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Review Materials For Crimsoc 7
Review Materials For Crimsoc 7
Etymology of Research
➢ French recherche,
from rechercher (to search closely)
where “chercher” means to search;
Meaning of Research
• Scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality.
• Systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition
about the presumed relations among natural phenomena.
• Research is an art of scientific investigation whose aim is to get more information.
Needs of Research
• To discover the truth, which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet;
• To discover the solution of a problem;
• To expand the scope of theoretical knowledge;
• To discover the new application for old knowledge;
• To understand, analyze and explore the phenomena;
• To know the cause effect relationship;
• To improve the level of living in society;
• For professional and intellectual development of the researcher by gaining knowledge;
• To obtain prestige and respect by a person or by the institution;
• To obtain a research degree;
• As a means of livelihood by way of obtaining the source of finance.
1. Dissertation
- It is a long essay on a particular subject, especially one written as a requirement for
the doctor of philosophy degree.
2. Thesis
- It is a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or
proved.
- It is also a long essay involving personal research, written by a candidate for a
college or master’s degree.
3. Feasibility Study
- It is an analysis that takes all of a project’s relevant factors into account-including
economic, technical, legal, and scheduling considerations to ascertain the likelihood
of completing the project successfully.
- It is usually used for business proposal.
2. Directive Research – determines what should be done based on the findings this is to
remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any
B. According to Goal
1. Basic or pure Research – is done for the development of theories and Principles.
2. Applied Research – is the application of the results of pure search. This is testing the
efficacy of theories and principles. aims to test theories and concepts developed for
verification, application, development and support and their relationship to the existing
fund of knowledge
1. Analytical Research – the researcher attempts to identify and is isolate the components
of the research situation.
2. Holistic Research – begins with the total situation. Focusing attention on the system
first and then on its internal relationships.
E. According to Scope
- Under this category is Action Research. This type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost problem
solving.
1. In Evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and
the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
2. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.
Note:
- Avoid redundancies like “A Review of…”, “An Analysis of…”, An Evaluation of…”,
“An Assessment….” and the like because even without those terms, the researcher
will review, evaluate, assess or analyze the problem posted in the study.
Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism
- is an act of incorporating into one’s work the work of another without indicating the
source
- the unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words or ideas
- an act wherein the writer uses passages, ideas, writings, and statements of others
without giving due credit
Construction of the Main Problem and Sub-problem of the Study
1. The main problem of the study may be stated by briefly pointing out the objectives, the
subject and the coverage of the study.
Ex. The study aimed to assess the acceptance of an accurate polygraph results as
evidence in court.
Theoretical Framework
- Theoretical framework is the foundation of the study.
- The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study
Types of Theories
Conceptual Framework
- an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of
the study
- it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally
conceptualized by the researcher
Types of Hypothesis
“Majority of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 30 to 40, male, college graduate and
about 20 years in service.”
Non-directional Hypothesis – indicates that the researcher is not interested on whether one
variable is greater or lesser than the other, but only in the difference.
Ex. Drug A and Drug B have significant effects on the cure of fever.
Ha: A = B
- A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study
has been concluded. It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of the
theoretical and empirical background of the problem.
Hypothesis:
- The is no significant difference on the assessment of the groups of respondents with
regards to the extent of application of polygraph examination in the attainment of
accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of examiner’s
competency, facility and instrument, techniques and procedures, and subject’s condition.
Research Designs
- Involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is to provide accurate description
of problems w/o attempting to treat or employ sophisticated statistical tools or describe
problems.
1. Historical - systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past events using the
critical method in the understanding and the interpretation of facts, which are applicable
to current issues and problems.
2. Ethnographic - aims to provide a holistic view of the problem. Data are gathered
through observation, interview and participation
3. Case Study - intensive investigation of a particular individual, institution, community or
any group considered as a unit which includes the development, adjustment, remedial,
or corrective procedures that suitably follow diagnosis of the causes of maladjustment or
of favorable development.
Sampling Designs
A. Scientific Sampling - each member of the population is given the chance of being included
in the sample.
B. Non-Scientific Sampling - in this sampling there is subjectivity on the on the part of the
researcher because not all the individual in a population are given an equal chance of being
included in the sample
Types of Questionnaire
2. Interview - involves face to face contact between the interviewee and the interviewer
Types of Interview
a. Structured Interview / Standardized= there is a set of carefully prepared
questions and their expected answers are provided
b. Unstructured Interview / Unstandardized = respondents are free to express
their opinions. Also termed as non-directive or informal
3. Observation - may be defined as perceiving data through the sense: sight, hearing, taste,
touch and smell. Sense of sight is the most important and most used. Most direct way and most
widely used in studying behavior.
Types of Observation
Types of Validity
a. Content-Related Validity
- refers to content and format of the instrument which must answer the following criteria:
appropriateness; logical; adequate; and, proper format
- expert judgment
- table of specification
Statistics = science which deals with the systematic process of collecting, organizing,
classifying, presenting, interpreting and analyzing data
Types of Statistics
A. Descriptive Statistics = it is used to determine the nature of variables without any attempt
to critically compare the extent of relationships or differences with other variables
C. Inferential Statistics
- Used when in making inferences on the magnitude of differences of the samples from a
large universe.
- Used in testing hypothesis like differences bet. two or more variables
- Treats bivariate and multivariate problems
1. Parametric Test - applicable when the data measured is in interval or ratio scales
Types of Parametric
a. T-Test and Z-Test - used to determine two variable means which differ significantly
b. F-test - (Analysis of Variance – ANNOVA) used to determine significant differences between
three or more variables
Types of Non-parametric
a. Chi-Square Test (X2) - used to compare the frequencies obtained in categorized
variables. Used to determine the difference between three or more variables
b. Mann-Whitney U-Test
c. Sign Test
d. Lambda
e. Kruskall-Wallis
f. Friedman Analysis of Variance
g. McNemar Test
Data Analysis - an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait,
pattern, trend, relationship among others so as to answer research questions which involve
statistical techniques and procedures
1. Univariate - tests a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar to the
population from which it has been drawn
2. Bivariate - it tests two variables on how they differ from each other
3. Multivariate - it tests three or more independent variables at a time on the degree of
relationship with dependent variables
4. Normative - the results of the study is compared with the norm
5. Status - stresses real facts relating to current conditions in a group of subjects chosen for
study
6. Descriptive - describes the characteristics, compositions, structures that occur as units
within the larger structure
7. Classification - analysis which is usually employed in natural science subjects
8. Evaluative - it appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study
9. Comparative - the researcher considers at least two entities and establishes a formal
procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he can compare and conclude
which of the two is better
10. Cost-Effective - applicable in comparing the cost between two or more variables and to
determine which of the variable is most effective
Levels of Interpretation
1. Table Reading
2. Implications or Meaning of Data
3. Cross referencing or corroboration wherein the results are to be compared with
the existing knowledge or finished studies
THESIS FORMAT
Preliminary Pages
a. Title Page
b. Approval Sheet
c. Acknowledgment
d. Dedication
e. Table of Contents
f. List of Tables
g. List of Figures
h. Abstract
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
- Discussion of the problem. What the problem is all about
- May include supporting articles to justify the study
- Discussion of the rational and objectives for conducting the study
Theoretical Framework
- Citing theories, articles or policy that would support the present study.
Conceptual Framework
- Illustration and discussion on the conceptual foundation of the study.
Assumption or Hypothesis
- Self-evident truth based upon known fact or phenomenon (Assumption)
- Tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions (Hypothesis)
Definition of Terms
- It can be lexical or operational definition or a combination thereof of different
terms used in the study which are arranged alphabetically
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
Foreign Literature
- Published articles from foreign countries
Local Literature
- Locally published articles
Foreign Studies
- Foreign unpublished articles
Local Studies
- Locally unpublished articles
Synthesis
- Relevance of literature and studies to the present research
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Method
- Brief description and justification of the research method used in the study
Research Instrument
- Explanation on how the instrument used in gathering data was develop as well
as its detailed description.
Validation of Instrument
- States brief discussion on how the instrument was validated
- Instrument is tested on individuals who are knowledgeable of the subject matter
but are not part of the respondents of the study
Statistical Treatment
- Contains discussion on the statistics used in consonance with the specific
problem and hypothesis to be tested
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
The introductory paragraph should contain the summary of statement of the problem,
hypothesis as well as research design.
Summary of Findings
- Contains the specific findings/results of the study
- Presented as they were organized and categorized in the sub-problems of
the study
- Written in past tense
Conclusions
Recommendations
Appendices
- Curriculum Vitae
- Survey Questionnaire
- Letter of Request/s
Citation
- Citations help readers locate your sources. They help to continue the
scholarly conversation. To learn more about how citations can help
you avoid plagiarism, view this interactive tutorial
References
Saleem, A., Tabusum, S., and Sadik Batcha, M. (2014). Holistic Approach of Research
Work. Research Scholar/Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. India.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 7.
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x x x x x nothing follows x x x x