“Assignment 1”

BY
 

Student Name: Mohamed Alaa Eldin Mohamed Habashy

Student ID: 2110139

British Applied
College,
Umm Al Quwain
 
Under supervision of
Dr. Haran Pragalath
 
March 2023
 
here is a table showing combinations of actions and load factors at the ultimate limit state,
along with their corresponding load factors:
Combination Actions Permanent Load Variable Load Wind Load
Factor Factor Factor
Favourable Dead Load + 1.35 0.75 0.6
Live Load +
Wind Load
Unfavourable Dead Load + 1.35 1.5 1.5
Live Load +
Wind Load
Favourable Dead Load + 1.35 0.75 N/A
Live Load
Unfavourable Dead Load + 1.35 1.5 N/A
Live Load
Favourable Dead Load + 1.35 N/A 0.6
Wind Load
Unfavourable Dead Load + 1.35 N/A 1.5
Wind Load
Favourable Live Load + N/A 0.75 0.6
Wind Load
Unfavourable Live Load + N/A 1.5 1.5
Wind Load
Favourable Dead Load 1.35 N/A N/A
Unfavourable Dead Load 1.35 N/A N/A
Favourable Live Load N/A 0.75 N/A
Unfavourable Live Load N/A 1.5 N/A
Favourable Wind Load N/A N/A 0.6
Unfavourable Wind Load N/A N/A 1.5

Note: The load factors used in this table are based on the Canadian Highway Bridge Design
Code (CHBDC) and may differ for different countries or design codes. Also, the specific values
of load factors used in a given project will depend on various factors, including the type of
structure, the materials used, the location, and the intended use of the structure.

The deflection for each support mechanism may be calculated as follows, assuming that the
load is evenly distributed, has a value of W, and has a length L.
Cantilever Beam: A cantilever beam is a beam with one end that is fixed and the other end that
is free. The following formula determines a cantilever beam's deflection when a weight is
evenly distributed:
5W L4
δ=
384 EI
In this equation, is the deflection, W is the load, L is the length of the beam, E is the material's
modulus of elasticity, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section.
Simply Supported Beam: A simply supported beam is one that has no restrictions on rotation
and is supported at both ends. The following formula calculates the deflection of a simply
supported beam when a load is evenly distributed:
4
WL
δ=
8 EI

In this equation, is the deflection, W is the load, L is the length of the beam, E is the material's
modulus of elasticity, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section.
Overhanging Beam: that has an overhang on one end and is supported at the other is referred
to as an overhanging beam. The following formula calculates the deflection of an overhanging
beam under an evenly distributed load:
W L4
δ= ∗( 2 L+3 L1 )
384 EI

In this equation, is the deflection, W is the load, L is the length of the beam, E is the material's
modulus of elasticity, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section. L1 is the
overhang's length.

Fixed Beam: A fixed beam is one that cannot spin since it is fixed at both ends. The following
formula determines the deflection of a fixed beam under a force that is distributed uniformly:
W L4
δ=
185 EI

In this equation, is the deflection, W is the load, L is the length of the beam, E is the material's
modulus of elasticity, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section.
A continuous beam is one that has more than two supports, or continuous supports. The
following formula calculates the deflection of a continuous beam under a force that is
distributed uniformly:
4
5W L 2 2
∗2 L1 +3 L1 L 2+ 2 L 2
384 EI
δ=
L1+ L 2

In this equation, is the deflection, W is the load, L is the length of the beam, E is the material's
modulus of elasticity, and I is the moment of inertia of the beam's cross-section. The spans'
lengths are L1 and L2.

The deflection of a beam that is continuous beam has the lowest value among the five support
systems, as shown by the calculations above. Thus, the optimal support technique for reducing
deflection under an evenly distributed load is a simply supported beam.
While building a secure and cost-effective construction, the maximum bending moment of a
steel beam must be taken into account. For the design of steel structures, the current codes of
practice and authorized publications offer instructions on how to calculate and assess the
maximum bending moment.
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Standard for Structural Steel Buildings is
the governing document in the United States for the design of steel buildings. The AISC
specification offers comprehensive instructions for designing steel beams, including how to
determine the maximum bending moments.
The applied loads and the cross-sectional characteristics of the beam are normally taken into
account when determining the maximum bending moment in a steel beam. The AISC standard
offers formulas and graphs to determine the maximum bending moment for various beam types
and loading scenarios.
The International Building Code (IBC), in addition to the AISC standard, offers advice on the
design of steel buildings. The minimal design loads for buildings and structures, including dead
loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads, are outlined by the IBC. These forces are used
to determine the maximum bending moment of a steel beam and make sure the building can
safely tolerate them.
The AISC and IBC also address the safety element of the maximum bending moment in a steel
beam. The minimum strength and stiffness necessary for steel beams to guarantee that they can
bear the imposed loads without failing are outlined in the AISC specification. According to the
IBC, buildings must be built to withstand the maximum projected loads, including the
maximum bending moment, plus a safety margin to guarantee the public and occupants' well-
being.
Economically, a steel beam's maximum bending moment plays a significant role in deciding the
beam's size and price. To save material and fabrication costs, the AISC standard offers
recommendations on the most effective beam size and form for a specified loading situation. To
guarantee it complies with safety criteria, the beam's design must also take into account the
necessary stiffness and strength.
In conclusion, a steel beam's maximum bending moment plays a significant role in the
development of cost-effective and secure steel structures. The AISC standard and IBC offer
instructions on how to determine and assess the maximum bending moment while guaranteeing
cost effectiveness and safety.
Type of Beam Loading Condition Formula for Maximum Bending Moment

Simply supported beam Point load at mid-span ( W x L2 )

4
Simply supported beam Uniformly distributed load ( w L2 )
8
 Rectangular beam Point load at mid-span (P x a)
4
Rectangular beam Uniformly distributed load ( w L2 )
12
Circular beam Point load at mid-span
( )
4P
π
These formulas are a starting point for calculating the maximum bending moment in a steel
beam. However, it's important to consult the appropriate codes of practice and approved
documents to ensure that the design meets safety and economic requirements.
When designing secure and cost-effective buildings, the maximum bending moment of a steel
beam is an important consideration. It has advantages and downsides, alternative activities, and
importance in terms of safety and economics. It also has strengths and shortcomings.
Advantages and Strengths:
Effective use of materials: Engineers may design beams that use the least amount of steel
necessary by precisely estimating the maximum bending moment, which results in cost savings
and effective use of materials.
Building Durability and Structural Stability: The maximum bending moment calculation
makes sure that steel beams are built to resist the stresses they will be subjected to, resulting in
a structure that is both stable structurally and long-lasting.
Compliance with Safety Standards: It is crucial to design a safe structure, and the maximum
bending moment calculation is used to make sure that the steel beams can safely support the
predicted loads.
Weaknesses and Disadvantages:
Simplified Assumptions: The computation of the maximum bending moment is based on some
simplifying assumptions regarding the loads acting on the beam and its cross-sectional
characteristics. These presumptions might not hold true in reality, which would result in
inaccurate calculations.
Restrictions to Linear Elastic Behaviour: The computation of the maximum bending moment
is based on the notion that the beam will behave in a linear elastic way. But, in practice, the
beam may break or undergo plastic deformation, which might result in extra expenses or safety
issues.
Several Alternatives:
Usage of computer-aided design (CAD) software: By simulating various loading scenarios and
beam forms, CAD software enables engineers to optimize beam design and more precisely
determine the maximum bending moment.
Testing and Validation: Physical testing of beam samples or full-scale prototypes can produce
more precise information on the behavior of the beam under various loading circumstances and
can validate the estimate of the maximum bending moment.
Relevance and Importance in Economics and Safety:
Safety: The calculation of the maximum bending moment makes sure that the steel beams can
safely handle the predicted loads, which is crucial for ensuring both the public's and the
building's inhabitants' safety.
Economics: Calculating the maximum bending moment is important for establishing the
beam's size and price. Cost reductions can be realized by enhancing the beam design and
reducing the amount of steel needed.
In order to construct safe and affordable structures, it is crucial to take into account the
maximum bending moment of a steel beam. Although the computation has significant limits,
other alternatives can be utilized to increase accuracy, such as computer-aided design and
physical testing. The ultimate goal of the maximum bending moment calculation is to maximize
cost and material efficiency while maintaining the safety of building occupants and the general
public.
 References
1. "Design of Steel Structures" by S. K. Duggal, McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
2. "Structural Steelwork: Design to Limit State Theory" by Dennis Lam, Thien Cheong
Ang, and Sing Ping Chiew, CRC Press, 2016.
3. "Steel Design" by William T. Segui, Cengage Learning, 2017.
4. "Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for
Buildings" by European Committee for Standardization, 2018.
5. "AISC 360-16: Specification for Structural Steel Buildings" by American Institute of
Steel Construction, 2016.
6. "BS EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and
Rules for Buildings" by British Standards Institution, 2019.
7. "Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges to Eurocodes" by Ioannis Vayas and
Roger P. Johnson, CRC Press, 2015.
8. Hibbeler, R. C. (2016). Mechanics of materials (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
9. Beer, F. P., & Johnston, E. R. (2017). Mechanics of materials (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education.
10.Gere, J. M., & Goodno, B. J. (2018). Mechanics of materials (9th ed.). Cengage
Learning.
11.Timoshenko, S. P., & Gere, J. M. (1961). Theory of elastic stability (2nd ed.). McGraw-
Hill.
12.Bower, A. F. (2010). Applied mechanics of solids. CRC Press.
13.Cook, R. D., Malkus, D. S., Plesha, M. E., & Witt, R. J. (2001). Concepts and
applications of finite element analysis (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.