Module 5 The Untouched Barangays___________________________________________________

THE UNTOUCHED BARANGAYS: In the Eyes of a

Spanish Missionary

HISTORICAL CONTEXT ESTABLISHMENT …

 From Manila, missionaries dispersed searching
 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI for people in barangays, learning their ways
 His voyage in 1565 dropped the first anchor and language.
towards directly colonizing the Philippines  Learning the local language was more
 ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS efficient than teaching the natives
 Named given by Magellan to the Spanish for the purpose of Christianizing
Philippines in 1521; them.
 WESTERN ISLANDS (Islas del  Several dictionaries in Ilocano, Visaya,
Poniente) – how the Spaniards in Kapampangan and Tagalog were
Europe called the Philippines prior produced with the translation of
to renaming it during the voyage of Doctrina Christiana in these languages.
Ruy de Villalobos in 1542.  Doctrina Christiana
 One of this works was the
LEGASPI’S VOYAGE writings of Fray Juan de
 Between 1565 to 1572, Augustinian priests on Plasencia
board Legaspi’s voyage to work for the
conversion of the natives to Christianity.
 Fray Diego de Herrera, Fray Martin de
Rada and Fray Pedro de Gamboa.
 Conversion was done in a harsh manner.
 Legaspi‟s men ravaged Zubu with
artillery fire forcing the survivors to flee
to the grassy outskirts.
 They burned the idols but they found
the image of the infant Jesus given to
Juana the wife of Humabon.
 Upon the return of the Zubuanos to the
ravaged site, they were Christianized
and exacted with tribute

ESTABLISHMENT OF MANILA
 Became capital of Islas Felipinas in 1572
 Missionary work began to have its home
 Missionaries were sent for conversion:
1. Franciscans (1577)
2. Jesuits (1580)
3. Dominicans (1580)
4. Recollects (1606)
Module 6 Raiders of Sulu Sea___________________________________________________
RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA: They Were Considered
Pirates but Were They Really?
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Christianization stopped along the fringes of the
islands of Visayas and did not effectively reach the
island of Mindanao.
• This was due to the ferocity of the Mindanao
tribesmen who inflicted undaunted resistance
against the colonizers.
• 1591 – The Spanish colonial government
decided to colonize Mindanao to force its
subjection under the colonial government.
• Colonizing means Christianizing the
natives.
• This precipitated the Moro wars
which took different turns.
MORO WARS
• The religious color of the conflict
• The commercial desire of the Spaniards
• To control the trade from Sulu to
other parts of Southeast Asia
• To make Sulu a base to launch the
invasion of Molucas.
• The colonization of Mindanao would
subject the inhabitants of the island
to the tribute system of Spain and
thereby depriving the Rajas of their
political control of their territories.
MORO ATTACKS
• In April 1596, Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa
(governor in Mindanao) was hacked on the
head by a kampilan while in Cotabato.
• The Sultan of Tarnate (an island in Molucas)
launched a pre-emptive attack in Spanish held
pueblo in the Visayas before the Spaniards
could invade them.
• These Sultans from Maguindanao and Sulu
were sustained by external help due to
blood ties and previous alliances.
• Sulu with Brunei and Maguindanao
with Tarnate.
• Sulu and Maguindanao Sultans were
also receiving help and insinuations
from the Dutch challenging the
Spanish colonial foothold in Manila.
• In 1602, another attack was mounted on
the coast of Southern Luzon which took
1,400 captives.
MORO RAIDS
• Reached several parts of Luzon:
• Not so much of religious but piratical
attacks where the captives were
then sold as slaves.
• Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuñiga’s account:
• “The new province of Bataan
included absorbed the towns of
Mariveles, Cabcaben, Bagac and
Morong, but because of these towns
were so small and had dwindled
very much in population as a result
of Moro invasions, it was necessary
to incorporate with Pampanga
portion big enough to form a town
altogether.
To stop the pillaging and plunder of Christian
towns…
 • Jesuit missionaries advised Gov. Gen. Juan
Cerezo de Salamanca to build a fort in
Zamboanga
• Gov. Gen. JUAN CEREZO DE SALAMANCA
• Approved the plan in 1635 as a
staging assault to Sulu
• Fray Melchor de Vera (April 1635) –
a Jesuit engineer with 1,000 Visayan
and 300 Spanish construction
workers, embarked on to
Zamboanga and began the
construction of the fort in June 1635
• Gov. Gen. SEBASTIAN HORTADO DE
CORCUERA
• Relieved Gov. Gen. de Salamanca in
1635; Continued the building of
fortification
• Brought with him laborers to as far
as Cavite, Bohol, Cebu and Panay to
quicken the construction.
SPANISH ASSAULTS…
• The three tribes known as Balangigi-Samal,
Ilanuns, and Sulu employed sea-faring
warriors known as Tausugs who were at the
forefront of the raids.
• They posed as fishermen and hid
themselves on mangroves or wait on land
and without warning draw their swords at
the unsuspecting fishermen.
• They bore holes on their palms where they
were slung and tied together, loaded on
their boats and the fishermen sold as slaves
in Southeast Asian communities.

THE BUILDING OF THE FORTIFICATION

• In order to finance the construction of FORT
PILAR in Zamboanga, the Spaniards imposed
an additional tax called donativo de
Zamboanga of ½ real.
• In addition, the natives of Bulacan and
Pampanga chose to pay an additional tax of
½ real more as protection of their coastline
from Moro attacks and destruction.

SPANISH ASSAULTS
• CAPT. NICOLAS GONZALES
• On December 25, 1636, waged an
assault on Datu Tagal, the brother of
Sultan Corralat (Kudarat) of
Maguindanao and killed Datu Tagal
in the Battle of Punta de Flechas )
• The hero of the Battle of
Punta de Flechas
• Mounted assault on the brother of
Datu Tagal to finally subdue Sultan
Corralat and conquer Maguindanao
in March 1636 .
Module 7 Propaganda in Art___________________________________________________
THE PROPAGANDA IN ART
The Juan Luna Paintings
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Spain in the 19th Century
• French invasion of 1808
– Headed by Napoleon Bonaparte
– Introduction of liberal ideas
• Mexican independence in 1821
– South American Spanish colonies fell
into the hands of reformers and
revolutionaries who declared the
independence of these colonies
After the defeat of the French…
• (1813) Spanish authorities had to rethink
what had been left of their colonies around
the world
– Philippines (the remotest colony
they had) was still within the Spanish
orbit without any clamor for
independence by the middle of
1800.
– In 1841, under the reign of Queen
Isabela II, the Spanish government
sent a diplomat, Sinibaldo de Mas to
investigate on the condition of the
Philippines.
SINIBALDO DE MAS
• Investigated the condition of the Philippines
• Arrived in Manila in 1841
– He was not well-received because
his job might uncover the
irregularities in the colonial
government.
– He travelled around the colony and
went back to Spain in 1842 to hand
over his report entitled Informe.
INFORME
• The laws of a republic must have a purpose:
– Keep the islands as Colony forever:
1. The Spaniards born in the
Philippines must be reduced;
2. The colored population must
voluntarily respect and obey the
whites;
3. The administration must
undergo a thorough reform
DE MAS: Emancipation of the Philippines
• Reform in the economy
• Reform in the political administration
– Predominance of the friars’ rule that
superseded the civil administration
• De Mas: “I think it would be infinitely much
easier, more useful and more glorious for us
to achieve the merit of the work, by
forestalling it with generosity.”
EUROPE: Crossroads
• Spain was under pressure:
– Either to adopt a purely democratic
government without a king or have
a king under a constitutional
monarchy after the invasion of
France in 1808
• Joseph Bonaparte – headed
the puppet government;
brother of Napoleon
Bonaparte, whose reign
ended in 1813
SPAIN: After the invasion of France in 1808
• Spain was under the tug and pull of two
parties: the liberals and the conservatives
• The return of Ferdinand VII
 – He handed over the reign to his
daughter Queen Isabela II in 1833
• Spain plunged into a civil war
(Revolution of 1868) which
deposed Queen Isabela II.
• Spain adopted a
government without a
monarch
– Alfonso XII the son of Queen
Isabella II was reinstituted in 1874
– Alfonso XIII (an infant)/ his mother
as regent, Queen Maria Christina –
failed to rule
ILUSTRADOS
• GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA (1880)
– Drew the ire of the friars when he
wrote Fray Botod in which he
pictured them as stout, figuratively
meaning corrupt, abusive, and
immoral.
– Ex-seminarian from Seminario de
Jaro
– He studied medicine at Universidad
de Valencia but transferred to
Madrid.
– Rather than studying medicine, he
engaged himself in public speaking
arguing among Spanish friars and
politicians the need to reform the
colony.
ILUSTRADOS
• (1882)
– JOSE P. RIZAL arrived in Spain to
pursue further medical studies
– By that year, it is well agreed that
the reform agenda was not about
independence, but the change of
status through legislative or policy
shift from colony to province.
– This would mean full assimilation of
the Philippines to Spain.
• This way, Indios will become
Spanish citizens and they can
be afforded to select their
representatives to the
Spanish Cortez.
• This way abuses against
Filipinos would stop.
REFORM AGENDA
• The reform agenda through propaganda
– Through publication intended for
Spanish legislators, politicians and
bureaucrats who could be swayed
into crafting a law for the Philippines
to change its status.
– Target: The Liberals
– Idea: Expose to Spain what really
was happening in the Philippines
• 1889 – the birth of LA SOLIDARIDAD
The Juan Luna Paintings
Spoliarium 1884
The Madrid Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes had
the Roman gladiator arena as the singular theme.
While other painters pictured the glorious victory
of Roman gladiators above the amphitheater, Juan
painted the desperate scene down below. This
painting won international recognition at a time
when the reformists were firming up their reform-
agenda but without a publication yet as planned.
España Y Felipinas (Spain and Philippines)1886
This painting was done when Juan was under
commission from Ayuntamiento de Manila. Also
titled España Guiando a Filipinas (Spain leading the
Philippines), the painting characterizes the reform
agenda of the propaganda movement. Juan drew
this painting while shuttling on two cities, Paris and
Madrid to finish several commissioned works. This
piece was painted at a time when the reform
movement was at its organization stage.
La Batalla de Lepanto (The Battle of Lepanto)
1887
With the influence of King Alfonso XIII, the Spanish
Cortez approved the commissioning of a painting
depicting the Spanish victory against the moors.
This piece was done within the year that Rizal
published his Noli Me Tangere. At this time the
reform movement has generated waves in Madrid
and which ripples had reached the Philippines
when copies of Noli Me Tangere were smuggled
into the Philippines. From 1887, Madrid had to wait
only two years before La Solidaridad would begin
circulation.
Interior d’Un Café (Inside a Café or The Parisian
Life) 1892
Also titled Inside a Café, was painted when Juan
Luna settled in Paris at a time when disarray had
rocked the propaganda movement and Rizal had
bolted out of La Solidaridad. Within this year, Rizal
would decide to go back to the Philippines would
have a few months stay in Hong Kong to put a clinic
and practice ophthalmic surgery, then by June of
that year decide to finally decide to go home only
to be exiled to Dapitan. By this time the
propaganda is almost dead but back home the
Katipunan had begun. This was also the time when
the Luna family was rocked with a tragedy.
In 1886, at the height of Juan Luna’s artistic career,
Juan married Maria dela Paz Pardo de Tavera, the
sister of Trinidad and Felix a close friend and
associates in the reform movement. The marriage
bore two children Andres and Maria fondly called
Bibi. Bibi died in infancy which rocked their
marriage in 1892 while they were living in Paris.
Juan accused his wife of having a relationship with
a French doctor. In a fit of rage, Juan either
accidentally or intentionally shot his wife, his
mother-in-law and wounded Felix, his brother-in-
law. Juan was arrested and prosecuted for murder.
But he was acquitted in 1893 on his defense that
the killing was a crime of passion. That year, Juan
together with his youngest brother Antonio and his
son Andres returned to Madrid.
Dissension rocked the movement from 1891-1892.
But with the tragedy that befell Juan Luna in 1892,
tragedy also struck Rizal when he was accused of
keeping a subversive material upon his return in
June of that year and was exiled in Dapitan. Though
La Solidaridad continued on publication until 1895
while the Katipunan was still working underground,
the dwindling funds had made Jaena and Del Pilar
impoverished. They did not even attempt to go
home for they might receive the same fate as Rizal.
On January 20, 1896, Jaena succumbed to
tuberculosis while Del Pilar died on July 4, 1896. By
this time the propaganda movement had already
died.
In the meantime, Juan and Antonio decided to go
home with the outbreak of the revolution but got
arrested in September 1896 while the
revolutionaries in Cavite were winning series of
battles. They were imprisoned and stayed
incarcerated when Rizal was executed on
December 30, 1896. Juan still produced artworks
which he gave to visiting friars. This became their
ticket to being pardoned in May 27, 1897 when
Aguinaldo’s forces were already on the run in the
mountains of Sierra Madre towards Biak-na-bato.
Juan and Antonio left Manila in July 1897 for
Madrid.
When Aguinaldo came back to Manila in May 1898
from Hong Kong for the second phase of the
revolution, Antonio returned to the Philippines in
July 1898 to present himself in service of the
revolutionists while Juan also returned in
November 1898 to serve as diplomatic officer
abroad. Juan went back to Paris to head the
diplomatic delegation in order to acquire
recognition for the declaration of independence on
June 12, 1898 before the signing of the Treaty of
Paris in December 1898.

Antonio fought side by side with his brother

Joaquin against the Americans until Antonio was
recalled from Pangasinan to Cabanatuan in June
1899 where he was assassinated in the hands of
the Kawit company. Upon knowing the death of his
brother, Juan tried to return to the Philippines. He
stopped over Hong Kong to meet up with Joaquin
but died there of heart attack on December 7,
1899.
Module 8 Kartilya ng Katipunan_______________________________

Kartilya Teaching the Values of a Nation

HISTORICAL CONTEXT • Result of the Failure of the Propaganda
Movement:
• Katipunan or KKK (Kataastaasang,
Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga – Short of funds
Anak nang Bayan)
– Conflict of ideas
– The underground society was
– La Solidaridad was not able to
founded by Andres Bonifacio,
generate as much sentiment from
Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata,
the Spanish politicians and
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano
bureaucrats to craft and to make the
among others.
Philippines a province of Spain and
– Founded on the night of July 7, 1892 institute reforms.
the day of Jose Rizal’s arrest and
deportation to Dapitan
LA SOLIDARIDAD
– For allegedly smuggling a subversive
black book upon his entry in Manila • Served as the mouthpiece of the
from Hongkong. Propaganda Movement
• Was still in operation by 1892, stopped its
printing by 1895
FOUNDING OF KATIPUNAN
 • Death of Marcelo Del Pilar and Graciano
Lopez Jaena in 1896
– the aim of uniting the Filipinos with
one solid stand against Spain was
not fully attained
• Inspired the founding of Katipunan
– Rizal’s novels
MEMBERS OF KATIPUNAN
• Had to be taught of values it upheld
– MEMBERSHIP PROCESS:
– Triangular system - a secret
networking process where a
member would recruit at least two
members who do not know each
other except the recruiter.
– Open Recruitment – since the
triangle system was slow
– THREE RANKS/PASSWORD:
• Katipon/Anak ng Bayan –
new recruit
• Kawal/Gomburza – recruited
a number of members
• Bayani/Rizal - highest rank;
once elected into a position
POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF KATIPUNAN
• THREE GOVERNING ASSEMBLIES:
1. Supreme Council (Katatastaasang
Sanggunian) – highest; composed of
the elected president, fiscal,
secretary, treasurer and comptroller
2. Provincial Council (Sangguniang
Bayan) – second highest
3. Municipal Council (Sangguniang
Balangay)
4. Judicial Council (Sangguniang
Hukuman) which tried members in
violation of its rules
To those who wished to join the organization…
• They had to be initiated and indoctrinated
into its teachings.
– Bonifacio had his version of these
teachings, the Decalogue (probably
used from 1892 to 1894).
– Jacinto entered the organization in
1894 and wrote his Kartilya.
• Became the official material
to teach their doctrines for
reason of its beautifully
crafted language.
• Kartilya, is not given for free
but is given to new members
upon payment of a
membership fee of 4 pesos.
Decalogue ni Andres Bonifacio
1. Ibigin mo ang Dios ng boong puso.
1. Love God with all your heart.
2. Pakatandaang lagi na ang tunay na pagibig sa
Dios ay siya ring pagibig sa Tinubuan, at iyan din
ang pagibig sa kapwa.
2. Bear in mind that the love of God is also
love of Country, and this too is the love
one’s fellowmen.
3. Itanim sa iyong puso na, ang tunay na
kahalagahan ng puri ' t kaginhawahan ay ang ikaw
' y mamatay dahil sa ikaliligtas ng Inang-Bayan.
3. Engrave in your heart that the true
measure of honor and happiness is to die
for the freedom of your country.
4. Lahat ng iyong mabuting hangad ay magwawagi
kapag ikaw ' y may hinahon, tiyaga, katwiran at
pag-asa sa iyong inaasal at ginagawa.
 4. All your good wishes will be crowned sarili, sa iyong asawa ' t mga anak, sa iyong
with success if you have serenity, kapatid at mga kababayan.
constancy, reason, and faith in your acts
9. Diligence in the work that gives
and endeavor.
sustenance to you is the true basis of love
5. Pagingatan mo, kapara ng pagiingat sa sariling – love your own self, for your wife and
puri, ang mga pasya at adhikain ng K.K.K. children, and for your brothers and
countrymen.
5. Guard the mandates and aims of the
K.K.K. as you guard your honor. 10. Parusahan ang sinomang masamang tao ' t
taksil at purihin ang mabubuting gawa. Dapat
6. Katungkulan ng lahat na, ang nabibingit sa
mong paniwalaan na ang tinutungo ng K.K.K. ay
malaking kapahamakan sa pagtupad ng kanyang
mga biyaya ng Dios; na anopa ' t ang mga ninasa
tungkulin ay iligtas sukdang ikapariwara ng
ng Inang-Bayan, ay mga nasain din ng Dios.
sariling buhay at kayamanan.
10. Punish the scoundrel and traitor and
6. It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk
praise all good work. Believe, likewise,
of their own lives, and wealth, anyone who
that the aims of the K.K.K. are God-given,
runs great risks in the performance of his
for the will of the people is also the will of
duty.
God.
7. Ang kaugalian natin sa ating sarili at sa
pagtupad ng ating tungkol ay siyang kukunang
halimbawa ng ating kapwa.
7. Our responsibility to ourselves and the
performance of our duties will be the
example set for our fellowmen to follow.
8. Bahaginan mo ng iyong makakayanan ang sino
mang mahirap at kapus-palad.
8. Insofar as it is within your power, share
your means with the poor and the
unfortunate.
9. Ang sipag sa paggawa na iyong ikabubuhay ay
siyang tunay na sanhi ng pagibig, pagmamahal sa
Module 9 The General’s War Exploits________________________________________________

THE GENERAL’S WAR EXPLOITS

Memoirs of Aguinaldo and Ricarte

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

 August 24, 1896 Manila would take place on August 29,

 Andres Bonifacio while at Pasong Tamo,
wrote a manifesto to all provincial
Katipunan councils that the assault of
1896.
 Katipuneros were ordered to reinforce the
attack which will commence when the lights
in Intramuros were turned off.
 Capitan Miong, the gobernadorcillo of the chanted Heneral Miong - thus he
town, together with his men, waited for the got the rank from them Gen. Emilio
dimming of the lights in Intramuros, until Aguinaldo
dawn of August 30.
 But the lights kept ablaze
until the next day. Ascent of Middle Class Caviteños into Generals
– With no attack, the other leaders of  Members of the principalia and middle-class
Katipunan councils in Cavite braced men speedily assumed the ranks of generals
to attack their municipal buildings. and colonels only days after the outbreak of
 Gen. Mariano Alvarez, gobernadorcillo of the revolution.
San Francisco de Malabon (Gen. Trias)  These ranks were never
attacked its municipal office and declared commissioned from the Katipunan
the pueblo under rebel command. hierarchy.
 Cavite Viejo (Kawit) was declared under  Katipunan only had three ranks:
rebel territory of Magdalo as Katipon, Kawal and Bayani.
commandeered by Gen. Baldomero  It would be clear how these men of
Aguinaldo. power, men of means as belonging
 Under this condition, the heroics and to the middle class, and men of
controversies had begun. prestige, having educational degrees
or at least had entered San Juan de
Letran or Ateneo de Municipal, and
CAVITE men of rank would not bow down to
Bonifacio during the Tejeros
 Fell in the hands of the revolutionaries at
Convention of March 1897.
the outbreak of the revolution in August 30,
1896.
 The province was witness to the ascent of
several middle class Caviteños into
generals.
 CAPITAN MIONG or CAPITAN EMILIO
AGUINALDO
 The former cabeza de barangay of
Binakaya, the former
gobernadorcillo of Cavite Viejo or
Kawit
 Capitan – the title was derived from
the office of gobernadorcillo or
municipal-capitan
 After the successful defense of Imus
on August 31, 1896 which defeated
the offensive of the Spanish
regiment under Gen. Ernesto
Aguirre, the rejoicing Caviteños
Module 10 Declaration of independence________________________________________________

The Declaration of Philippine Independence In the

Eyes of the Spaniards and Americans

HISTORICAL CONTEXT balance in two instalments, in exchange for

Aguinaldo and his men‟s exile to Hong Kong
• BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC
• On December 27, 1897, Aguinaldo and his
– Created by Emilio Aguinaldo after
men left for Hong Kong carrying with them
Gov. Gen. Primo De Rivera stopped
₱400,000.
pursuing them by June of 1897.
– A semblance of a true Republican
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
Government
Outbreak of Spanish-American War
– Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
copied the Cuban constitution and 1898, April-August
took it as the constitution of the
– Result of U.S. intervention in Cuban War of
Republic.
Independence.
• The US warship Maine was
TREATY OF BIAK NA BATO attacked and sunk off
Havana, Cuba by the
• It was the treaty that ended the first
Spaniards.
phase of the Philippine Revolution.
– U.S. attacked Spain’s Pacific Possession
• Signed in December 14, 1897.
which led to the involvement in the
• Instead of waging the last battle to Philippine Revolution.
the bitter end, Aguinaldo gave in to
– Commodore George Dewey aboard the
de Rivera’s offer of a truce.
U.S.S. Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to
• PEDRO PATERNO – served as a Manila Bay and led the Asiatic Squadron of
mediator between the Philippine the U.S. Navy.
Government headed by EMILIO
AGUINALDO and Spanish Colonial
Government headed by GOVERNOR Battle of Manila Bay
GENERAL FERNANDO PRIMO DE
1 May 1898
RIVERA.
• Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
Philippines and helped Americans defeat
TREATY OF BIAK NA BATO the Spaniards
Provisions: • Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines aboard
McCulloch on May 19 and assumed the
• ₱800,000; ₱400,000 at the moment of
presidency under the Biak-na-bato
departure from Biak-na-bato and the
constitution.
 • Spaniards were defeated THE PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
• Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite
(unofficially allied with the USA) • On June 12, 1898, at around 4:00 to 5:00 in
the afternoon – proclamation of Philippine
Independence.
THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO
• Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite – the
• Aguinaldo assumed command of the hometown of the president
government he left behind
• Public reading of the Act of the Declaration
 Consolidated the command of the of independence (Spanish: Acta de la
troops he left during his exile proclamación de independencia del pueblo
Filipino)
APOLINARIO MABINI
• Though infirmed as a
paralytic, his knowledge of
law convinced Aguinaldo as
the right man for the job as
adviser.
• He refused to write a decree
declaring June 12, 1898 as
the proclamation of
independence.
• MA. MARCELA AGONCILLO, LORENZA
AGONCILLO AND DELFINA HERBOZA
• sewn the flag way back from Hong
Kong to be unfurled
• JULIAN FELIPE
• composed the music of the anthem
which he wrote in 2/4-time
signature, a march entitled Marcha
Nacional Felipinas (originally titled,
Marcha Nacional Magdalo)
• RAFAEL PALMA
• wrote the lyrics
• AMBROCIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA
• penned the declaration of
independence.