Basic Principles of Electromechanics

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAİOĞLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 1
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Left Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Motors

Left Hand Rule F
A force is created in the vertical
direction shown, in a conductor carrying B
90O
a current I in a magnetic field as shown L
in the figure on the RHS
I
F=(IL)xB
This principle is best explained by Left
Hand Rule
• Thumb finger of the left hand points
the direction of the force generated,
• Index finger points the direction of
magnetic field,
• Middle finger points the direction of
current applied,
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 2
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Left Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Motors

F

Left Hand Rule

B

A force is created in the vertical 90O

direction shown, in a conductor L

carrying a current I in a magnetic I

field as shown in the figure on the
RHS
F (Force created)
B

B
90O
L

F=(IL)xB V

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 3
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Right Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Generators

Right Hand Rule F
A current is induced (generated) in the B
direction shown, on a conductor moving 90O
vertically in a magnetic field as shown in L
the following figure
I
F=-(IL)xB

This principle is best explained by Right

Hand Rule
• Thumb finger points the right hand
points the direction of the force applied,
• Index finger points the direction of
magnetic field,
• Middle finger points the direction of
current generated,
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 4
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Right Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Generators

F

Right Hand Rule B

90O
A current is induced (generated) in L

the direction shown, on a conductor

moving vertically in a magnetic field
as shown in the following figure
F (Force applied)
B
B
90O
L
I

F = -( I L ) x B V

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 5
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Please do not Confuse

Left Hand Rule-Electric Motor Right-Hand Rule-Electric Generator

F=(IL)xB F=-(IL)xB

F F
B B
90O 90O
L
L
I I

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 6
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage
Fixed Stator Coils, Rotating Poles Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils
Fixed Stator Coil Rotating Poles AC Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

I(t)

I(t)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 7
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Generation of AC Voltage

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

AC Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 8
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Hydroelectric Dam Generating Units

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 9
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Atatürk Hydroelectric Dam (2400 MW)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 10
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Francis Turbine Generator Set

Cross Section View

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 11
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Francis Turbine - Generator

Water Flow

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 12
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Itaipu Generating Unit - Stator

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 13
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of DC Voltage
Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils
Split Ring Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

DC Windings

Split Rings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 14
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of DC Voltage
Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils Split Rings VDC
Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

+ -

DC Windings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 15
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of DC Voltage
Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils Average Voltage
Split Ring Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles 25

V (Volts)
20

Vpeak = 22 V 15
10
Vaverage = VDC 5
0
0 5 10 15 20
-5
T=10 msec

10

V average = (1/T) ∫ V(t) d/dt

0
5

= (1/5) ∫ Vpeak cos wt dt

0

= (2 / π ) Vpeak = 0.63 Vpeak

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 16
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Squirrel Cage AC (Induction) Motors

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils Line Voltages Applied
Fixed Stator Poles Rotor Coils (Fixed Bars)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 17
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Squirrel Cage AC (Induction) Motors

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils Line Voltages Applied
Rotor Coils (Fixed Bars) Fixed Stator Poles

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 18
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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DC Motors

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils DC Voltage Applied

Fixed Stator Poles Split Ring Rotor Coils
DC Voltage (Volts)
80

60

40

DC (mean)
Voltage 20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (Sec)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 19
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Arrangement of Windings
Stator Shell Conductors in Stator Coil

I I

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 20
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage
Synchronous Generator
Stator Coils Configuration

Conductors

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 21
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage
Basic Principles of Synchronous Generator

Coil

θ = Angle between
magnetic axes
Magnetic axis
of magnet
Magnetic axis of coil

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 22
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
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Generation of AC Voltage
Basic Relation Synchronous Generator

φcoil = φmax x cos θ

θ = wt
φcoil (t) = φmax x cos wt

Lenz Law
V(t) = - N d/dt φcoil (t)
= - N d/dt φmax x cos wt
= N w φmax sin wt
= V max sin wt

Sinusoidal voltage is generated

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 23
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Generation of AC Voltage
Basic Principles of Synchronous Generator

Conductors Conductors
N

S
S
I(t)
I(t)

φcoil (t) = φmax x cos wt = φmax φcoil (t) = φmax x cos wt = 0

25
V (Volts)
25
V (Volts)

20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02
-5 -5
Time (Sec) Time (Sec)
-10 -10
-15 -15
-20 -20
-25 -25

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 24
 Basic Principles of Electromechanics
METU

Any Questions Please ?

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 25