phrase
- Elsewhere – adverb
Surprisingly, John saw Mary while he was in London.
- Surprisingly – adverb phrase
- In London – prepositional phrase
- While he was in London. – subordinate clause
Last year, John always came home early at night.
- Last year – NP
- Always – Adverb phrase
- Home – NP
- Early – adverb phrase
- At night – prepositional phrase
Soon they want to boldly go where noone’s ever gone last year.
- Soon – adverb phrase
- Boldly – adverb phrase
- Ever – adverb
- Last year – NP
- Where noone’s ever gone last year. – subordinate clause

Subject and objects in PDE

Middle constructions are generally characterized as [generic ] sentences with an obligatory
[adverbial].
The reduced surface morphology of [noun phrases] in PDE led to a larger degree of freedom
in selecting the basic [syntactic functions] within sentences.
What is unusual in A few years ago a penny would buy two pins?
- The subject is a non-agentive noun.
What type of sentence is This wine drinks well?
- middle construction
Which of the following sentences contains a non-agentive subject?
- The latest edition of this book has dropped a chapter.
In This hotel forbids dogs. …
- The subject is a non-agentive noun.
The boy opened the door with the key.
- The boy – agent
- The door – goal
- With the key – instrument
John gave Mary the key
- John – agent
- Mary – goal
- The key – theme
My guitar broke a string midsong.
- My guitar – locative
- A string – patient
- Midsong – theme
This tent sleeps four people.
- This tent – locative
- Four people theme

The Orthography of PDE

Which word exhibits the American way of spelling?
- Catalog
Which word is spelt in the American way?
- Traveled
Which word is spelt in the American way?
- Mold
Which word is spelt in the British English variant?
- Defence
Which word is spelt British and not American?
- Cheque
Which word realizes the British way of spelling?
- Dialogue
Which word is spelt in the British orthography?
 - Judgement
Which word is hyphenated wrongly?
- Cut-ing
Which word is not hyphenated correctly?
- Yes – ter – day
Which word is hyphenated wrongly?
- Fash – ion – able