10

Technology and Livelihood Education

CARPENTRY 10
Quarter 4 – Slem 2
Properties of Wood and Other Materials

Supplementary
Learning Materials
Technology and Livelihood Education
CARPENTRY
er ty
How to use the SLeM? rop LE
Before you start answering the SLeM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
nt P while
S A enjoying the
e
lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
m
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this SLeM.
e rn FOR
2. Write on your notebook or any writing pad the concepts about the lessons. Writing
G ov enhances
T learning that is
important to develop and keep in mind. O
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM. N
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned
Parts of the SLeM
1. Expectations - These are what you will be able to know about completing the lessons in the SLeM..
2. Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
3. Looking Back - This section will measure what learnings and skills you understand from the previous lesson.
4. Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
5. Activities- These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other competencies. This can be done with
or without a partner depending on the nature of the activity
6. Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
7. Checking your Understanding – It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
8. Posttest - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire SLeM.

Lesson 2
Properties of Wood and Other Materials
At the end of the SLeM you are expected to:
1. identify and differentiate the physical and mechanical properties of wood;
2. interpret the classification of wood according to size, dress, grade ;
3. recognize wood defects in lumber; and
4. value the importance of wood as a building material.

PRETEST
Multiple ChoiceDirections: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate answer sheet.
1. It is the percentage of the mass of water to dry wood mass.
A. Density B. Elasticity C. Moisture content D. Permeability
2. A natural defect on wood that occurs when the fungus attacks and rots the pitch of the heartwood.
A. Heart rot B. Heart shake C. Resin canal D. Twisting
3. It is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely related to electrical resistance.
A. Durability B. Elasticity C. Electrical D. Moisture
4. Characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under pressure.
A. Adaptability B. Density C. Mass D. Permeability
5. Determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the cell cavities of the fibers.
A. Density B. Electrical C. Permeability D. Mass
6. A thermal property that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion.
A. Bending stress B. Density C. Mass D. Shrinkage
7. It is a mechanical property which depends on grain orientation, moisture, species, temperature, and rate of loading.
A. Bending stress B. Elasticity C. Strength D. Vibration
8. An artificial defect on wood caused by poor stacking.
A. Bowing B. Cupping C. Springing D. Twisting
9. A longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of a piece of sawn timber.
A. Cupping B. Split C. Twist D. Wane
10. It occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Permeability D. Shrinkage

LOOKING BACK
MULTIPLE CHOICE:Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate answer sheet.
1. If there are any defects found in the equipment, you must _______.
A. ask someone to help you B. continue using the equipment
C. try to repair equipment even if not trained to do soD. attach repair tag and remove equipment from use immediately
2. To prevent rust on tools that have been used in the wet or damp condition we must maintain the tools by_______.
A. storing tools as it is B. washing with soap and waterC. cleaning it with rag and oilD. putting away tools without drying
3. For ordering equipment parts for repairing tools, one must consider_______.
A. cheapest price possibleB. the parts readily available C. repair as you can’t buy a new one after all D. always refer
to the manufacturer’s data label found on the equipment especially made for the unit
4. To avoid rust on saw blade, we must______.
A. keep it store B. ignore build up and rusts C. clean it with soap and waterD. keep blades dry and clean with oily rag
5. After the use of electrical equipment, we must_____.
A. clean the place B. unplug from power source
C. cover the equipment’s air vents D. do not unplug so it would be ready for the next use

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Physical Properties of Wood
Wood is one of the most flexible and generally used materials in the world. It can be used in anything from furniture
such as chairs, tables, and cabinets to building timber structures and sheds.
Physical Properties
1. Moisture content- The amount of moisture in wood is ordinarily expressed as a
percentage of the weight of the wood when oven dry.
MC = moist weight - oven dry weight x 100 percent (3-1)
oven dry weight
2. Shrinkage occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
3. Density of wood is determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the cell cavities
(lumens) of the fibers.
4. Permeability characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under pressure.
5. Mass is a thermal property that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal
expansion.
6. Electrical is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely related to electrical resistance.
Mechanical Properties of Wood
A. Bending stresses, the lumber is stressed internally to resist the external loads. Bending in a
member causes tension forces in the extreme fibers along the face farthest from the load and
causes compression in the fiber along the side closest to the applied load. The maximum stress
induced in the fibers, which occurs at the edges, is referred to as the ‘‘extreme fiber stress in
bending.’’
B. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) is a measure of stiffness. This factor is a relationship between
the amount of deflection in the member and the value of load applied that causes the deflection.
The amount of deflection depends on the size of the member, the span between the supports, the load, and the
particular member specie of wood.
Carpentry: Classification of Wood

C. Tensile and Compressive Strengths is a measure of the ability of wood to resist pulling forces. On the other
hand, compressive strength is a measure of the ability of wood to resist pushing forces. For clear wood (wood without
defects), the tensile and compressive strengths for parallel-to-grain loads are approximately 10 times greater than for
loads applied perpendicular to the wood grain.

Lumber varies greatly in structural characteristics. A carpenter must learn about lumber so that he can choose the
most suitable material for each job. The primary components used in frame construction are lumber and hardware.
This section includes information on the types and sizes of lumber.
Classification of Wood
The classification of wood for lumber depends on many variables. Size, wood quality and level of pretreatment all play
a part in figuring out which sort of wood is right for each construction effort.
Classification by Size
Lumber is usually sawed into standard dimensions (length, width, and thickness). This allows uniformity in planning
structures and in ordering materials. Table 1 list the common widths and thicknesses of wood in rough and dressed
dimension in the US. Standards have been established for dimension differences between the quoted size of lumber
and its standard sizes when dressed.
Quoted size refers to dimensions prior to surfacing. These dimensions differences must be taken into consideration.
A good example of the dimension difference is the common 2x 4. As shown in Table 1, the familiar quoted size 2x4 is
the rough nominal dimension, but the actual dressed size is 1 ½ x 3 ½ inches. Lumber is a sawn in standard sizes
used for light framing.
 ● Thickness: 1, 2, and 4 inches.
● Width: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches.
● Length: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet
The actual dimensions of dressed lumber are less than the sawn dimension because of drying and planning (or
finishing). For the relative difference between sawn (standard or nominal) dimensions and actual sizes of construction
lumber.
Nominal Size (In Inches) Dressed Size (In Inches) Nominal Size (In Inches) Dressed Size (In Inches)
1x3 ¾x2½ 3x8 2½x7¼
1x4 ¾x3½ 3 x 12 2 ½ x 11 ¼
1x6 ¾x5½ 4 x 12 3 ½ x 11 ¼
1x8 ¾x7¼ 4 x 16 3 ½ x 15 ¼
1 x 10 ¾x9¼ 6 x 12 5 ½ x 11 ½
1 x 12 ¾ x 11 ¼ 6 x 16 5 ½ x 15 ½
2x4 1½x3½ 6 x 18 5 ½ x 17 ½
2x6 1½x5½ 8 x 16 7 ½ x 15 ½
2x8 1½x7¼ 8 x 20 7 ½ x 19 ½
2 x 10 1½x9¼ 8 x 24 7 ½ x 23 ½
2 x 12 1 ½ x 11 ¼

Plywood is usually 4 x 8 feet and varies from 1/8 to 1 inch in thickness

Classification by Level of Dress
Dressed lumber has been smoothed and trimmed for uniformity. Worked lumber is taken one step further than
dressed lumber and is more prepared for immediate use. An example of worked lumber is matched lumber, which is
cut in such a way that the grooves of one piece can easily fit into the grooves of another.
CODE FOR SURFACED LUMBER
Code Meaning
S1E SURFACED 1 EDGE
S2E SURFACED 2 EDGES
S1S SURFACED 1 SIDE
S2S SURFACED 2 SIDES
S1S1E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND EDGE
S2SIE SURFACED 2 SIDES AND 1 EDGE
S1S2E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND 2 EDGES
S4S SURFACED 4 SIDES
Classification by Grade
Lumber, as it comes from the sawmill, is divided into three main classes: yard lumber, structural material and
factory and shop lumber. It is classified based on quality. The carpenter must choose quality that is for the intended
purpose. At the same time, he must exercise economy by not choosing a better (and therefore more expensive) grade
than required.
Lumber is subdivided into classifications of select lumber and common lumber
Select Lumber- Select lumber is of good appearance and finishing.
It is identified by the following grade names for comparison of quality:
● Grade A is suitable for natural finishes and is practically clear.
● Grade B is suitable for natural finishes, is of high quality, and is generally clear.
● Grade C is suitable for high-quality paint finishes.
● Grade D is suitable for paint finishes between high-finishing grades and common grades and has somewhat the
nature of both.

Carpentry: Wood Defects

In the construction of formworks wood is the most important material needed. You will be selecting the appropriate
lumber for every part of the forms. You also need to learn how to identify the different defects of wood which may
cause unnecessary failures in the assembling process.

DEFECTS ON WOOD Defects in timber can affect its. 

● Strength *Appearance *Durability
Defects in timber are either. 
1. Natural: defects that may be present in the growing tree. 
2. Artificial: defects caused by the seasoning, conversion and peeling process.  
NATURAL DEFECTS
Heart rot Occurs when fungus attacks and rots the pith of the heartwood
Resin canals
Some trees which are exposed to high winds, develop internal splits.
Splits fill with resin or gum to make the wood resinous
 Natural / Peeling Defects
Types of Shakes Heart and Star shakes
● Deep, wide cracks which radiate out from the center Caused by shrinkage through old age or by too rapid drying
after peeling.
Artificial Defects: Seasoning
Cupping
● When you look at the end of the board it appears as a curve.
● Caused by unequal amounts of shrinkage along with the growth rings.
Bowing
● When you look at the edge of the wood it appears curved. *Caused by poor stacking.
Artificial Defects: Seasoning
Twisting/ warping
● When the ends of the boards are twisted in opposite directions.
● Caused by shrinkage along a spiral or interlocking grain.
Springing
● When the face of the board remains flat and the edge bends inwards to form a curve.
● Caused by shrinkage longitudinally along irregular grain
Seasoning Defects
End splits
● Occur at the exposed ends of the boards. *Caused by rapid drying out from the sun
● Prevented by painting the ends of the timber with bituminous paint (waterproof)
Surface splits/checks
● Usually lie along the grain. *Caused by rapid drying out on the surface of the wood.
Honeycomb splits/checks
● Occur inside the board. *Reduces strength.
Case hardening
● Where the outside of the board is dry and hard, but moisture is trapped in the center cells of the
wood. *Caused by rapid drying.
CONVERSION DEFECTS
Waney Edge
● Occurs when the bark is left on during conversion

Sloping grain/short grain

● Grain does not run parallel to the edge of the board because of bad conversion *seriously weakens
the timber

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1

Title: Properties of Wood and Other Materials

• Properties of wood
Lessons Covered: • Classification of wood
• Wood Defects
Directions: Read each of the questions in the left-hand column of the chart. On a separate sheet of paper, write
yes if it is observed and no if it is not.
YES NO
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
I have learned that the physical properties of woods can significantly influence
the enforcement and strength of wood used in structural applications *
I have learned that in mechanical properties of wood - Bending stresses - The lumber is stressed
internally to resist the external loads *
I have been able to determine that Modulus of Elasticity is one of the three mechanical properties of wood. *
I have been able to identify the three Mechanical Properties of Wood. *
Classification of Wood
I have been able to discuss and identify the types, sizes, and uses of lumber. *
I have been able to classify wood depending on its size, wood quality and level of pretreatment. *
Learned how to convert lumber’s nominal size to dressed size. *
Learned to classify lumber by grade. *
IDENTIFY NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DEFECTS
Artificial defects are a defect caused by the seasoning, conversion and felling process. *
Natural defects are a defect that may be present in the growing tree*
Learned that defects in lumber can affect its durability. *
Learned that defects in lumber can affect its strength. *
Learned that defects in lumber can affect its appearance. *
NOTE: The result will tell you if you are ready with the final activity or you still need a little time to review.
10-14 Yes Ready for the next activity, Congratulations!!!
9-Below Yes Need more time to review the lesson.

Activity 2. House Tour

Directions: Inspect within the premise of your house. Look for wood materials, furniture / fixtures with wood defects.
Photograph, identify and classify each defect. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Material/ Photo Identification of Wood Defects Classification Natural/Artificial
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Activity 3. Wood Dressing

Directions: Perform the task or activity to further enhance skills and knowledge
in proper manipulation of planes and measurement of wood. Provide actual
pictures with measurements right before and after dressing.
Tool and Materials needed:
1. Piece of wood (Scrap wood) 2. Plane
Students must dress rough wood into the desired size of wood provided below.
Desired size
1. ¾ x 2 ½
Assessment remarks:
⮚ Competent
⮚ Not yet competent
NOTE: Observe safety precautionary measures
REMEMBER
Importance of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood in
Construction.
The physical and mechanical properties of wood are significant factors used in determining the suitability and
application of wood material, a carpenter must learn about woods physical and mechanical properties so that he can
choose the most suitable material for each job. Without proper knowledge and recognition in selecting wood using it
as a material in constructing formwork this will lead to danger and risk of workers life and easily dismantle formwork
which will cause the damage of work.

What is the purpose of grading and sizing wood?

Lumber cut from logs will differ in appearance, strength, and durability due to such characteristics as knots, checks,
pitch pockets, shake and stain. The lumber is therefore grouped or graded according to the existence or absence of
these characteristics, giving the client a more suitable product to meet his specific demand. The classification of
lumber into the various standard grades also ensures the client of a more uniform lumber product from the different
lumber manufacturers.
The nominal measurement reflects the approximate size of the fresh lumber before it is dried and planned to meet a
consistent profile and dimension.
Two-by lumber, which is a half inch shorter in each dimension than the name suggests, comes in a variety of widths
from 2×2 (which measures 1½ inches × 1½ inches) all the way up to 2×12 (which measures 1½ × 11½ inches). Board
lengths are less complicated: Standard lengths start at 6 feet, and they increase in 2-foot increments all the way up to
24 feet for the wider boards.
Understanding Wood defects in the fabrication of formworks wood is the most significant component needed. You
will be selecting the appropriate lumber for every part of the forms. You also need to determine how to classify the
different defects of wood which may cause unnecessary failures in the assembling process. A defect is simply a short
coming or imperfection found in wood. Defects may be responsible for lowering wood’s market value, reducing its
strength, durability and usefulness, impair its appearance, and in some cases, causing its decay.
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Activity 4 Wood as a Building Material
Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Why do you think wood is vital in the construction industry? What is the importance of wood as a
construction material?

B. What are some benefits and disadvantages of wood as a building material?(at least 5 each)

Benefits Disadvantages

POST TEST
Multiple Choice Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate answer sheet.
1. It is the percentage of the mass of water to dry wood mass.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Elasticity D. Permeability
2. A natural defect on wood that occurs when the fungus attacks and rots the pitch of the heartwood.
A. Heart rot B. Heart shake C. Resin canal D. Twisting
3. It is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely related to electrical resistance.
A. Durability B. Elasticity C. Electrical D. Moisture
4. Characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under pressure.
A. Adaptability B. Density C. Mass D. Permeability
5. Determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the cell cavities of the fibers.
A. Density B. Electrical C. Permeability D. Mass
6. A thermal properties that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion.
A. Bending stress B. Density C. Mass D. Shrinkage
7. It is a mechanical property which depends on grain orientation, moisture, species, temperature, and rate of loading.
A. Bending stress B. Elasticity C. Strength D. Vibration
8. An artificial defect on wood caused by poor stacking.
A. Bowing B. Cupping C. Springing D. Twisting
9. It is a longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of a piece of sawn timber.
A. Cupping B. Split C. Twist D. Wane
10. Occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Permeability D. Shrinkage
References
IArntzen, Charles J, ed. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science. Orlando, FL: Academic Press: 549-561. Vol. 4. October 1994
Blanco Jr. , Antonio, Verano Roderick C , Carpentry 10 Learners Material First Edition, 2015 pp. 53-59
Salandanan Glenn F., Competency Based Learning Materials (CBLM) Carpentry NC II Stake Out Building Lines pp. 16-18
Salandanan Glenn F., Competency Based Learning Materials (CBLM) Carpentry NC II Fabricating Formworks pp. 16-18
Fajardo, Max B. Jr, Simplified Methods on Building Construction 2000 Edition 24 Bell St. Filinvest Homes II Batasan hills, Quezon City 5138 T trading pp. 101-104
Dr. Luy, Jack A, Dr. Sexton William E, Whalin Ralph W, etal June 10-August 2, 1968 Wood Technology N. D. E. A. Institute EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY EKU Graphic Arts
Dept. George Brown, Chrm.
Prepared by. Amado D. Suarez Jr. (MASTER TEACHER I TVL/SHS)