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Berlin
Global Business Cities Report

January 2022
Global Business Cities
Dear reader,
We hope that you will enjoy familiarizing yourself with this Global
Business Cities Report of Berlin. We have carefully collected and
analyzed data that provides you with a comprehensive and up-to-date
impression of the city of your choice.
These reports cover 200 most important business cities from 73
countries and territories around the globe. The distribution of cities
across the geographical regions and countries was based on their
relative share of the global and regional economy. The individual cities
included in this product were chosen based on their economic
importance and geographical distribution.
We wish you a valuable and informative reading experience.
2
Executive summary
▪ Cost of living was lower than in this region in general
▪ The city GDP per capita of Berlin was at US$45,245, being US$49,752
behind regional high-performer
▪ It takes 8 days to start a business in Germany compared to the
regional average of 13.3 days
▪ At US$2,206, the average rent in this city was US$2,166 lower than the
highest for this region
▪ The internet penetration in Berlin is higher than the regional average
▪ Air passenger numbers at 9.1 million were higher than the regional
average
▪ Berlin was more popular on Instagram than cities in this region
▪ This city has more museums than the regional average
Global Business Cities

Urbanization has been identified as one of the megatrends shaping the economy and society globally. More than half of the world’s population
already lives in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to rise to over 65 percent by 2030. In addition, urban agglomerations are becoming
larger in size. According to population projections, there will be 49 cities with over 10 million inhabitants by 2025.

Just like people, economic activities also tend to concentrate in cities – more than 80 percent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) is
generated there. Cities are increasingly considered independently of their national context and rather assessed in relation to one another, i.e., in a
transnational network of central marketplaces and operational hubs. Both urbanization and the role of cities as economic powerhouses highlight the
importance of taking a closer look at the aspects associated with cities that nurture businesses. It is noteworthy that global resource use is
concentrated in cities, which account for more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and two thirds of worldwide energy use. A lot of cities are
affected by climate change because of their geographical position; consequently, solutions for a sustainable and smart development in areas such as
housing, traffic, and energy use are highly relevant to cities. Furthermore, the epicenters of the current COVID-19 pandemic can be found in urban
areas, with 90 percent of cases being reported there. Since this crisis is thus having a detrimental effect on the cities’ population, topics such as overall
health care supply as well as the physician density in a city are of particular interest.

Besides population size and GDP figures, environmental factors also play a vital role in determining to what extent a city lends itself to a
business location as companies cannot operate in a vacuum, i.e., independently of the wider context of the economy and society. For this reason,
these reports have identified, collected, and analyzed a set of indicators connected to the attractiveness of a city from a global business perspective.
This collection has been divided into conceptual chapters describing different aspects that make a city a good choice of location in terms of business
operations. The society chapter features information connected to institutional quality, the economy chapter examines the relevant city’s economic
strength and level of development, the operational environment chapter focuses on infrastructure and logistics, while the charisma chapter
highlights aspects reflecting cultural capital and social influence.

3 Sources: WHO 2020, UN 2020, World Bank 2019, Statista 2020

Global Business Cities
Global coverage

4
Agenda

01 Introduction 04 Operational environment

▪ Total rankings ▪ Information exchange
▪ Country & City overview ▪ Transportation & Logistics
▪ Social infrastructure

02 Society 05 Charisma
▪ Population & Education ▪ Tourism
▪ Living standards ▪ Culture
▪ Institutional framework ▪ Environment

03 Economy 06 Appendix
▪ Economic conditions ▪ Methodology
▪ Business environment ▪ Glossary
▪ Real Estate ▪ Author

5
INTRODUCTION

6
Berlin’s smart city initiatives
Smart city developments

Smart city projects in Berlin

Berlin‘s smart city program “BerlinStrategy|Urban Development
Concept 2030“ was launched in 2015. The objective of this program
is to use digital technologies to enhance the city‘s position in areas
such as housing, energy generation and conservation, waste
management, research and development, and governance. The
Smart City Berlin Network, which comprises over 100 companies
and various science and research institutes, has already started pilot
projects to test novel technologies. These include mHealth (a
telemedicine platform), 5G, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). The US$700
million project Siemensstadt 2.0 aims to create research facilities,
startup spaces, logistic centers, and new manufacturing facilities.
These will all concentrate on developing capabilities in the areas of
renewable energy, logistics, and digital infrastructure products. IT
company Cisco has also invested US$500 million to develop the
city’s telemedicine infrastructure as part of its “Deutschland Digital"
initiative. Its focus areas include remote diagnosis across digital
platforms and security and network infrastructure improvements.
Berlin Partner for Business and Technology is the agency driving all
smart city initiatives.

▪ Panasonic launched a novel CO2 saving smart city project in Berlin

in July 2020.

▪ A "city of the future" is planned for the former Tegel airport site, at
a cost of US$9.5 billion.

7 Sources: Smart Cities World 2020, energiezukunft.eu 2020, Bloomberg 2019, SmartCity.Press 2017, What’s Up Germany 2016, Statista 2021
Berlin ranked 17th out of 200 Global Business Cities
Global Business City Ranking: Overall Index

Global Business City results Top 10 cities in Global Business Cities index

85.1
Total score
for this city

Total
17th
ranking
for this city

Index methodology
The Global Business City Index consists of four
added subindices. Economy and Operational
Environment range between 0 and 35 points
whereas Society ranges between 0 and 20 points
and Charisma ranges between 0 and 10 points.

Note: For the detailed methodology, please refer to the appendix

8 Sources: Statista 2021
Berlin ranked 17th out of 200 Global Business Cities
Ranking (1/2)

# City Total score # City Total score # City Total score # City Total score

9 Sources: Statista 2021

Berlin ranked 17th out of 200 Global Business Cities
Ranking (2/2)

# City Total score # City Total score # City Total score # City Total score

10 Sources: Statista 2021

Germany
General information

General information

Capital: Berlin
Official language: German
Main religion: Roman Catholic
Main ethnic group: German
Population: 83,517,046
Area: 357,022 sq km
Population density: 237.4 people per sq km
Total real GDP1: US$3,524.4bn
GDP1 per capita: US$42,065.2
Profit tax: 23.2%
Currency: Euros (EUR)
Exchange rate: USD/EUR = 0.9
Time zone: UTC+1
Calling code: +49

1: Constant US$, see glossary for definition of current and constant

11 Sources: CIA 2020, World Bank 2019, United Nations 2020, International Monetary Fund 2020, Columbia University 2020, Statista 2021
Berlin
City overview

Capital city Other city General information

Population1 in million in 2021: 3.57

Population growth1 2021-2030: 10.02%

Cost of living in USD: 50,760.00

Hamburg Life expectancy at birth: 80.8

Berlin 45,245.00
City product per capita in USD:
Düsseldorf
Stock exchange: Yes

Cologne Airfreight in kt: 22.02

Frankfurt Air passengers in million: 9.10

Physicians per 1,000 inhabitants: 4.54

Stuttgart
Munich
Internet penetration: 88.00%

5G availability: Yes

Number of universities: 37

1: United Nations estimate/forecast

Note: For specific information concerning these KPIs, refer to the slide in the corresponding chapter of the City Report
12 Sources: World Bank 2021, World Bank 2020, HamInfo 2020, United Nations 2019, UN Habitat 2018, Statista 2021
City orientation
Airports

Airport information1
Berlin Tegel Airport (TXL), Berlin

▪ Distance to city center: 7 km

▪ Domestic connections: 9
▪ Total connections: 113

Berlin Schönefeld Airport (SXF), Berlin

▪ Distance to city center: 25 km

▪ Domestic connections: 1

▪ Total connections: 89

Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER), Berlin

▪ Distance to city center: 27 km

▪ Domestic connections in 2020: 8

▪ Total connections in 2020: 157

Other airports nearby1: Leipzig (LEJ), Dresden (DRS), Zielona Góra (IEG),
Szczecin (SZZ)

1: Airports within a range of 200 km

Note: Information will be updated after flight schedule disruptions related to COVID-19 have been resolved
13 Sources: FlightConnections 2019, Statista 2019
SOCIETY

14
Berlin ranked 17th out of 200 Global Business Cities
in the Society Subindex
Global Business City Ranking: Society

Society results Top 10 cities in Global Business Cities Index: Society

18.26
Society score
for this city

Society
17th
ranking
for this city

Indicators
The Society Subindex has a range of [0, 20] and
consists of the following weights (w): Population
Growth (w=0.3), Total Population (w=0.1) Life
Expectancy (w=0.2), English Proficiency (w=0.1),
Years of Schooling (w=0.1), Gay Rights (w=0.1), and
Press Freedom (w=0.1).

Note: For the detailed methodology, please refer to the appendix

15 Sources: Statista 2021
This city is growing faster than the other cities in this
region on average
Population growth

Population1,2 in millions in this city and on average for this region

+10.0% 2021 2030
3.9

3.6

+3.2%

2.1 2.2

Berlin Central & Western Europe

1: The definition of the city area, and consequently the population considered here, may vary 2: Statista forecast
Note: Regional average based on cities in this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports, The impact of COVID-19 has not been applied in
this forecast,
16 Sources: United Nations 2021, Statista 2021
Berlin is the regional high performer
Education

Mean years of schooling1 for selected cities this region in 2019

Mean years of schooling
in this city
15

1: The average number of years of education completed by the population segment aged 25 years and older. This number excludes any years spent
repeating individual grades
2. Regional data
17 Sources: globaldatalab 2021, Statista 2021
The level of English proficiency is very high in this city
English proficiency

The Education First English Proficiency Index Top countries worldwide in 2021
The Index is based on the results of more than 2 million adults in 112 Rank Country Score
countries and regions. English proficiency can serve as one indication
of a city’s competitive advantages and global citizen status. 1 Netherlands 663
2 Austria 641
3 Denmark 636
Very High 616 4 Singapore 635
Country Level in 2021 Score in 2021
5 Norway 632

Very High 622

City Level in 2021 Score in 2021
Top cities worldwide in 2021

Rank City Score

More global results from the Index
1 Amsterdam 682
In 2021, the overall global score for female participants was 498, and
2 Copenhagen 668
the score for male participants was 508. The groups between the
ages of 26-30 and 31-40 performed the highest with a score of 529. 3 Helsinki 659
Europe has the highest regional average, whereas the Middle East
4 Vienna 658
has the lowest.
5 Stockholm 646

Note: The levels are based on index values divided between very low (300-449), low (450-499), moderate (500-549), high (550-599), and very
high (600-800)
18 Sources: Education First 2021, Statista 2021
Cost of living was lower than in this region in general
Living standards

Cost of living¹ in US$ in 2019² Gini coefficient1,³ in 2016² Unemployment rate in % in 2019¹

1: See glossary for definitions 2: Year of data for Berlin. The regional average may include data from various years
3: A value of 0 represents total equality in distribution of income within the population, total inequality is represented by a value of 1
Note: Cost of living based on a fairly affluent family of three with two adults and one child studying at a university. Regional average based on
cities in this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports
19 Sources: UN Habitat 2021, STC 2019, CIA Factbook 2021, World Bank 2021, Statista 2021
Life expectancy at birth (1/2)
Life expectancy ranking (1/2)

# City Years # City Years # City Years # City Years

1: Country level data

20 Sources: World Bank 2019, Statista 2021
Life expectancy at birth (2/2)
Life expectancy ranking (2/2)

# City Years # City Years # City Years # City Years

1: Country level data

21 Sources: World Bank 2019, Statista 2021
Berlin is considered safer than average for this region
Safety Index

Safety Index value for selected cities in this region in 2020 Background
The Safety Index is published by
Stephane Tajick Consulting, a
Canadian firm that provides
research and data concerning
business immigration.

The index is calculated from data

based on indexes and scores
from different providers, ranging
from UN organizations to NGOs
and universities to private
enterprises. It consists of the
homicide rates, the estimated risk
of kidnapping, the security risk, as
well as the political risk. The data
source also contains data from
the World Risk Index, the
Numbeo Safety Index, and the
Global Peace Index. Additional
data comes from the fragility
score provided by the Igarapé
Institute.

The score can reach values

between 1 and -1.

Note: Higher values in this index indicate higher levels of safety

22 Sources: STC 2021, Statista 2021
In 'control on corruption' Germany is 1.9 points
behind regional high performer
Institutional framework

Comparison of country and territory scores to highest and lowest scores in the region and worldwide

Gender equality1 in 2020 Gay rights2 in 2019 Control on corruption Freedom of press3 in 2020
in 2020

Germany 79.6 Germany 85.0 Germany 95.2 Germany 84.8

Ireland 80.0 Belgium 100.0 Switzerland 97.1 Netherlands 90.3

Regional
high/low
Hungary 68.8 Poland 59.0 Hungary 60.6 Hungary 68.2

Belgium, Den-
Finland 86.1 mark, Uruguay,
Belgium 100.0 Denmark 100.0 Norway 93.3
Global Sweden
high/low
Pakistan 55.6 Saudi Arabia 4.0 Cambodia 11.1 China4 21.3

1: Index values transformed from 0-1 scale to 0-100 2: Values in percentage. The categorization is grouped as follows: 0-59% for persecuting
countries, 60-69% for intolerant countries, 70-79% resistant countries, 80-89% for tolerant countries, and 90-100% for protecting countries
3: Original values have been inverted to fit in with the other indexes; high values now indicate more freedom than small ones 4: Mainland China
23 Sources: World Economic Forum 2021, Reporters without Borders 2021, World Bank 2021, Franklin&Marshall College 2019, Statista 2020
ECONOMY

24
Berlin ranked 65th out of 200 Global Business Cities
in the Economy Subindex
Global Business City Ranking: Economy

Economy results Top 10 cities in Global Business Cities Index: Economy

Economy 27.38
score
for this city

Economy
65th
ranking
for this city

Indicators
The Economy Subindex has a range of [0, 35] and
consists of the following weights (w): GDP per
capita (w=0.3), Unemployment (w=0.3), Corruption
Control (w=0.2), Rent in the City Center (w=0.1), and
Rent in the Suburb (w=0.1).

Note: For the detailed methodology, please refer to the appendix

25 Sources: Statista 2021
COVID-19 developments in Germany
COVID-19 impact

Management of the crises GDP in billion US$

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global economy and several
aspects of life in most countries in the world. The degree of impact
varies across countries in terms of the number of cases and the effects
on the society and economy. This is related to each country’s crisis
management, i.e., the various policies which have been implemented in
the relevant country. Some countries reacted very fast, imposing strict
lockdowns, whereas other countries introduced more moderate policies
to stop the spread of the virus.

In the Lowy Institute Ranking of the relative performance of countries 1

in the crisis, Germany was ranked 55th

3,722.3k 89.8k
COVID-19 Number of Number of deaths
impact confirmed cases2 related to COVID-192

21,350k 25.68%
People fully Share of population
Medication
vaccinated2 fully vaccinated2

1: The Lowy Institute measured the relative performance of 98 countries in the pandemic with six measures such as confirmed cases, confirmed
death and tests per thousand people as indicators with data up to January 9th of 2021. Various periods have been observed to show how a
country has managed the pandemic in 36 weeks after the first 100 confirmed cases. For further details also look at Lowy Institute COVID-19
Performance Index 2: As of 14 June 2021; Sources: John Hopkins University 2021, Lowy Institute 2021, Our World in Data 2021, International
26 Monetary Fund 2020, Statista, based on IMF, World Bank, European Commission, OECD, ADB as of Q4 2020
The city GDP per capita of Berlin was at US$45,245,
being US$49,752 behind regional high-performer
GDP per capita

GDP per capita for selected cities in this region in US$

Note: See appendix for methodology

1: Varying years. using the latest data available for each city
27 Sources: OECD 2021, Open Data Network 2021, Brookings Institution 2018, Statista 2021
Berlin's total population was larger and the city GDP
per capita lower than average for this region
Economic conditions

Total population growth in percentage 2021-2030, total population in millions and City GDP per capita1

Population growth in % Regional average Total population: 1 million

1: Varying years. Using the latest data available for each city
Note: Regional average based on cities in this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports
28 Sources: OECD 2021, United Nations 2018, Open Data Network 2021, Brookings Institution 2018, Statista 2021
It takes 8 days to start a business in Germany
compared to the regional average of 13.3 days
Business environment: administrative framework

Business administration in 2019

Time needed Time needed Time needed to fulfill Time needed to resolve
to start a business1 to register property tax requirements insolvency2

Germany 8.0 days 52.0 days 218.0 hours 1.2 years

Central & Western 13.3 days 35.2 days 160.7 hours 1.8 years
Europe

Delivery in 2019

Time needed Time needed Efficiency of

to export3 to import3 customs clearance4

Germany 1.0 hours 0.5 hours 4.1

Central & Western 0.9 hours 0.7 hours 3.5

Europe

1: Number of calendar days needed to complete the procedures to legally operate a business 2: Number of years from the filing for insolvency
in court until the resolution of distressed assets 3: Time associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government
agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies 4: In 2018, includes e.g., speed, simplicity, and predictability
of customs clearance (5 = high efficiency, 1 = low efficiency); Note: Regional average value is calculated using data from the countries covered by
29 the Statista Country Reports and the source; Sources: World Bank 2020, Statista 2021
The number of companies headquartered in this city
with a revenue above US$5 million was 44
Companies: Revenue

Headquarters of a company Companies1 with the highest revenue in 2020

As the location where strategic decisions for the entire corporation are
made, a company’s headquarters coordinates a broad range of tasks,
# Company Industry Revenue2,3 Employees
from labor-intensive endeavors (e.g., research & development) to
management-related functions (e.g., employee supervision). These
secondary value-added activities secure the primary value-added
activities that are directly relevant to production. At the headquarters of
large companies in particular, the concentration of staff with above-
average income has a considerable effect on taxes.

Number of companies1 with revenues above US$5

million

44
in 2020
Revenues

1: Revenue data includes 54 companies with headquarters in this city 2: See glossary for definitions 3: In millions
30 Sources: Statista Company DB 2021, Wirtschaftsdienst 2015, Statista 2021
The number of companies headquartered in this city
with total assets above US$5 million was 54
Companies: Total assets

Headquarters of a company and its relevance for a city Companies1 with the highest total assets in 2020
Corporate headquarters have a significant effect on the finances of the
municipality where they are located. Because better-paid activities such
# Company Industry Assets2,3 Employees
as research and development are carried out at company headquarters,
such municipalities can receive a higher share of taxes than those
without corporate headquarters.

Number of companies1 with total assets above US$5

million

54
in 2020
Total Asset

1: Total assets data includes 57 companies with headquarters in this city 2: See glossary for definitions 3: In millions
31 Sources: Statista Company DB 2021, Wirtschaftsdienst 2015, Statista 2021
International hotel brands are well represented in
Berlin
International hotel brands

Presence in 2021

International hotel brands Hotel presence International hotel brands Hotel presence

Note: Hotel chains are sorted by brand value, information based on Statista research.
Sources: Brand Finance 2021, Statista 2021, HiltonHotels 2021, Marriott 2021, Hyatt 2021, HolidayInn 2021, Hampton 2021, Shangri-La 2021, DoubleTree 2021, Mercure 2021,
32 Courtyard 2021, Intercontinental 2021
In Berlin International restaurant chains have a strong
presence
International restaurant chains

Presence in 2021

International restaurant chains Restaurant presence International restaurant chains Restaurant presence

Note: Restaurant chains are sorted by brand value, information based on Statista research
Sources: Brand Finance 2021, Statista 2021, Starbucks 2021, McDonalds 2021, KFC 2021, Subway 2021, Domino’’sPizza 2021, PizzaHut 2021, TacoBell 2021, TimHortons 2021,
33 Tripadvisor 2021
At US$2,206, the average rent in this city was
US$2,166 lower than the highest for this region
Average rent (1/2)

Rents for a 3-room apartment in the city center for selected cities in US$ in 2021
Rent in this city US$2,206

Note: Data is based on entries on the Numbeo platform in November 2021

34 Sources: Numbeo 2021, Statista 2021
At US$1,472, the average rent in this city was
US$1,577 lower than the highest for this region
Average rent (2/2)

Rents for a 3-room apartment outside the city center for selected cities in US$ in 2021
Rent in this city US$1,472

Note: Data is based on entries on the Numbeo platform in November 2021

35 Sources: Numbeo 2021, Statista 2021
This city’s Real Estate Index value is higher than the
regional average
Real Estate Index

Real Estate Index1 value for selected cities in this region in 2020 Background
The Real Estate Index ranks world
cities based on the stability,
affordability, and level of taxation
of their property market.

Figures such as the income ratio,

mortgage as percentage of
income, gross rental yield in the
city center, apartment rent (3
bedrooms) in the city center, and
the price per square meter to buy
an apartment in the city center
have been included in the overall
index. In 2020, the index value of
the cities ranges between 1.00
and -1.76. Still, certain factors
cannot be included, such as the
quality of building materials or
architectural value.

1: External index based on data which may vary from the data shown in this report
Note: A higher value denotes a higher ranking in the Real Estate Index
36 Sources: STC 2020, Statista 2021
OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT

37
Berlin ranked 23rd out of 200 Global Business Cities
in the Operational Environment Subindex
Global Business City Ranking: Operational Environment

Operational Environment results Top 10 cities in Global Business Cities Index: Operational Environment

Operational 22.98
Environment
score
for this city
.

Operational 23rd
Environment
ranking
for this city
Indicators
The Operational Environment Subindex has a range
of [0, 35] and consists of the following weights (w):
Number of Physicians (w=0.20), Number of
Universities (w=0.20), Air Passengers (w=0.15), Air
Freight (w=0.15), Internet Penetration (w=0.15), and
Smartphone Penetration (w=0.15).

Note: For the detailed methodology, please refer to the appendix

38 Sources: Statista 2021
The internet penetration in Berlin is higher than the
regional average
Information exchange

Smartphone penetration rate in 2018¹ Internet penetration rate in 2020

1: Data for households with at least one smartphone

Note: The regional average is based on the cities in this region that are covered by Global Business Cities Reports
39 Sources: Statista Digital Market Outlook 2021, Statista 2021
With 5G networks already available, Berlin is well
prepared for tomorrows connected world
5G availability

Key figures The advantages of 5G

In a world that is becoming increasingly connected, 5G technology
availability: Yes brings some advantages.

Due to higher speed, increased bandwidth, and enhanced capacity

Number of MNOs1: 3 compared to LTE networks, 5G enables users to make non-delayed
video calls, thus improving their quality of life. Because of its low latency,
it is also seen as a key factor when it comes to autonomous driving and
further developing smart mobility.

Since 5G will also speed up the Internet of Things, it will be essential for
5G network operator(s) in this city
optimizing automized production processes.
5G technology can also be used by companies to enable cloud office
solutions, making them more resilient to health crises like the COVID-19
pandemic as well as enabling their employees to live in the countryside
without having to commute between their home and workplace.

1: Mobile network operators

Note: The availability of 5G connections may vary inside the city; 5G coverage may also vary depending on the chosen network operator
40 Sources: Statista 2021
This city has a stock exchange
Stock exchange

Stock exchange locations in 2021

Stock exchange No Yes

41 Sources: Statista 2021

The higher than average rate of congestion is paired
with lower population growth
Congestion rate

Congestion level1 in % in 2020, population in millions in 2020 and population growth 2020-2030 in this region
Population growth in % Regional average

1: Congestion level: A calculation based on the traffic data of all TomTom users. To attain this value, free-flow travel times of all vehicles in the entire road network are analyzed 24
hours per day, 365 days a year.
Note: Regional average based on cities In this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports.
42 Sources: TomTom 2020, United Nations 2018, Statista 2021
Uber and FreeNow are ride-hailing apps used in Berlin
Transport

Ride-hailing apps in this city Access to public transport1 Transportation options

1: Proportion of population with access to public transport in percent. Regional average based on latest available data and on cities in this region
covered by Global Business Cities Reports
43 Sources: UN habitat 2021, Statista 2021
Air passenger numbers at 9.1 million were higher
than the regional average
Logistics

Air freight in kt¹ in 2020 Air passengers in million in 2020 Shipping freight in mTEU²

1: Thousand metric tons 2: Million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units, standard unit for container freight. This unit of measurement does not consider ports that do not handle containers
but bulk freight or liquids. Hence, the total annual freight handled at a specific port might be higher than the TEU value suggests.
Note: Regional average based on latest available data and on cities in this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports.
44 Sources: TTNews 2019, ESPO 2019, Statista 2020
There are 4.54 physicians per 1000 inhabitants in this
city
Social infrastructure

Number of physicians per 1,000 inhabitants

0.1 - 2 2.1 - 4 4.1 - 6 6.1 - 8 >8

Note: When data at the city level was not available, country-level data was used instead, year may vary between the cities shown in this map.
Taiwan data includes doctors of Chinese medicine
45 Sources: World Bank 2021, Statistical Yearbook Taiwan 2021, UN Habitat 2016, Better Doctor 2016, Statista 2021
The density of universities in this city was higher than
regional average
Educational Institutes

Number of universities1 in 2021 Number of international schools in 2021

37 18

12

14

Berlin Central & Western Europe Berlin Central & Western Europe

1: The regional averages of the universities are only representative within the region and not for a worldwide comparison because of different educational standards and classification
of qualifications, see glossary for further explanations
Note: Regional average based on cities In this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports
46 Sources: International Schools Database 2021, internationalschoolsearch.com 2021, Statista 2021
CHARISMA

47
Berlin ranked 9th out of 200 Global Business Cities in
the Charisma Subindex
Global Business City Ranking: Charisma

Charisma results Top 10 cities in Global Business Cities Index: Charisma

Charisma 4.94
score
for this city

Charisma
9th
ranking
for this city

Indicators
The Charisma Subindex has a range of [0, 10] and
consists of the following weights (w): Number of
Museums (w=0.25), Instagram Tags (w=0.25), Air
Pollution (w=0.25), and Number of Embassies
(w=0.25).

Note: For the detailed methodology, please refer to the appendix

48 Sources: Statista 2021
There are 168 embassies, consulates or foreign
representations in this city
International relations

Foreign missions
0 - 13 14 -51 52 - 96 97 - 184 185- 383

Note: In cities with important international organizations the number of foreign representations can be higher than the overall number of
countries and territories worldwide. This is due to separated representational offices connected to the concerned organizations (e.g., a countries
representation at NATO, EU, UN, etc.)
49 Sources: EmbassyPages 2021, Lowy Institute 2019, Statista 2021
Berlin was more popular on Instagram than cities in
this region
Tourism

Number of Instagram hashtags in million in 2021 Number of international tourists in million in 2019

5.5

4.5

Berlin Central & Western Europe

1: City data is referring to overnight international visitors

Note: Regional average based on cities In this region covered by Global Business Cities Reports; due to lack of data availability, the tourist data
included in the regional average may differ from the definition of tourist numbers used for this city
50 Sources: Instagram 2021, Statista 2021
This city has more museums than the regional
average
Cultural environment

Selected essential cultural assets Number of museums in 2021

284

Figures on the city’s cultural environment

115
40
Number of in 2021
sister cities

3
UNESCO in 2021
heritage sites1
Berlin Central & Western Europe

1: UNESCO heritage sites located in the metropolitan land area

Note: The regional average is based on the cities in this region that are covered by the Global Business Cities Reports
51 Sources: UNESCO 2021, Tripadvisor 2021, Statista 2021
At 11.8 µg/m3, the air pollution concentration was
18% higher than the WHO guideline
Air pollution

Air pollution in PM10 µg/m3 as annual mean in 2020¹

6 - 37 38 - 69 70 - 102 103 - 199 200 - 294

1: Year may vary between the cities shown in this map

Note: The data displayed in this graphic can be found in the associated data file. World Health Organization (WHO) has set air quality guideline at 10.0 PM10 µg/m3 measured as
annual mean. See glossary for definitions
52 Sources: Iqair 2021, Statista 2021
Selected climate protection targets in the region
Selection of climate protection targets (1/2)

Renewable Energy Specific Renewable Energy

City1 Country Targets2 Targets3 eMobility Targets4

Brussels Belgium 27% by 2030 n.a. 100% electric bus fleet by 2030

Procure only zero emission buses

Paris France 100% by 2050 n.a.
and 100% clean bus fleet by 2025

Toulouse France 4.25% by 2025 n.a. n.a.

Procure only zero emission buses

Berlin Germany 17.8% by 2020 n.a.
by 2025

Hamburg Germany 100% by 2050 n.a. n.a.

Frankfurt Germany 100% by 2050 n.a. n.a.

Cologne Germany 20% by 2020 n.a. n.a.

75,000 MW renewable energy capacity Procure only zero emission buses

Amsterdam Netherlands 20% by 2020
by 2020 by 2025

1: Data refers to the targets of the corresponding municipality and/or city 2: Data refers to the goals of renewable energy share as of mid-2019
3: For Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generation, As of Mid-2019 4: Also includes renewable energy targets, mid-2019
53 Sources: REN21 2019
Selected climate protection targets in the region
Selection of climate protection targets (2/2)

Renewable Energy Specific Renewable Energy

City1 Country Targets2 Targets3 eMobility Targets4
Procure only zero emission buses
Rotterdam Netherlands 40% by 2020 10 MW renewable energy by 2020 by 2025; 100% zero emission
buses by 2029

Procure only zero emission buses

Warsaw Poland 20% by 2020 n.a.
by 2025

Zürich Switzerland 50% by 2035, 80% by 2080 n.a. n.a.

Geneva Switzerland 100% by 2050 n.a. n.a.

Procure only zero emission buses

United
London n.a. n.a. by 2025; 100% zero emission
Kingdom
buses by 2037

United Procure only zero emission buses

Manchester 100% by 2050 n.a.
Kingdom by 2025

Untied Procure only zero emission buses

Birmingham n.a. n.a.
Kingdom by 2025

1: Data refers to the targets of the corresponding municipality and/or city 2: Data refers to the goals of renewable energy share as of mid-2019
3: For Specific Amount of Installed Capacity or Generation, As of Mid-2019 4: Also includes renewable energy targets, mid-2019
54 Sources: REN21 2019
Berlin has more EV charging stations than most big
cities in this region
Charging stations

Number of EV charging stations1 in selected cities from this region in 2020 Background
As awareness of the risks created
by climate change increases,
many countries have been
attempting to cut down on CO²
emissions. However, it seems that
the level of motivation to do so
varies considerably from one
place to another. With more and
more regions and cities turning to
zero-emission cars, there is an
ever-greater need for additional
electric car charging stations. This
diagram shows how far cities
have come in this regard as
compared to others in the region.
These values can be used to
assess a city’s degree of
adaptability in a changing world.

1: Electric car charging stations.

55 Sources: Statista 2021
In 2019, the city was ranked 19th in a Bicycle Cities
Index
Bicycle infrastructure

Number of bicycle sharing and rental stations1 Sustainability of the city

A city’s quality of life and its sustainability are becoming increasingly
24 relevant topics. These topics include various aspects of life. Among other
things, they can refer to a city’s existing infrastructure for cyclists as well
as to nature and air quality in urban areas. In 2019, the insurance
company Coya ranked 90 cities worldwide in terms of their overall
cycling conditions.

Berlin came 19th in this ranking. The ranking was based on several
factors, such as percentage of bike users, safety, bicycle-related crime,
and road infrastructure. Some of these factors as well as selected
aspects relating to the urban environment are shown here.

10 Selected key figures

15.0% 407.56
Bicycle usage Accidents2
Bicycles

27.0% 10.0%
Area Green space3 Low emission zones3,4

Berlin Central & Western Europe

1: Number of bicycle sharing & rental stations/100,000 cyclists 2: Accidents/100,000 cyclists 3: As percentage of the city’s area 4: The proportion of a city’s area for which a restrictive
low emissions policy is in place
Note: External index based on data which may vary from the data shown in this report, regional average value is calculated using data from the cities covered by the Statista Business
City Reports
56 Sources: Coya 2019, Urban Mobility Index 2021, Statista 2021
 APPENDIX

57
Global Business Cities
Cities and regions (1/2)

Algeria Belo Horizonte Kunming Ecuador Greece Ireland

Algiers Bulgaria Lanzhou Quito Athens Dublin
Angola Sofia Nanjing Egypt Guatemala Israel
Luanda Cambodia Qingdao Cairo Guatemala City Tel Aviv
Argentina Phnom Penh Shanghai Finland Hong Kong (SAR)1 Italy
Buenos Aires Canada Shenyang Helsinki Hong Kong Milan
Australia Toronto Shenzhen France Hungary Naples
Perth Montréal Shijiazhuang Lyon Budapest Rome
Sydney Vancouver Suzhou Marseille India Turin
Melbourne Calgary Tianjin Paris Ahmedabad Japan
Austria Chile Urumqi Strasbourg Bangalore Fukuoka
Vienna Santiago Wuhan Toulouse Chennai Nagoya
Bangladesh China (Mainland) Xiamen Germany Delhi Osaka
Dhaka Beijing Xi’an Berlin Hyderabad Sapporo
Belgium Changsha Zhengzhou Cologne Jaipur Sendai
Brussels Chengdu Colombia Düsseldorf Kolkata Tokyo
Bolivia Chongqing Bogotá Frankfurt Lucknow Yokohama
La Paz Dalian Czechia Hamburg Mumbai Kazakhstan
Brazil Fuzhou Prague Munich Nagpur Almaty
São Paulo Guangzhou Denmark Stuttgart Pune Kenya
Rio de Janeiro Hangzhou Copenhagen Ghana Indonesia Nairobi
Brasília Harbin Dominican Republic Accra Jakarta
Fortaleza Jinan Santo Domingo Surabaya

58 1: Special Administrative Region of the People‘s Republic of China

Global Business Cities
Cities and regions (2/2)

South Korea Nigeria Romania Switzerland United States of America Minneapolis

Busan Lagos Bucharest Genève Austin Nashville
Incheon Norway Russia Zürich Albuquerque New Orleans
Seoul Oslo Kazan Taiwan Atlanta New York
Kuwait Oman Moscow Kaohsiung Baltimore Philadelphia
Kuwait City Muscat Novosibirsk Taipei Boston Phoenix
Lithuania Pakistan Saint Petersburg Thailand Columbus Pittsburgh
Vilnius Karachi Vladivostok Bangkok Charlotte Portland
Malaysia Lahore Yekaterinburg Turkey Chicago Sacramento
Kuala Lumpur Panama Saudi Arabia Ankara Cleveland San Antonio
Mexico Panama City Riyadh Istanbul Dallas San Diego
Guadalajara Peru Serbia Izmir Denver San Francisco
Mérida Lima Belgrade Ukraine Detroit San Jose
Mexico City Philippines Singapore Kiev El Paso Seattle
Monterrey Manila Singapore United Arab Emirates Honolulu St. Louis
Puebla Poland South Africa Dubai Houston Tampa
Morocco Krakow Cape Town United Kingdom Indianapolis Washington D.C.
Casablanca Warsaw Johannesburg Birmingham Jacksonville Uruguay
Netherlands Portugal Spain Bristol Kansas City Montevideo
Amsterdam Lisbon Barcelona Glasgow Los Angeles Uzbekistan
Rotterdam Qatar Madrid London Louisville Tashkent
New Zealand Doha Sevilla Manchester Memphis Vietnam
Auckland Sweden Miami Ho Chi Minh City
Stockholm Hanoi

59
Regional division for countries and territories covered
in this report
Regions

Australia & Oceania: Australia and New Zealand
Central & Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, France,
Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, and
United Kingdom
East Asia: Mainland China, Hong Kong (SAR), Japan, South Korea, and
Taiwan
North America: Canada, Mexico, and United States
Northern Europe: Denmark, Finland, Lithuania, Norway, and
Sweden
Sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa
South Asia: Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan

Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam
Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay Southern Europe: Greece, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, and Turkey

North Africa: Algeria, Egypt and Morocco West & Central Asia: Israel, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Uzbekistan

60
Methodology and data used in this report
Data description and methods (1/2)

Data sources
The Global Business City Reports present quantitative data from various private and public sources of information. These sources include data
providers such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the United Nations, the OECD, the World Economic Forum and Statista itself. The
data sources are indicated in footnotes throughout the report.

Forecasts and estimates

The population estimates for cities are based on forecasts by the United Nations and Statista. For English language skills in mostly anglophone
countries, i.e. Canada, United States, Ireland, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, missing data was imputed for the subindex by assigning the
highest value assigned in the data. In other cases, national level data or mean values were used to impute missing values.

Difference between current and constant US$

Data reported in current US$ reflect the value the currency has in a particular year. Current data series are influenced by the effect of price inflation and
differences in exchange rates and the comparability of growth rates between countries is limited. Data expressed in constant US$ reflect the value of a
currency in a particular base year. The individual base year listed in a country’s national accounts differs from country to country. Constant series are
used to measure the true growth of a series by adjusting for the effects of price inflation.

61
 fdf

About the forecasting methods

Data description and methods (2/2)

Depending on the availability of data and the quality of the data time
range, the following methods were used to prepare forecasts: Trend Forecasting
analysis (moving average analysis, second-order statistical smoothing Methods
and multiplier analysis), linear regressions, as well as subjective
estimates. These estimates reflect years of industry expertise and vast
know-how. Quantitative Qualitative
Time-Series Time-Series
Industry-specific sales, revenue, and shipment calculations were made Analysis Analysis
according to the relevant economic and business indicators, such as:

▪ The general macro-economic developments within the economy Press Reports,

(gross domestic product) Causal Trend Industry Expertise,
Processes Projections Expert Assessments
▪ Foreign trade developments (import and export numbers) etc.

Second-Order
Regression
Statistical
Analysis
Smoothing

Moving
Average
Analysis

Multiplier
Analysis

62
Methodology: Global Business City Index
Index Methodology

Index construction
𝐺𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
The indicators for the Global Business Cities Index are chosen based on 0.35 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 + 0.2 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦 + 0.35 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 0.1(𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎)
their relevance to the conceptual framework represented by the chapter
divisions in this report as well as their availability for all 200 cities. The
final selection of indicators and the corresponding weights are based on
the latest economic literature and interdependences. The chapters Air
Economy and Operational Environment have an overall weight of 0.35 Passengers Number of
Population (w=0.25) Museums
each. Society has a weight of 0.2 and Charisma has a weight of 0.1. GDP per Capita
Growth
(w=0.30) (w=0.25)
(w=0.30) Air Freight
Normalization (w=0.25)

In order to compare the key indicators, we use the min-max Smartphone

Air Pollution
normalization method. The advantage of this method is that the Life expectancy Penetration
(w=0.25)
relationships within the data are preserved. Every value linearly maps a Unemployment (w=0.20) (w=0.15)
number in the range [0, 1] by employing this formula: (w=0.30) Internet
Schooling Penetration
𝐾𝑃𝐼 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (w=0.10) (w=0.15)
𝐾𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 = Number of
max − 𝑚𝑖𝑛 Press Freedom Embassies
Corruption (w=0.10) Number of (w=0.25)
Missing values and aggregation Level Universities
(w=0.20) Gay Rights (w=0.20)
In the very few cases of missing values (<0.01%), we assume the country (w=0.10)
or regional average to be the value for the city. To make this more Rent in City Center English Proficiency
Physicians per Instagram Tags
(w=0.10) (w=0.10)
coherent for the reader, the value is multiplied by 100. For each chapter, 1,000 Capita (w=0.25)
Rent Suburb Total Population
a normalized index is calculated within the range [0, 35], [0,20] or [0, 10] (w=0.10) (w=0.10)
(w=0.20)
depending on the chapter. The final Index is created by adding the four
subindices. A city can have a Global Business City Index in the range [0, Economy Society Operational Charisma
100]. Environment

63 Sources: Han, Kamber and Pei 2016, Statista 2021

Glossary of terms
Glossary (1/3)
City GDP: The concept of GDP applied at a city- or metropolis-wide
level.
City GDP per capita: the city's GDP divided by the city's population
City Product: See City GDP
Congestion level: A calculation based on the traffic data of all
TomTom users. To attain this value, free-flow travel times of all vehicles
in the entire road network are analyzed 24 hours per day, 365 days a
year.
Constant US$: Data expressed in constant US$ show the data for
each year in the value of a particular base year. The base year of each
country's national accounts is country specific. Constant series are used
to measure the true growth of a series by adjusting for the effects of
price inflation
Cost of living: Most everyday expenses: groceries and restaurants,
clothing, transportation and fuel, utilities, etc. These indicate the
expenses of a fairly affluent family, but do not fall within the category of
luxury item expenses. Rent is calculated separately. The estimate is
based upon three active spenders in the family (the couple and the
oldest child attending university).
64
Current US$: Data reported in current US$ reflect the value the
currency has in a particular year. Current data series are influenced by
the effect of price inflation and differences in exchange rates, and the
comparability of growth rates between countries is limited
Density of universities: The amount of existing public and other
relevant universities in a city and its surrounding area. Other relevant
universities can be religious (ecclesiastical, Islamic) or private institutions
that are publicly funded. For the regions Australia & Oceania, Northern
and Central & Western Europe only public universities are included. The
regional averages are only representative within the region and not for a
worldwide comparison because of different educational standards and
classification of qualifications
Efficiency of customs clearance: Includes e.g. speed, simplicity,
and predictability of customs clearance (5 = high efficiency, 1 = low
efficiency)
Gini coefficient: A measure reflecting the distribution of income or
consumption expenditure within a society. Depending on its
presentation format, the Gini coefficient can have values between 0 and
1 or 0% and 100%. In the distribution of income (or consumption
expenditure), complete equality is represented by 0 or 0%, and total
inequality is represented by 1 or 100%.
Glossary of terms
Glossary (2/3)
GDP: The abbreviation for gross domestic product, which is defined as
the monetary value of all finished goods and services made within a
country during a specific period
Headquarters: The location (country/city) of the office that serves
as the administrative centre of the enterprise.
Internet penetration: Share of individuals in the country who have
used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months
Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of
education completed by the population segment aged 25 years and
older. This number excludes any years spent repeating individual
grades.
PM10: Particulate matter (PM) with particles smaller than 10 µg
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) : Ratio of the number of people
with income below the poverty line
65
Real GDP: Real gross domestic product (GDP) is an inflation-adjusted
measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced by an
economy in a given year, expressed in base-year prices, and is often
referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant
dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in
price level and provide a more accurate figure of economic growth
Revenue: The gross sales and other operating revenue, not
counting discounts, returns, and allowances
Shipping freight: Shipping freight is shown in TEUs (twenty-foot
equivalent units), a standard unit for container freight. TEUs are a good
measure of the annual freight handled at a port. However, this unit of
measurement does not take into account ports that do not handle
containers but bulk freight or liquids. Hence, the total annual freight
handled at a specific port might be higher than the TEU value suggests.
If a city has more than one industrial port, only the busiest port in terms
of freight or passenger numbers was selected and used for
comparisons. The data was obtained from various sources
Glossary of terms
Glossary (3/3)

Time needed to export/import: Time necessary to comply with

all the procedures required to export/import goods

Time needed to resolve insolvency: Number of years from the

filing for insolvency in court until the resolution of distressed assets

Time needed to start a business: Number of calendar days

needed to complete the procedures to legally operate a business

Total assets: Represent the sum of total current assets, long-term

receivables, investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, other
investments, net property plant and equipment, deferred tax assets, and
other assets

Unemployment rate: Unemployment refers to the share of the

labor force that is without work but available for and seeking
employment

66
About the Statista Company Database

Find out more on statista.com/companydb/about

About the Statista Digital Market Outlook

Find out more on: statista.com/outlook/digital-markets

About Statista Q

Visit Statista Q

Find out more on www.q.statista.com

69
About Statista Content & Information Design

Visit our website

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Authors

Volker Staffa Jonas Sieveneck Luana Stefan

Team Lead Analyst Analyst

v.staffa@statista.com j.sieveneck@statista.com l.stefan@statista.com

Volker Staffa studied Business with a focus on
Logistics and Supply Chain Management in
Hamburg and Rhode Island. He has been
writing and drafting Industry and Country
Reports for Statista since 2012. Before working
as an analyst at Statista, Volker gathered
experience in the aviation industry, working for
the German Air Traffic Control and Lufthansa
Technik.
Jonas Sieveneck studied Political Science and Luana Stefan studied Economics at the
International Criminology in Marburg and Ruperto Carola University of Heidelberg.
Hamburg. His initial work experience at Before joining Statista, she gathered
Statista was acquired as a student while experience in distribution network strategy
completing his master’s degree. He has been a and business analysis.
Junior Analyst since Autumn 2020.

Aswathy Vengopal Lixiao Hu Huu-Tam Nguyen

Junior Analyst Junior Analyst Analyst

A.Vengopal@statista.com L.Hu@statista.com h-t.nguyen@statista.com

Aswathy studies Computer Science at the Lixiao Hu studied Informatics and Huu-Tam Nguyen studied Economics, Law, and
University of Passau. She completed her Business with focus on Marketing in Cologne, Politics in Hanoi, Hamburg, and Lüneburg.
Bachelors in Information Technology from Atlanta, Tarragona, and Chengdu. Before
Mahatma Gandhi University, India. ​Before joining Statista, she gained prac- Before joining Statista, he conducted research
joining Statista, she gathered experience as a tical experience in marketing area, working for in international macroeconomics, finance, and
Business Analyst from Amazon, Munich. the international companies both in China politics in various research institutes in
and Germany. Vietnam and Germany.

www.statista.com