COORDINATION

CREATED BY
GROUP 3
UNLOCKING OF DIFFICUTIES
COORDINATION- THE ORGANIZATION OF THE DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS OF A COMPLEX BODY OR ACTIVITY SO AS TO
ENABLE THEM TO WORK TOGETHER EFFECTIVELY.
REFLEX- OUR REFLEXES ARE CONTROLLED BY OUR
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS). IT CONTROLS THE
INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS OF THE BODY. WHEN THERE’S A
STIMULUS, THERE’S A REFLEXES RESPONSE.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM IS A CONTROL SYSTEM THAT ACTS LARGELY
UNCONSCIOUSLY AND REGULATES BODILY FUNCTIONS

REDUNDANCY- IT IS THE PROBLEM OF THE REDUNDANCY OF

MOTOR DEGREES OF FREEDOM THUS, IT MAKES AN IMPORTANT
ISSUE FOR COORDINATING THE MOTOR SYSTEM.

SYNERGIES- SECTION, MANY ACTIONS AND MOVEMENTS CAN BE

EXECUTED IN MULTIPLE WAYS BECAUSE FUNCTIONAL SYNERGIES
CONTROLLING THOSE ACTIONS ARE ABLE TO CO-VARY WITHOUT
CHANGING THE OUTCOME OF THE ACTION.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)- IS A DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE TO

ASSESS THE HEALTH OF MUSCLES AND THE NERVE CELLS THAT
CONTROL THEM (MOTOR NEURONS)

 COORDINATION
The organization of the different
elements of a complex body or activity so as
to enable
them to work together effectively.

The ability to use different parts of the body

together smoothly and efficiently.
“Changing from one foot position to
another requires coordination and
balance”
1
 COORDINATION CAN BE
ASSOCIATED IN DIFFERENT
AREAS;
REFLEXES,SYNERGIES,
MOTOR PROGRAMS AND
REDUNDANCY
 REFLEXES

OUR REFLEXES ARE CONTROLLED BY OUR AUTONOMIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS).
IT CONTROLS
THE INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS OF THE BODY. WHEN THERE’S A
STIMULUS, THERE’S A REFLEXES RESPONSE.

 AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
is a component of the peripheral nervous
system that regulates involuntary
physiologic processes including heart
rate, blood pressure, respiration,
digestion, and sexual arousal:
EXAMPLES OF REFLEXES:

PALMAR GRASP REFLEX-

in infants up to six months of age, a closing
of the hand in response to an object being
placed in it

PEE SHIVERS REFLEX-

Also known as Post-micturition convulsion
syndrome, is a phenomenon where in a person
feels a shiver run down their spine after
urinating.
GOOSE BUMPS REFLEX-
Materialize on a person’s skin when it’s
cold or they experience a powerful
emotional reaction like fear,
melancholy, pleasure, admiring, or
sexual arousal
YAWNING REFLEX-
An action that serves to make the
body appear larger by stretching
out the arms and opening the
mouth.
 DIVING REFLEX-
When a person’s face hits cold water, the diving
reflex is immediately triggered in an effort to
maximize oxygen output. The heart rate of the
person slows down and their blood flow is
constricted to their extremities

CONDITIONING REFLEX-
We learn through habit, as some pathways in the
nervous system are utilized frequently. Conditioned
reflexes help us perform actions such as holding a cup
or playing basketball without thinking.
 OTHER EXAMPLES:

STARTLE REFLEX SWEATING REFLEX

FOOD PROCESSING REFLEX HEART RATE REFLEX

SYNERGIES

IS THE BENEFIT THAT RESULTS WHEN TWO OR MORE AGENTS

WORK TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING EITHER ONE
COULDN’T HAVE ACHIEVED.
SYNERGIES REPRESENT COORDINATION DERIVED FROM
PERIPHERAL INTERACTIONS OF MOTOR COMPONENTS.

 NIKOLAI BERNSTEIN
Proposed the existence of muscle synergies as a
neural strategy of simplifying the control of
multiple degrees of freedom

A functional muscle synergy is defined as a

pattern of coactivation of muscles recruited by a
single neural command signal

One muscle can be part of multiple muscle

synergies, and one synergy can activate multiple
muscles
 The current method of finding muscle
synergies is to measure EMG
(electromyography) signals from the
muscles involved in a certain movement so
that specific patterns of muscle activation
can be identified

A reduced number of control elements (muscle

synergies) are combined to form a continuum of
muscle activation for smooth motor control
during various tasks
These synergies work together to produce
movements such as walking or balance control.
FLEXOR SYNERGIES
-IT DOMINATES IN UPPER LIMB
EXTENSOR SYNERGIES
-DOMINATES IN THE LOWER LIMB
 MOTOR PROGRAM IN
COORDINATION

DEFINED AS
THE ABILITY TO PERFORM COMPLEX MODERN
MOVEMENTS IN A SMOOTH AND EFFICIENT WAY A
SET OF MOVEMENTS STORED AS A WHOLE IN THE LONG
TERM MEMORY

 MOTOR PROGRAM
MOTOR PROGRAMS ARE SPECIFIC, PRE-STRUCTURED MOTOR
ACTIVATION PATTERNS THAT ARE GENERATED AND EXECUTED
BY A CENTRAL CONTROLLER (IN THE CASE OF A BIOLOGICAL
ORGANISM, THE BRAIN).

THEY REPRESENT AT TOP-DOWN APPROACH TO MOTOR

COORDINATION, RATHER THAN THE BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
OFFERED BY SYNERGIES.

MOTOR PROGRAMS ARE EXECUTED IN AN OPEN-LOOP

MANNER, ALTHOUGH SENSORY INFORMATION IS MOST
LIKELY USED TO SENSE THE CURRENT STATE OF THE
ORGANISM AND DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE GOALS.
REDUNDANCY
As detailed in the "Synergies" section,
many actions and movements can be
executed in multiple ways because
functional synergies controlling
those actions are able to co-vary
without changing the outcome of the
action.
NIKOLAI
BERNSTEIN
his research was primarily concerned
with understanding how coordination
was developed for skilled actions

He observed that the redundancy of

the motor system made it possible to
execute actions and movements in a
multitude of different ways while
achieving equivalent outcomes.
Thank You!!