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Math
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
Modular Arithmetic
Special type of arithmetic which involves only integer (Z) is what
we called “modular arithmetic”. Usually, this topic is being
discussed in number theory studying the integers and its
properties and it is very essential for students like you who are
taking up science and technology as their program to learn the
concept of modular arithmetic since one the applications of this
topic is on how to code and decode or encrypt and decrypt
secret message for privacy and security purposes. Basically, the
modular arithmetic emphasized the concept of remainder
theorem when solving problems.
A. Addition Modulo n
To do the addition modulo n, let us have some example.
Evaluate (23 + 38) mod 12.
Solution:Add 23 + 38 to produce 61. To evaluate 61 mod 12,
divide 61 by modulus, 12. The answer is the remainder.
In modular arithmetic, adding the modulus to a number does
not change the equivalent value of the number.
B. Subtraction Modulo n
The following examples give you on how be able to perform
subtraction.
Evaluate (33 – 16)mod 6.
Here, subtracting 16 from 33, we will be able to get a positive
result, i.e. 17. Divide the difference by the modulus, 6 we get.
C.Multiplication Modulo n
Like in addition and subtraction, let us evaluate given example
under multiplication modulo n to perform the operation
multiplication.
Group Theory
Another important topics in the field of mathematics is what we
called a group theory and of course, this could be important
and very useful tool in teaching some topics in mathematics.
Based on “The Evolution of Group Theory: A Brief”, that the
four major sources in the evolution of group theory together
with the name of the creators and the date are as follows: a)
Classical Algebra by J.L. Lagrange ( 1770), b) Number Theory by
C.F. Gauss (1801), c) Geometry by F. Klein (1874) and d) Analysis
by S. Lie (1874) and by H. Poincare and F. Klein ( 1876).
A. Introduction to Group
Definition : Group
A group is a set of elements, with one operation and it must
satisfy the following four Properties.
C. Symmetry of Groups
The concept of group is very general. The elements that make
up a group do not have to be numbers, and the operation does
not have to be addition or multiplication. Symmetry group is
another type of group and it is based on regular polygon
(polygon whose sides are on the same length and with the
same angle measure).