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Term Paper On

Gender Roles In Things Fall Apart: A Critical

Observation

Course Code: ENG 435

Course Title: Introduction to Post Colonial Theory and

Literature Section: 01

Semester: Spring 2023

Submitted to:

Ariful Islam

Senior Lecturer

Department of English

Submitted by:

Shihab Rahaman

ID: 2019-1-40-016

Date of Submission: May 11, 2023

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Table of Contents

Name of the Chapters Page

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

Introduction 5

Chapter 1: Gender Roles in Pre-Colonial Igbo Society 6

Chapter 2: Marriage and Family 7

Chapter 3: Economic Roles 8

Chapter 4: Masculinity and the Struggle for Power 9

Chapter 5: Okonkwo's Masculinity 10

Chapter 6: Masculinity in Leadership and Governance 11

Chapter 7: Women's Agency within Gendered Roles 12

Chapter 8: Women's Economic Agency 13

Chapter 9: Women's Agency in Marriage and 14

Motherhood

Chapter 10: Female Spiritual Agency 15

Chapter 11: The Impact of Colonialism on Gender 16

Relations

Conclusion 17

Work Cited 18
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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my course instructor, Ariful Islam, Senior

Lecturer, Department of English, East West University, for his invaluable guidance and support

throughout the completion of this term paper. His encouragement and assistance were

instrumental in shaping my research on the critical observation of gender roles in "Things Fall

Apart."

I would also like to acknowledge the assistance I received from reliable secondary

sources and online platforms and also the analysis of Lauren Posey of study.com on the

topic.These resources provided essential information to support my analysis. Additionally, I

thoroughly studied the novel "Things Fall Apart" to gain a deeper understanding of its portrayal

of gender roles.
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Abstract

This term paper critically observes the gender roles portrayed in the novel "Things Fall

Apart" by Chinua Achebe. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the significance

of gender roles within the context of the Igbo society depicted in the novel. By conducting a

critical observation, this paper seeks to shed light on the societal expectations, power dynamics,

and cultural norms surrounding gender in "Things Fall Apart." The approach taken involves

analyzing the characters' behaviors, interactions, and the consequences of deviating from

traditional gender roles. Through this examination, the paper aims to provide a deeper

understanding of the complexities and implications of gender roles in the novel. The insights

gained from this study contribute to a broader discussion on gender issues and facilitate a more

nuanced interpretation of the text.

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Introduction

In Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart," the exploration of gender roles within the

Igbo society is a central theme. Set in pre-colonial Nigeria, the story delves into the expectations,

responsibilities, and power dynamics surrounding gender. This term paper aims to critically

observe and analyze the depiction of gender roles in "Things Fall Apart," shedding light on their

significance and implications. Throughout this paper, I will explore the multifaceted dimensions

of gender roles depicted in "Things Fall Apart." I will investigate the roles of men and women

within pre-colonial Igbo society, including their roles in marriage, family, and the economy.

Furthermore, I will examine the concept of masculinity and its association with power, focusing

on the character of Okonkwo and the challenges he faces in upholding traditional masculine

ideals.I will analyze the agency demonstrated by women within their prescribed gender roles,

considering their economic contributions, roles in marriage and motherhood, and their spiritual

agency. By examining these aspects, I aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

complex dynamics of gender roles in the novel.

Chapter 1: Gender Roles in Pre-Colonial Igbo Society

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In pre-colonial Igbo society, gender roles played a fundamental role in shaping the lives

of individuals. Men and women had distinct responsibilities and expectations assigned to them

based on their gender. The gender roles were deeply rooted in the cultural fabric of the society

and influenced various aspects of daily life.

Men held prominent positions in the society and were primarily responsible for providing

and protecting their families. They engaged in activities such as farming, hunting, and trade to

sustain their households and maintain their social status. Additionally, men held positions of

leadership and decision-making within their communities.

On the other hand, women's roles centered around the domestic sphere. They were

responsible for managing the household, taking care of children, and ensuring the overall

well-being of the family. Women were skilled in various domestic tasks, such as cooking,

cleaning, and weaving.

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Chapter 2: Marriage and Family

Marriage and family played a crucial role in the social structure of pre-colonial Igbo

society. Marriage was considered a significant milestone, and it served as a means of forming

alliances and strengthening social bonds between families. The institution of marriage was

deeply rooted in tradition, customs, and rituals.

Within the context of marriage, gender roles were clearly defined. Men were seen as the

heads of the household, providing financial support and making important decisions. Women, on

the other hand, were expected to be obedient and supportive wives, managing the household and

raising children.
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Chapter 3: Economic Roles

Economic roles in pre-colonial Igbo society were divided along gender lines. Men

primarily engaged in agricultural activities, such as farming and hunting, to provide for their

families and contribute to the community's economic well-being. They were also involved in

trade and commerce, playing a significant role in the local economy.

Women also played a crucial role in the economic activities of the society. They were

responsible for activities such as trading in the local markets, cultivating small-scale crops, and

engaging in crafts and weaving. Women's economic contributions were essential for the overall

sustenance of the family and community.

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Chapter 4: Masculinity and the Struggle for Power

Masculinity in pre-colonial Igbo society was associated with power, strength, and

dominance. The struggle for power was a central theme within the society, and men sought to

establish their masculinity through various means.

The character of Okonkwo exemplifies the ideals of masculinity and the struggle for

power. Okonkwo's actions and behaviors were driven by a deep desire to embody traditional

masculine qualities and surpass his father's perceived weakness. His pursuit of power and

dominance highlights the significance of masculinity in the Igbo society.

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Chapter 5: Okonkwo's Masculinity

Okonkwo's masculinity is a complex aspect of the novel, "Things Fall Apart." His

character is defined by traditional masculine traits, such as strength, aggression, and an

unwavering pursuit of success. Okonkwo's adherence to these ideals drives his actions and

decisions, but it also leads to personal struggles and internal conflicts.

Okonkwo's relentless pursuit of masculinity and his fear of appearing weak or effeminate

ultimately contribute to his downfall. His rigid adherence to traditional gender roles and his

inability to adapt to changing circumstances ultimately lead to his tragic fate.

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Chapter 6: Masculinity in Leadership and Governance

Masculinity in leadership and governance was highly valued in pre-colonial Igbo society.

Men held positions of power and authority, leading their communities and making important

decisions. Leadership qualities were often associated with masculinity, and men were expected to

demonstrate strength, courage, and wisdom in their governance roles.

The representation of masculine leadership in "Things Fall Apart" provides insights into

the challenges and expectations faced by male leaders within the Igbo society. The novel

explores how the pressures of maintaining masculine authority and upholding societal norms can

influence the actions and decisions of leaders.

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Chapter 7: Women's Agency within Gendered Roles

Despite the limitations imposed by gendered roles, women in pre-colonial Igbo society

displayed remarkable agency and resilience. They found ways to exercise influence and assert

their power within their prescribed roles.

One aspect of women's agency was their economic contribution. Women engaged in various

economic activities, such as trading and farming, which provided them with a degree of

autonomy and financial independence. Their economic agency allowed them to have a voice and

contribute to the well-being of their families.

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Chapter 8: Women's Economic Agency

The economic agency of women in pre-colonial Igbo society was significant. Women

played a vital role in the local economy through their involvement in trade and small-scale

agriculture. They showcased their business acumen and entrepreneurial skills, contributing to the

economic stability and prosperity of their households.

Despite their limited opportunities, women found creative ways to maximize their economic

agency. They participated in local markets, exchanged goods, and engaged in entrepreneurial

ventures. Their contributions not only influenced their own lives but also had a broader impact

on the economic fabric of the society.

By critically observing and analyzing the gender roles depicted in "Things Fall Apart," this term

paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics within

pre-colonial Igbo society. By examining the themes of marriage and family, economic roles,

masculinity, and women's agency, we can gain valuable insights into the gendered power

dynamics and the impact they have on individuals and the community as a whole.
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Chapter 9: Women's Agency in Marriage and Motherhood

Within the context of pre-colonial Igbo society depicted in "Things Fall Apart," women's

agency in marriage and motherhood is a crucial aspect to explore. Despite the patriarchal

structure, women found ways to exercise their agency and assert their influence within these

gendered roles.

In the Igbo culture, marriage was not solely a union between individuals but also an

alliance between families. Women had a degree of agency in the selection of their potential

spouses, as their consent was sought and their preferences considered. While they were expected

to fulfill their duties as wives and mothers, they also played a significant role in shaping the

dynamics of their marriages.

In terms of motherhood, women held a revered position within the society. They were

responsible for raising and nurturing children, passing down cultural values and traditions.

Through their guidance, women had the opportunity to instill their beliefs and shape the future

generation, thereby exerting their agency in the perpetuation of societal norms.

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Chapter 10: Female Spiritual Agency

In addition to their roles in marriage and motherhood, women in "Things Fall Apart"

demonstrated a form of agency through their spiritual practices. Igbo society had a rich spiritual

belief system, with a wide range of deities and ancestral spirits. Women played a significant role

in religious ceremonies and rituals, channeling the spiritual realm and maintaining a connection

with the divine.

Female spiritual agency was evident in the role of priestesses and religious leaders. These

women held important positions within the community, serving as intermediaries between the

people and the spiritual realm. Through their involvement in spiritual practices, women had the

opportunity to exert their influence and contribute to the overall religious and cultural fabric of

the society.
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Chapter 11: The Impact of Colonialism on Gender Relations

The arrival of colonial powers in Nigeria had a profound impact on gender relations

within the Igbo society. The introduction of Christianity and the imposition of European colonial

administration disrupted the existing gender dynamics and led to significant changes in the roles

and status of women and men. The imposition of colonial laws and policies introduced new

social hierarchies and power dynamics. Men were favored in the colonial administration, leading

to a marginalization of women's voices and diminished agency within the public sphere.
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Conclusion

In conclusion, the exploration of gender roles in "Things Fall Apart" reveals the

complexities and nuances within pre-colonial Igbo society. Women exhibited agency in marriage,

motherhood, and spiritual practices, showcasing their resilience and contributions. However, the

arrival of colonialism brought significant changes to gender relations, with Christianity and

European administration reshaping power dynamics. Understanding the impact of these

historical developments is essential in comprehending the evolving gender landscape within the

novel and its broader implications for society as a whole.

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Work Cited

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Penguin Classics, 2006.

Nwokeji, G. Ugo. "The Slave Trade and the Economic Development of 19th Century

Nigeria: The Case of the Igbo." The Journal of African History, vol. 38, no. 3, 1997, pp.

409-432.

Afigbo, A. E. "The Wives of Ibo Traders: A Study of the Economic Roles of Ibo Women

in the 19th Century." Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, vol. 4, no. 2, 1968, pp.

221-238.

Amadiume, Ifi. "Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African

Society." Zed Books, 1987.

Fitzgerald, Sally. "Things Fall Apart: The Function of Gender." Research in African

Literatures, vol. 24, no. 4, 1993, pp. 123-137.