GENERAL CHEMISTRY 04/15/2023

Gases P 1 P2
- =
 Gaseous, or vaporous T 1 P2
 One of three natural states of matter
 No shaped and volume.  Combined Gas Law
P 1 v1 P 2 V 2
Types of Gases - =
T2 T2
 Ideal Gas Law
Pv=nRT Base Unit Form
- “R” is a (ideal) gas constant  P (Pressure)
- P is Pressure N kg ×m 1 kg
- V is volume - P= 2
= 2 × 2= 2
m s m m× s
- n is mole of gases
 W(Watts)
- T is temperature
J kg × m 1 kg ×m2
- W= = × =
3 Parameters s s
2
s s
3

- Pressure  J (Joules)
- Volume 2
- Temperature kg ×m kg ×m
- J=N × m= 2
× m= 2
m s
Conditioned to be considered as STP: Standard Temperature and Pressure
ideal:
a) There is no intermolecular  1 atm and 0 ℃ (sea level)
(Attractive or Repulsive)  22.4 L
Forces b/w particles
SATP: Standard Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure
b) Negligible particles
 1 atm and 25 ℃
 24.8 L
SI units to measure pressure: - 1 atm = 760 mmhg = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
Pa (pascal)
N kg ⦁ m = 760 torr
Pa= = 2
m2 s = 14.7 psi
m2
N (newton) - 1 Pa = 1 ×10−5 ¯
¿
kg
L ⦁ atm
m⦁ s 2 - R = 0.08206
mol ⦁ K

Atmospheric Pressure
 Non-Ideal Gas Law - Is the pressure exerted by gas particles in Earth’s

( )
2
an atmosphere or those particles collide with objects.
P+ ( V −nb )=nRT
v2  BAROMETERS are used to measure
atmospheric pressure above and below sea level.
 MANOMETERS measure fluid pressure.
Corrective Factors

Gas Law
 Charles Law
- The volume is directly proportional to the
temperature at constant pressure.
V1 V2
- =
T1 T2

 Boyle’s Law
- The volume of gas is inversely proportional to 1. CT. M
the pressure exerted by the gas. – It is used by gases that has a lower pressure
- P1 V 1=P2 V 2 that atmosphere.
- The pressure of the gas in the close tube is
 Gay-Lussac’s Law equal to height.
- The pressure exerted by a gas is directly
proportional with the absolute temperature of the Pgas(CT )=Ph
gas.
2. OT. M
- Gases is equal or higher
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 04/15/2023

- The pressure of the gas in the open tube is

equal to height and add atmosphere.
Pgas(OT )=Ph+ Patm
 Percent Yield
mass of chemical compound
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Mass Percent = × 100
total mass
 Dalton’s Law
- Also known as Law of Partial Pressure
- The total pressure is equal to the sum of the Example:
partial pressures of the gases.
In alcohol fermentation, yeast converts glucose to
Ptotal =P A + PB + PC +…
ethanol and carbon dioxide:
C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2C 2 H 5 OH +2 CO 2

If 5.97 g of glucose are reacted and 1.44 L of CO2 gas

are collected at 293 K and 0.984 atm. what is the percent
yield of the reaction?
Answer:
Theoretical yield – 5.47 g G 0.984 atm
Actual yield – 1.44 L CO2 293 K
 Mole Fraction and Partial Pressure
- Mole Ratio describes what fraction of the
Actual
% yeild= ×100 %
mixture is a specific gas. Theoritical
- Mole Ratio applies to pressure, volume, and PV
moles  n ( CO 2 )=
RT
Pi ni Vi
x i= = = (0.984)(1.44)
P total n total V total =
(0.08206)(293)
- Mole Ratio ( x i ) is used to determine the = 0.0589 mol CO2
composition of gases in mixture.
- The sum of the mole ratio should always equal  THEO
one since they represent the proportion of each 1mol G 2 mol CO2
gas in the mixture. 5.97 g G× × =0.0663 mol CO 2
180 g G 1mol G

0.0589
% yeild= ×100=88.8 %
0.0663

Units of Concentration
 Percent Weight by Weight
W mass of the solute
%= ×100
W volume of the solution

Stoichiometry
 The use of relationship between reactants and/or
products in a chemical reaction.
 In Greek, stalkhein means element and metron
means pressure, which it translated as the
measure of elements.
 Percent Mass (Mass Percent)  Percent Weight by Volume
mass of chemical compound W moles of the solute
Mass Percent = × 100 %= ×100
total mass v volumes of the solution
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 04/15/2023

 Molarity
moles of the solute
M= × 100
volume of the solution

 Molality
Supposed that you want to conduct an experiment
regarding the relationship of boiling and elevation.
To test your assumptions, you have prepared two
buckets of water to be boiled at two separate
locations. One bucket [Bucket 1] at sea level and the
other [Bucket 2] was taken upland. Between the two,
what assumption below would eventually be proven
correct?

 Bucket 2 will boil first than Bucket 2

Reason:
When atmospheric pressure is lower, such as at a
higher altitude, it takes less energy to bring water to
the boiling point. Less energy means less heat,
which means water will boil at a lower temperature
at a higher altitude.

moles of the solute

m= × 100
kilogram of the solvent

Graham’s Law
 Rate of diffusion or effusion of two gases is
inversely related to the square root of molar
mass.

rate of fusion of A
rate of fusion of B
=
√
MB
MA