Mathematics Notes

Part-I
Chapter No.2
Matrices
and
Determinants
 Chapter No. 2 1
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

EXERCISE 2.1  2 1 5 
 1 2 3  0 2 4    2 5 7    21 15 10
Question: (1)  7 5 0 
Express the following as a single matrix

1 0 2   2 
i  1 2 4 2 0 1  4
 0 1 2   6   3
7 1 2    4
 iii    4
   2 2
1 0 2   2  9 2 1   5   
 
Solution: 1 2 4  2 0 1   4 
 0 1 2  6   3
7 1 2    4
Solution:   4
   2  2
2 9 2 1  5   
 
 1  4  0 0  0  4 2  2  8  4 
 6   7  3  1 4    2  5   2  4 
  
 9  3   2  4   1 5    2  2 
 2
 5 4 12  4   10  16  72  98  21  4  10  8   35  8   35  8 
     
 6   27  8  5   4   40   4   40  4 

1 0 2   2   3
7 1 2    4  43
Hence 1 2 4  2 0 1   4   98    4  2     
9 2 1  5   2   44
 0 1 2   6   

 2 1 5    1 3   3 2  1 3 5
 iv      
 ii  1 2 3  0 2 4   2 5 7    1 4  1 1    2 4 6 
 7 5 0 
  1 3   3 2   1 3 5 
 2 1 5 
Solution:      
  1 4  1 1    2 4 6 
Solution: 1 2 3  0 2 4    2 5 7 
 7 5 0   1 3 3   2   1 3 5  4 1  1 3 5
    
 1   1 4  1   2 4 6   2 3  2 4 6 
  2  0  21 1  4  15 5  8  0   2 5 7
  4 1  1 2   4  3  1 4   4  5  1 6  
 
  19 10 3   2 5 7  2 1   3 2   2  3   3 4   2  5    3 6  
 4  2 12  4 20  6 

 19  2 10   5 3  7
  
 2  6 6  12 10  18

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 2
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

  1 3   3 2   1 3 5   6 16 26   x
   
   and C   y  .Verify that  AB  C  A  BC 
  1 4  1 1    2 4 6  8 18 28
Question: (2)  z 
 2 5 1  1 2 3
Let A    , B  Solution:
 3 0 4  0 1 5  a h g  x
Given A   x y z  , B   h b f  and C   y 

0 1 2 
and C    .Find 2 A  3B  4C  g f c   z 
0 1 1
We are to show that  AB  C  A  BC 
 2  5 1   2  2  2  5  2 1 
Solution: 2 A  2    
3 0  4   2  3 2  0  2  4    a h g    x
 
 4  10 2  L.H.S    x y z   h b f    y 
 
6 0  8    g f c    z 

1  2  3  3 1 3  2  3  3  3  6  9 
3B  3        x
 0  1 5  3  0  3  1 3  5    0  3 15
  ax  hy  gz hx  by  fz gx  fy  cz   y 
0 1  2   4  0  4 1 4  2    z 
4C  4    
0  1  1   4  0  4  1 4  1 
0 4  8    ax  hy  gz  x   hx  by  fz  y   gx  fy  cz  z 
 
0  4  4    ax 2  hxy  gxz  hxy  by 2  fyz  gxz  fyz  cz 2 
 4  10 2  3  6  9 
Now 2 A  3B    L.H.S   ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2hxy   1
 
6 0  8  0  3 15
 4  3  10   6  2   9  
   a g   x 
6  0 0   3  8  15  h
 
R.H.S   x y z    h b f   y  
 7  10  6 2  9   7  16  7 
   g c   z  
6 3 7   6  3 7   f
7  16  7  0 4  8 
Now 2 A  3B  4C      ax  hy  gz 
6  3 7  0  4  4 
 x y z   hx  by  fz 
7  0  16  4  7   8   7  20  7  8
    gx  fy  cz 
 6  0  3   
4 7     
 4 6  3  4 7  4 

7  20 1   x  ax  hy  gz   y  hx  by  fz   z  gx  fy  cz 
 2 A  3B  4C   
6 1 11   ax 2  hxy  gxz  hxy  by 2  fyz  gxz  fyz  cz 2 
a h g
 R.H.S   ax 2  by 2  cz 2  2hxy  2 gxz  2hxy    2 
Question: (3)  i  If A   x y z  , B   h b f 
 g f c  Comparing eq 1 and eq  2  weget

L.H.S  R.H.S

i.e  AB  C  A  BC 
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 3
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 1 3  2 1 3 11 15 8 
 ii  If A    , B 
 R.H.S      2
 3 20 6 
 1 4  0 4 2 
Comparing eq 1 and eq  2 weget
 3 1 5 
and C    .Verify that
2 1 0 L.H.S  R.H.S

i.e A  B  C   AB  AC
 a  A B  C   AB  AC
1 3  2 1 3 b  A B  C   AB  AC
Solution: Given A    , B  0 4
 1 4   2 
1 3  2 1 3
Solution: Given A    , B  0 4
 3 1 5   1 4   2 
and C   
2 1 0
 3 1 5 
and C   
We are to show that A  B  C   AB  AC 2 1 0

 1 3   2 1 3  3 1 5   We are to show that A  B  C   AB  AC

L.H.S  A  B  C      
 1 4  0 4 2   2 1 0 
 1 3   2 1 3  3 1 5  
L.H.S  A  B  C      
 1 3   2  3 1  1 3  5  1 3   5 0 2   1 4   0 4 2   2 1 0 
    
 1 4  0  2 4  1 2  0   1 4   2 5 2 
 1 3   2  3 1  1 3  5  1 3   1 2 8 
    
 1 5    3 2  1 0    3 5 1 2    3 2    1 4  0  2 4  1 2  0   1 4   2 3 2 

       1 0    4  5 
1 5  4 2  1 2    4  2 
 1 1   3 2  1 2    3 3 1 8  3 2  
 5  6 0  15 2  6  
   1 1   4  2   1 2    4  3  1 8   4  2 
 5  8 0  20 2  8
 1  6 2  9 8  6 
 
11 15 8   1  8 2  12 8  8 
 L.H.S     1
 3 20 6 
 7 11 2 
 L.H.S     1
R.H.S  AB  AC  7 10 16 

 1 3   2 1 3  1 3   3 1 5  R.H.S  AB  AC
    
 1 4   0 4 2   1 4   2 1 0 
 1 3   2 1 3  1 3   3 1 5 
    
 1 2    3 0  11   3 4  1 3  3 2    1 4   0 4 2   1 4   2 1 0 
 
       11   4  4   1 3   4  2  
1 2  4 0
 1 2    3 0  11   3 4  1 3  3 2  
 1 3   3 2  1 1   31 15  3 0   
   1 2    4  0   11   4  4   1 3   4  2 
 1 3   4  2   1 1   4 1  1 5    4  0    1 3   3 2  1 1   31 15  3 0  
 2  0 1  12 3  6   3  6 1  3 5  0  
    1 3   4  2   1 1   4 1  15    4  0 
 2  0 1  16 3  8   3  8 1  4 5  0 
 2  0 1  12 3  6   3  6 1  3 5  0 
  
 2 13 3  9 2 5   2  9 13  2 3  5   2  0 1  16 3  8   3  8 1  4 5  0 
   
 2 15 11 5 5 5  2  5 15  5 11  5 

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 4
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 2 13 3  9 2 5   2  9 13  2 3  5  1 0 0 
   
 2 15 11 5 5 5  2  5 15  5 11  5  9 0 1 0   9 I
0 0 1 
 7 11 2 
 R.H.S      2 1 2
A  2 A  9I
 7 10 16  Thus
3
Comparing eq 1 and eq  2 weget 1
or A2  2 A  9 I  0
3
L.H.S  R.H.S

i.e A  B  C   AB  AC  0 2b 2 
Question: (5) Matrix A   3 1 3  is given to
Question: (4)
3a 3 1
1 4 4 
Let A   4 1 4  ,show that A2  2 A  9 I  0
1
be symmetric, find values of a and b.
3
 4 4 1 
0 2b 2 
1 4 4 1 4 4  Solution: Given A   3 1 3  , then
Solution: Since A  A. A  4 1 4  . 4 1 4 
2 3a 3 1

 4 4 1  4 4 1
 0 2b 2 
t
 0 3 3a 
A   3 1 3   A   2b 1 3 
t   t

1  16  16 4  4  16 4  16  4   33 24 24
3a 3 1  2 3 1
  4  4  16 16  1  16 16  4  4    24 33 24
 4  16  4 16  4  4 16  16  1  24 24 33 Since A is symmetric, therefore
 33 24 24
 0 3 3a   0 2b 2
Now A   24 33 24
1 2 1
3 3 A  A   2b 1 3    3 1 3 
t
 24 24 33
 2 3 1 3a 3 1
1 1 1 
 3  33 3  24  3  24  
  11 8 8  Equating corresponding entries
   24        8 11 8 
1 1 1
33 24
3 3 3 2
   8 8 11 3a  2  a  
 1  24  1  24  1  33  3
 3 3 3 
2
and 2b  3  b 
1 4 4   2 1 2  4  2  4    2 8 8  3
 
Now 2 A  2  4 1 4    2  4  2 1  2  4    8 2 8 
 4 4 1  2  4  2  4  2 1  8 8 2
Question: (6) Solve the following matrix equations
  for X.
11 8 8   2 8 8   1 0 3 2 1 1 
(i ) X  3 A  2 B, if A   and B  
Now A  2 A   8 11 8   8 2 8   
1 2
 2 2 1  3  1 4 
3
 8 8 11 8 8 2 Solution: Given X  3A  2B
11  2 8  8 8  8  9 0 0   1 0 3 2 1 1
and A    and B   
  8  8 11  2 8  8   0 9 0   2 2 1  3  1 4
 8  8 8  8 11  2 0 0 9 

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 5
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 1 0 3 2 1 1 ( A  B)t  At  Bt .
Thus X  3    2 3  1 4 
 2 2 1    1 0  1 2  1 3 0
   0 1 2 
 3 1 3  0  3  3   2  2  2 1 2 1  Solution: A  3 1 2 5   At  
 X     1 2 1 
3  2  3  2  3 1   2  3 2  1 2  4   0  2 1 6   
2 5 6  
 3 0 9  4 2 2
 X   2  1 3 1  2 1 3
 6 6 3 6  2 8   
B  1 
3  1 4  B t   1 3 1 
4 2 2  3 0 9  3 1 2 
X   3 1 2  1
 6  2 8   6 6 3  
 1 4  1
4  3 2  0 2  9
1 0  1 2   2  1 3 1
X  
6   6   2  6 8  3  A  B  3 1 2 5   1 3  1 4 
7 2 11 0  2 1 6 3 1 2  1
X 
6  6 4 11
1  2 0   1  1  3 2  1 
7 2 11  
X   3  1 1  3 2   1 5  4 
0 4 11
 
1 2 2 4 6 2  0  3  2  1 1  2 6   1 
(ii ) 2( X  A)  B, if A    ,B 
3 1 2 0  4 2  3  1 2 3 
Solution: Given 2( X  A)  B   4 4 2  1 9 
1 2 2 4 6 2  3  1 3 6  1
and A   , B
3 1 2  
0  4 2  3  1 2 3
1 1
X  A B  X  B A A  B   4 4 1 9 
2 2 3  1 3 5 
1  4 6 2  1 2 2
X    3 4 3
2  0  4 2  3 1 2   1 4 1
 A  B        i 
t
4 6 2 2 1 3
 2   1 2 2  
 X  2 2
3 9 5
0 4 2  3 1 2 
 2 1 3 0  2 1 3 
2 2   0 1 2   1 3 1 
 2 3 1  1 2 2 Now At  B t    
X    1 2 1   3 1 2 
 0  2 1 3 1 2     
 2 5 6   1 4  1
2  1 3  2 1 2 3 3
X  X 
5  1 2 3 1 0  3   3 3
0  3  2   1 1  2     0  1 1  3 2  1 
4
 3 2 1 3      1 
  

1 4
3 5 3  1  3 2   1 1  2   2 2  1 1  2 
X 
3  3 3     
 2  1 5  4 6   1   3 9 6  1
1 0  1 2  3 4 3
   1 4 1
Question:(7) ) If A  3 1 2 5  and
Thus At  B t        ii 
0  2 1 6  2 1 3
 
2  1 3 1 3 9 5
Comparing  i  and ii  we get
B  1 3  1 4 , then show that
( A  B)t  At  Bt .
3 1 2  1

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 6
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Question:(8) Let A  
1 2 0
. Show that 11 1 12 
3  1 4  Thus A A   1 5 4      2 
t

(i) ( At )t  A 12 4 16 
1 2 0
Comparing 1 and  2 we get ,
Solution: Given A  
3  1 4 
AAt  At A
1 3
Question:(9) Verify that (AB) t =B t A t if
Then At   2 1
0 4 1 2 
2  1 3 2 2
(i) A   
0 1 
, B  
1 2 0
  1
t
Now At   3 0 
3  1 4 
1 2 
  2  1 3
t
 At A Solution: A   , B   2 2
1 0 1 
(ii) AAt  At A 3 0 

1 2 0  2 1
Solution: Given A   1 2 3 
3  1 4  Then A   1 0  Bt  
t

 3 1  2 2 0
1 3
Then A   2 1
 t
1 2 
2  1 3 
0 4 Now AB     2 2
1 0 1
3 0 
1 3
1 2 0 
Now AAt   1  2 1   1 2    3 3  2 2   1 2   3 0 
4  
2
3  1 
0 4   11   0  2   1 3 1 2    0  2   1 0  
 11   2  2    0  0  13   2  1   0  4    2  2  9 4  2  0  9 2
   
33   1 1   4  4 

 31   1 2    4  0  1  0  3 2  0  0   4 2
9 4 
  AB        1
t

1  4  0 3  2  0  5 1  2 2
   
3  2  0 9  1  16  1 26   2 1
1 2 3   
5 1  Now Bt At     1 0
Thus AAt       1  2 2 0   3 1
1 26   
1 3  1 2    2  1   3 3 11   2  0   31 
1 2 0 
At A   2 1  
 2  2    2  1   0  3  2 1   2  0    0 1
3 1 4 
0 4 
 2  2  9 1  0  3  9 4
   
 11   3 3 1 2    3 1 1 0   3 4   4  2  0 2  0  0   2 2

  2 1   1 3  2  2    1 1  2  0    1 4  9 4
  0 1   4  3  0  2    4  1  0  0    4  4    Bt At        2
 2 2
Comparing 1 and  2 we get
1  10 2  3 0  12 
  2  3 4  1 0  4 
 AB t  Bt At
0  12 0  4 0  16  1 1 
 1 2 0  
(ii) A  , B  2 3
 1 1 4 
1  2

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 7
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 1   1 3 4
 1 2 0
Solution: A    , B   2 3  A   3 2 5  A
t

 1 1 4  1  2  4 5 0 
1  1  At  A
1 2 1
Then A   2
t
1 , Bt   Hence A is symmetric.
1 3 2
0 4 5 6 7 
1 1  Given B  6  8 3 
 1 2 0   7 3 1 
Now AB    2 3
 1 1 4  1  2 Taking transpose on both sides
 
 11   2  2    0 1 11   2 3   0  2   4 6 7

 11  13   4  2  B t   6 8 3   B
 11  1 2    4 1
7 3 1 
 1 4  0 1  6  0  5 7
     Bt  B
 1  2  4  1  3  8   5  6 
Hence B is symmetric.
5 5 
  AB        1
t
1  3 4  5 6 7 
7 6     
Now A  B   3 2  5   6  8 3 
1  1
1 2 1   4  5 0 7 3 1 
Now B A  
t t
 2 1
1 3 2 0 4  1  5  3  6 4  7  6 3 11
   
  3  6 2   8   5  3    3 2  8  2 
 11   2  2   1 0  1 1   21  1 4  
   4  7  5  3 0  1  11  2 1
11   3 2    2  0  1 1   31   2  4 
6 3 11
1  4  0 1  2  4   5 5 
     A  B  3  6  2

1  6  0 1  3  8  7 6 
11  2 1 
5 5 
 B t At        2 Taking transpose on both sides
7 6 
6 3 11
Comparing 1 and  2 we get
 A  B   3  6  2  A  B

t

 AB t  Bt At 11  2 1 
1  3 4  5 6 7    A  B  A  B
t

Question:(10) Let A   3 2  5  and B  6  8 3 

 
Hence A  B is symmetric.
 4  5 0 7 3 1 
Question:(11)
Show that A and B are symmetric.
0 1  2   0  6 11
Also show that A  B is symmetric
Let A   1 0 3  and B   6 0  7 
Solution:  2  3 0   11 7 0 
1  3 4 
Show that A  B is skew  symmetric.
Given A   3 2  5 
Solution:
 4  5 0 
0 1  2   0  6 11
Taking transpose on both sides 
Given A   1 0 3  and B   6
 0  7 
 2  3 0   11 7 0 

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 8
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 0 1  2  0  6 11 3 2 1  3 4 2 
 3    6 0  7  Now A  A   4 5 6    2 5 3 
Now A  B   1 0 
t

 2  3 0   11 7 0   2 3 4  1 6 4 
 0  0 1   6   2  11   0 1 6 9   33 2 4 1 2 
 
  1  6 00 3   7     5 0 3  7    4  2 5  5 6  3

   2  1 3  6 4  4 
 2   11  3  7 0  0   2  11 4 0 

 0 5 9   0 2 3
 A  B   5 0 4  A  A   2 0 3
t

 3 3 0
 9 4 0 
Taking transpose on both sides Taking transpose on both sides
 0 2 3  0 2 3
 0 5 9   0 5 9 
A A t t
  2 0 3    2 0 3

 A  B    5 0 4     5 0 4
 
t

 3 3 0   3 3 0 
 9 4 0   9 4 0 
  A  At     A  At 
t
  A  B    A  B
t

Hence A  B is skew  symmetric. Hence A  At is skew  symmetric.

 3 2 1 Question:(13)
Question:(12) If A   4 5 6  then show that If A is a square matrix of order 3, then show that
 2 3 4  a  A  At is symmetric .
a  A  At is symmetric .  b  A  At is skew  symmetric. Solution: Let B  A  At
Taking transpose on both sides
 3 2 1  3 4 2
Solution: Given A   4 5 6  A   2 5 3 
  Bt   A  At   At   At 
t t t

 2 3 4  1 6 4   At  A  A  At
3 2 1  3 4 2   Bt  B
Now A  A   4 5 6    2 5 3  i.e  A  At   A  At
t t

 2 3 4  1 6 4 
Hence A  At is symmetric.
 33 2 4 1 2 
  4  2 5  5 6  3  b A  At is skew  symmetric.
 2  1 3  6 4  4 
Solution: Let C  A  At
 6 6 1 Taking transpose on both sides
 A  A   6 10 9 
t

C t   A  At   At   At 
t t

 1 9 8 
Taking transpose on both sides  At  A   A  At
   A  At 
 6 6 1
A A  t t
  6 10 9   A  At  Ct  C
 1 9 8  i.e  A  At     A  At 
t

  A  At   A  At Hence A  At is skew  symmetric.

t

Hence A  At is symmetric.
EXERCISE 2.2
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 9
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 3 1  1 2 3
Question:(1). IIf A   1 2 0  , then find Solution: L.H.S  8 4  12
 2 0  2 2 1 3
A11 , A21 , A23 , A31 , A32 , A33 . Also find | A | . Taking  4 as common factor from R 2
i j
Solution: Since we know that Aij   1 M ij 1 2 3
 4 2 1 3
11 2 0
Thus A11   1 M11   1 .  1.  4  0   4
2
0 2
2 1 3

2 1 3 1  4  0  R 2 and R3areidentical
A21   1 M 21   1 .  1.  6  0   6
3
0 2  0  R.H.S
23 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 2
A23   1 M 23   1 .  1.  0  6   6
5
2 0 (iii) 3 1 1  3 1 1
31 3 1 2 1 4 2 1 4
A31   1 M 31   1 .  1.  0  2   2
4
2 0 1 3 2
3 2 1 1 Solution: L.H.S  3  1 1
A32   1 M 32   1 .  1.  0  1  1
5
1 0 2 1 4
3 3 1 3 1 3 2
t
A33   1 M 33   1 .  1.  2  3   5
6
1 2 t
 3 1 1 A  A
1 3 1 2 1 4
Now | A | 1 2 0 Expanding by R1
1 3 2
2 0 2
 3  1 1  R .H.S
2 0 1 0 1 2 2 1 4
 1.  3.  1.
0 2 2 2 2 0
3 2 0 3 2 0
 1. 4  0  3.  2  0  1.  0  4 (iv) 1 1  3  3 1 1 1
 4  6  4  14 2 4 6 2 4 2
Question:(2). Without evaluating state the reason 3 2 0
for the following equalities.
Solution: L.H.S  1 1  3
1 2 0
2 4 6
(i ) 3 1 0 0
Taking  3 as common factor from C3
1 2 0
3 2 0
1 2 0
 3 1 1 1  R .H.S
Solution: L.H.S  3 1 0
2 4 2
1 2 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
0 Each element of C3 is zero
(v ) 3 2 1  1  1 0
 R .H.S
1 1 0 3 2 1
1 2 3
1 0 1
(ii) 8 4  12  0
Solution: L.H.S  3 2 1
2 1 3
1 1 0

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 10
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 0 1 0 1 3
  1  1 0 Byinterchanging R 2 and R 3 (i) 1 2 1
3 2 1 2 1 1
 R .H.S 0 1 3
2 0 1 2 0 1 Solution: Consider 1 2 1 Expanding by R1
(vi) 3 1 2 5 5 6 2 1 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
 0.  1.  3.
2 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
Solution: L.H.S  3 1 2  0 1. 1  2  3.  1  4
 1. 3  3. 5  3  15  12
1 2 2
By R 2  2 R 3
3 4 2
2 0 1
(ii) 2 4 6
5 5 6  R .H.S
4 2 0
1 2 2
3 4 2
Question:(3). Let A be a square matrix of order 3.
Solution: Consider 2 4  6 Expanding by R1
Verify property (2) of determinants that is
4 2 0
| At || A | .
4 6 2 6 2 4
Solution: Since A is matrix of order 3, therefore  3.  4.   2  .
2 0 4 0 4 2
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a21 a31 
 3. 0  12  4. 0  24  2.  4  16
A   a21 a22 a23  then A   a12 a22 a32 
  t

 a31 a32 a33   a13 a23 a33   3. 12  4.  24  2.  20

 36  96  40  132  40  92
a11 a21 a31
3 1 2
Now A  a12 a22 a32 Expanding by C1
t
(iii) 6 5 4
a13 a23 a33
9 8  7
a22 a32 a a31 a a31
 a11  a12 21  a13 21 3 1 2
a23 a33 a23 a33 a22 a32
Solution: Consider 6  5 4 Expanding by R1
 a11  a22 a33  a23a32   a12  a21a33  a23a31  9 8  7
 a13  a21a32  a22 a31     1 5 4 6 4 6 5
 3.  1.  2.
a11 a12 a13 8 7 9 7 9 8
Now A  a21 a22 a23 Expending by R
 3. 35  32 1.  42  36   2.  48  45 
a31 a32 a33
 3. 3  1.  6  2.  3
a a23 a a a a
 a11 22  a12 21 23  a13 21 22  9  6  6  21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
2 1 3
 a11  a22 a33  a23a32   a12  a21a33  a23a31  (iv) 1 1 0
 a13  a21a32  a22 a31      2  2 3 4
Comparing 1 and  2 we get 2 1 3
A  At Solution: Consider 1 1 0 Expanding by R1
2 3 4
Question:(4). Evaluate the following determinants:
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 11
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 0 1 0 1 1 a b c a b c
 2.  1.   3 .
3 4 2 4 2 3 Hence 1  3a 2  3b 3  3c  1 2 3
 2. 4  0 1.  4  0  3. 3  2 4 5 6 4 5 6

 2.  4 1.  4  3. 5 1 1 1
 8  4  15  11
(iii) a b c 0
bc ca ab
Question:(5). Show that 1 1 1
a b c a l x Solution: L.H.S  a b c
(i) l m nb m y bc ca ab
x y z c n z By R 2  R3
a b c 1 1 1
Solution: L.H.S  l m n  abc bca ca b
x y z bc ca a b
By taking transpose 1 1 1
a l x  abc abc a bc
b m y  R.H.S bc ca a b
c n z Taking  a  b  c  as common factor from R 2
a b c a l x 1 1 1
Hence l m n  b m y  a  b  c 1 1 1  R1 and R2 are identical 
x y z c n z bc ca a b
a b c a b c   a  b  c  0  0  R.H.S
(ii) 1  3a 2  3b 3  3c  1 2 3
1 1 1
4 5 6 4 5 6
Hence a b c 0
a b c bc ca ab
Solution: L.H.S  1  3a 2  3b 3  3c
bc ca ab 1 1 1
4 5 6
(iv) a b c  a2 b 2
c2
By using property
a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
a b c a b c
 1 2 3  3a 3b 3c bc ca ab bc ca ab
abc
4 5 6 4 5 6 Solution: L.H.S  a b c  a b c
abc 2
a b c a b c a2 b2 c 2
a b2 c 2
 1 2 3   3 a b c  R1 and R2 are identical  Multiplying C1 by a, C2 by b and C3 by c
4 5 6 4 5 6 abc abc abc
1
 a 2 b2 c2
abc 3
a b c a b c a b3 c3
 1 2 3   3 0   1 2 3  R.H.S Taking abc as common factor from R1
4 5 6 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc 2 2 2
 a b c  a 2 b 2 c 2  R.H.S
abc 3
a b3 c 3 a 3 b3 c 3
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 12
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

bc ca ab 1 1 1 1 a a3
Hence a b c  a2 b2 c2 Solution: L.H.S  1 b b3
2 2 2 3 3 3
a b c a b c 1 c c3
by R2  R1 and R3  R1

Question:(6) Show that 0 a  b a 3  b3

 0 bc b3  c 3
a b bc c a
1 c c3
i  bc c a a b  0
c c a b bc
Expainding by C1
a b bc ca b  c b3  c 3 a  b a 3  b3 a  b a 3  b3
 0.  0.  1.
Solution: L.H.S  b  c c  a a  b c c3 c c3 bc b3  c 3
c a a b bc a b  a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
 00
a  b  b  c b  c  c  a c  a  a  b R1  R2 bc  b  c   b2  bc  c 2 
 bc ca a b Taking  a  b  as common factor from R1
ca a b bc
and  b  c  from R2
a c ba c b 1 a 2  ab  b 2
  a  b  b  c 
 bc c a a b 1 b 2  bc  c 2
c a a b bc

  a  b  b  c  b 2  bc  c 2  a 2  ab  b 2 
a  c  c  a b  a  a  b c  b  b  c R1  R3 
  a  b  b  c  c 2  a 2  bc  ab 
 bc ca a b
  a  b  b  c   c  a  c  a   b  c  a 
ca a b bc
  a  b b  c  c  a  c  a  b 
0 0 0   a  b b  c  c  a  a  b  c   R.H.S
 bc c a a b  0 R1 is a zero row.
1 a a3
ca a b bc
Hence 1 b b3   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
=R.H.S 1 c c3

a b bc ca
1 a a2
Hence bc c a a b  0
(iii ) 1 b b 2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)
c a a b bc
1 c c2

1 a a3 1 a a2
(ii ) 1 b b3  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a  b  c) Solution: L.H.S  1 b b2
1 c c3 1 c c2
by R2  R1 and R3  R1

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 13
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 a a2 1 a a2  4a 2b2c2  R.H.S
 0 b  a b2  a 2  0 ba  b  a  b  a  a 2 ab ac
0 c  a c2  a2 0 ca  c  a  c  a  Hence ab b 2 bc  4a 2b 2 c 2
ac bc c 2
Taking b  a  as common factor from R 2 and  c  a  from R3
1
1 a a2 bc a3
a
  b  a  c  a  0 1 ba 1
0 1 ca (v ) ca b3  0, a  0, b  0, c  0
b
Expanding by C1 1
ab c3
c

 1 ba a a2 a a2 
  b  a  c  a  1 0 0  Solution:
 1 ca
 1 ca 1 bb 
 1 1
a3 a3
 
bc bc
  b  a  c  a  c  a  b  a  0  0 a a
1 abc 1
=    a  b    c  a     b  c   L.H.S  ca b3  ca b3
b abc b
=  a  b b  c  c  a  =R.H.S ab c3
1
ab c3
1
c c
1 a a2
Multiplying C3 by abc
Hence 1 b b 2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)
bc a3 bc
1 c c2 1
 ca b 3
ca  C1 and C3 are identical 
a 2 ab ac abc 3
ab c ab
 iv  ab b 2 bc  4a 2b 2 c 2
1
ac bc c 2   0   0  R.H.S
abc
a 2 ab ac 1
bc a3
Solution: L.H.S  ab b 2 bc a
1
ac bc c 2 Hence ca b3 0
b
By taking a, b, c common from R1 , R2 , R3 respectively 1
ab c3
a b c c
 abc a b c Question:(7) Evaluate
a b c 3860 3861
By taking a, b, c common from C1 , C2 , C3 respectively i 
3862 3863
1 1 1 0 0 2 R1  R2
3860 3861
 abc.abc 1 1 1  a b c 1 1 1
2 2 2
Solution:
3862 3863
1 1 1 1 1 1
Expainding by R1 3860  0 3860  1

 1 1 1 1 1 1  3860  2 3860  3
 a 2b 2 c 2 0.  0. 2 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 
0 1 na nb a b
 a2b2c2 0  0  2 1  1  a2b2c2 2  2 
2 3

nc nd c d
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 14
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

  0  3  1 2   0  2 1 x  y y z C1  C2
 1 x  y 1 y z
3860 3861
  2 x y y 1 z
3862 3863
1 x  y  z y z C1  C3
81 82 83
 1 x  y  x 1 y z
 ii  84 85 86
1 x  y  z y 1 z
87 88 89
Taking 1  x  y  z  common from C1
81 82 83
Solution: 84 85 86 1 y z
87 88 89  1  x  y  z  1 1  y z
1 y 1 z
81  87 82  88 83  89 R1  R3
 84 85 86 1 y z
87 88 89  1  x  y  z  0 1 0 R2  R1
0 0 1 R3  R1
168 170 192
 84 85 86 Expainding by C1
87 88 89
 1 0 y z y z 
 1  x  y  z  1.  0.  0. 
Taking 2 common from R1  0 1 0 1 1 0 

84 85 86  1  x  y  z 1  0  0  0
 2 84 85 86  2  0  R1 and R3 are identical.
87 88 89 1 x y z
Hence x 1 y z 1 x  y  z
81 82 83 x y 1 z
 84 85 86  0
87 88 89
Question: (9) Prove that
Question:(8) Prove that
x p q
1 x y z
p x q   x  p  x  q  x  p  q 
x 1 y z 1 x  y  z
p q x
x y 1 z
x p q
1 x y z
Solution: L.H.S  p x q
Solution: x 1  y z
p q x
x y 1 z

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 15
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

x p px 0 R1  R2 1 a 1 1
1 1 1
 0 x  q q  x R2  R3  abc. . . 1 1 b 1
a b c
p q x 1 1 1 c

x  p  x  p 0 Multiplying R1 by
1 1
, R2 by , R3 by
1
 0 xq  x  q a b c

p q x 1 1 1
1
a a a
Taking common  x  p  from R1 and  x  q  from R2 . 1 1 1
 abc. 1
b b b
1 1 1
1 1 0 1
c c c
  x  p  x  q  0 1 1
p q x By R1  R2

Expanding by R1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1  1  1 
a b a b a b
 1 1 0 1 0 1 
  x  p  x  q  1.   1
1 1 1
 0.   abc. 1
 q x p x p q  b b b
1 1 1
1
  x  p  x  q  x  q    0  p  c c c

  x  p  x  q  x  p  q   R.H.S By R1  R3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x p q 1   1   1  
Hence p x q   x  p  x  q  x  p  q  a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
p q x  abc. 1
b b b
Question: (10) Prove that 1 1 1
1
1 a 1 1 c c c
 1 1 1
1 1 b 1  abc 1    
 a b c
1 1 1 c 1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 a 1 1  abc 1     1
 a b c b b b
Solution: L.H.S  1 1  b 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 c c c c

1 a 1 1 By C2  C1 and C2  C1 .
abc
 1 1 b 1
abc
1 1 1 c

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 16
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 1 1
1 0 0 Then B  3 2 1 exp anding by first row
 1 1 1 1 2  3 2
 abc 1     1 0
 a b c b 2 1 3 1 3 2
1  1.   1 .  1.
0 1 3 2 2 2 2 3
c
 1.  4   3   1. 6   2    1.  9  4 
 1 1 1  1.  4  3  1.  6  2  1.  13
 abc 1     1.1.1
 a b c  1.  1  1.8  13
 1  8  13  6  0
 1 1 1
 abc 1      R.H.S Thus B is non  singular
 a b c
3 2  3
1 a 1 1 (iii ) 3 6  3
 1 1 1 
Hence 1 1  b 1  abc 1      1 0 1 
 a b c
1 1 1 c 2 3  3
Solution: Let C  3 6  3
Question: (11) Identify singular and non-singular  1 0 1 
matrices.
3 2 3
7 1 3
6 Then C  3  3 expanding by first row
 2 
6
(i)  2
5 1 0 1
1 1 
6 3 3 3 3 6
7 1 3  3.  2.   3 .
1 1 1
Solution: Let A  6  2
0 1 0
2
5 1 1   3. 6  0  2.3  3  3.  0   6  

7 1 3  3. 6  2.  0  3.  6
Then A  6 2 2 expanding by first row  18  0 18  0
5 1 1 Thus C is singular
2 2 6 2 6 2 Question: (12) Find the value of  if A is singular
 7.  1.  3.
1 1 5 1 5 1 matrix. Where
 7.  2   2    1. 6   10    3.  6  10    1 0

A 1  1 
 7. 2  2  1.  6  10  3.  4  0 1   
 7. 4 1. 16  3.  4  28  16  12  0
  1 0
Thus A is singular Solution: Given A   1   1 

1 1 1  0 1   
(ii) 3  2 1
  1 0
 2  3 2  Then A  1   1 expanding by first row
1 1 1 0 1 

Solution: Let B  3  2 1  1 1 1 1 
 2  3 2     1.  0.
1  0  0 1

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 17
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 
   2  1     0   0   3     x2 3 4
  3  2  iii  2 x3 4 0
Since A is singular 2 3 x4
 A  0    3  2  0
x2 3 4
 
   2  2  0    0 or   2  0
2
Solution: Given 2 x3 4 0
   0 or  2  2 2 3 x4
   0 or    2
By R1  R2 and R2  R3
Question: (13) Solve for x
x 2 3 x x 0 1 1 0
(i) 0 1 1 9 0 x  x  0  x. x 0 1 1  0
0 4 5 2 3 x4 2 3 x4
x 2 3
Solution: Given 0 1 1 9 By C2  C1
0 4 5
1 0 0
exp anding by first column
 x 0 1 1  0
2
1 1 2 3 2 3
x  0.  0. 9 2 5 x4
4 5 4 5 1 1
 x  5  4  0  0  9 By C3  C2
 x  9  9  x 
9
9 1 0 0
 x  1 x 0 1 0  0  x 2 1.1. x  9   0
2

1 0 1 2 5 x9
(ii ) x 2
1 x  6
2 3 4  x2  x  9   0  x 2  0 or x  9  0

1 0 1  x  0 or x  9
Solution: Given x 2
1 x  6
Question:(14). Show that if inverse of a square
2 3 4
matrix exists, then it is unique.
exp anding by first row Solution: Let A be a square matrix and B, C are the
1 x x2 x x2 1 inverses of A.Then by definition
1.  0.  1.  6
3 4 2 4 2 3 AB  BA  I    1
 1.  4  3x   0  1. 3x 2  2  6   AC  CA  I     2 
Now B  B.I
 4  3x  3x2  2  6
 B  AC by eq  2
 3x 2  3x  6  6  0
 3x  x  1  0  3x  0 or x  1  0   BA C by associative property
 x  0 or x  1  I.C by eq 1
BC
Hence inverse of a square matrix if exist is unique.

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 18
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

0 2 2  15 7 3
Question:(15). Let 
A   1 3 2  . Find A1. Thus B   10 2 2 
 1 0 5   2 2 2 
 0 2 2 15 10 2
Solution: Given A   1 3 2 Adj of A  B  Adj of A   7 2 2
t

 1 0 5   3 2 2 
0 2 2 15 10 2
.Adj of A   7 2 2
11 1
A  1 3 2 Expanding by R1 A 
A 8
1 0 5  3 2 2 
3 2 1 2 1 3  15 10 2 
 0.  2.  2.  8 8 8
0 5 1 5 1 0 1
A   7  2  2
 0  2  5  2  2  0  3  8 8 8
 3 
 2 2
 2  7   2  3  14  6  8  8 8 8 

 A 0
Question:(16).
So A is non  singular and hence we can find A 1
3  1 1
Let B be the matrix of co factors, then Let A . Showthat | A1 |
4 2 | A|
 A11 A12 A13  3  1 
B   A 21 A 23  where A ij   1 M ij Solution: Given A  
i j
A 22
4 2 
 A31 A32 A33  3 1
A    3 2   1 4
3 2
A11   1 M11   1  1. 15  0   15
11 2 4 2
0 5  6  4  10  0
1 2 Thus A1 is possible.
A12   1 M12   1  1.  5  2   7
1 2 3

1 5
 2 1
Now Adj A  
A13   1
1 3
M13   1
4 1 3
 1.  0  3  3  4 3 
1 0
1 1  2 1
 A 1  Adj A  
A 21   1
2 1
M 21   1
3 2 2
 1. 10  0   10 A 10  4 3 
0 5
 2 1  1 1
0 2  10 10   5 10 
A 22   1 M 22   1  1.  0  2   2
2 2 4

1 5    
 4 3   2 3 
0 2  10 10   5 10 
A 23   1 M 23   1  1.  0  2   2
23 5

1 0 1 1
2 2 5 10  1   3   1   2 
A 31   1 M 31   1  1.  4  6   2 Now A1
3 1
       
4

2 
3 2 3  5   10   10   5 
0 2 5 10
A 32   1 M 32   1  1.  0  2   2
3 2 5

1 2 3 2 3 2 5 1
    
0 2 50 50 50 50 10
A 33   1 M 33   1  1.  0  2   2
3 3 6

1 3 1
A1  A  10
A

Question:(17). Verify that  AB   B 1 A1 if

1

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 19
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

2 3   1 1  (i ) ( A1 ) 1  A
A  , B   2 3
1 0    Solution:
2 3  1 1  Since A is non  singular matrix therefore A1 exists
Solution: Given A    , B   2 3
1 0    By definition
 2 3   1 1  AA1  A1 A  I
AB    
 A is theinverse of A1 but inverse of is denoted by  A1 
1
1 0   2 3
 2  1   3 2   2 1   3 3  Hence ( A1 ) 1  A
 
 1 1   0  2  11   0  3  (ii ) ( AB) 1  B 1 A1 .
 2  6 2  9   4 11 Solution: Since A and B are non singular matrices
  
 1  0 1  0   1 1  therefore A1 and B 1 exists
4 11
AB   4  11  15  0 By definition
1 1
( AB)  B 1 A1   A  BB 1  A1  A.I . A1  AA1  I  1
so  AB 
1
exists
B 1
A1  ( AB)  B 1  A1 A  B  B 1 .I .B  B 1 B  I   2 
1
 AB   AB 
1
 . Adj of  B 1 A1 is theinverse of AB but inverse of
AB
AB is denoted by ( AB) 1
1 1 11
 AB       1
1

15 1 4  Hence ( AB) 1  B 1 A1

2 3 Question:(19).
Now A   0  3  3  0  2 3
1 0 1 t t 1
Let A    . Verify that ( A )  ( A )
 1 1 
1 1  0 3
A1  Adj of A   
3  1 2  2 3
A Solution: Given A   
 1 1 
1 1
Now B   3  2  5  0 2 3
2 3 Now A   23 5  0
1 1
1 1  3 1
B 1  Adj of B    1 1 3
5  2 1
1
B A1  Adj of A  
A 5 1 2 
 1  3 1   1  0 3 

Now B 1 A1      .  3  1 2   1 3 
 5  2 1 
     A 1  
5 5
1 2 
1   3 0    1 1 3 3   1 2    5 5 
 
15  2  0    1 1  2  3   1 2   1 1 
1  0  1 9  2  A  1 t

 3
5 5
2 
   1

15  0  1 6  2   5 5
1 1 11  2 1
 B 1 A1      2  Now At   
15 1 4   3 1
From 1 and  2 weget 2 1
At   23 5  0
3 1
 AB 
1
 B 1 A  1
1  1 1
A  1
1
t
 Adj of At 
A t
5  3 2 
Question:(18). If A and B are non-singular matrices,
then show that Comparing 1 and  2 we get

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 20
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

A   A  1 0 0 1  R1  R2
1 t t 1

R 0 1 2 4 
0 0 5 7  R3  4 R2
EXERCISE 2.3
1 0 0 1 

R 0 1 2 4 
Question (1) Reduce each of the following matrices
to the indicated form 0 0 1  7 5 1 5  R3

1 3  1  1 0 0 1 
 i  2 1 4  Echelon form R 0 1 0 6 5  R2  2 R3
 required form.
3 4  5 0 0 1  7 5
Solution: Given matrix is
1 3  1  2  3 1
1 1 2
2 1 4   iii   Reduced echelon form
 
3 4  5  4 1 7 
we use row operations to get echelon form 2  3 1
1 3  1 Solution: Given matrix is 1 1 2
R 0  5 6  R2  2 R1  4 1 7 
0  5  2  R3  3R1 we use row operations to get rudced echelon form

1 3  1 1 1 2  R2  R1 1 1 2
R 0  5 6  R  2 3 1  R 0 5 3  R2  2 R1
0 0  8  R3  R2  4 1 7  0 3 1  R3  4 R1
required form 1 1 2 1 1 2
 2 3 1 9  R 0 5 3  R 0 1 1  R2  R3
  1 1 2 3 Reduced echelon form
ii 0 6 2   2  R3 0 6 2 
 3 1 3 2  3 R1  R2
1 0 1 0 3
 2 3 1 9  R 0 1 1  R 0 1 1 
Solution: Given matrix is 1 1 2 3
 3 1 3 2 
0 0 8  R3  6 R2 0 0
 8R
1  1
3

1 0 0  R1  3R3
R 0 1 0  R2  R3
we use row operations to get rudced echelon form
required form.
1 1 2 3 R2  R1 0 0 1 
R  2 3 1 9 
 3 1 3 2 
2  3 1
1 1 2 3 1 1 2
 iii  Reduced echelon form
R 0 5 5 15  R2  2 R1 
 4 1 7 
0 4 3 11  R3  3R1
 3 12
1 1 2 3 Solution: Given matrix is 1 1 2
R 0 1 2 4  R2  R3  4 1 7 
0 4 3 11 
we use row operations to get rudced echelon form

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 21
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 1 2  R2  R1 1 1 2  4 2 5 1 0 0 
R  2 3 1  R 0 5 3  R2  2 R1 
Then  A I    2 1 0 0 1 0 

 4 1 7  0 3 1  R3  4 R1  1 2 3 0 0 1 

1 1 2 1 1 2 we use row operations to get A1

R 0 5 3  R 0 1 1  R2  R3 1 2 3 0 0 1  R3  R1
 
0 6 2   2  R3 0 6 2  R  2 1 0 0 1 0
 4 2 5 1 0 0 
1 0 3 R1  R2 1 0 3
R 0 1 1  R 0 1 1   1 2 3 0 0 1  1 R1
 
0 0 8  R3  6 R2 0 0
 8R
1  1
3
R 2 1 0 0 1 0 
 4 2 5 1 0 0 
1 0 0  R1  3R3
R 0 1 0  R2  R3 required form. 1 2 3 0 0 1
 
0 0 1  R  0 5 6 0 1 2  R2  2 R1
 0 6 17 1 0 4  R3  4 R1

1 0 2 1 2 3 0 0 1
2  
 iv   1 1  Echelon form R  0 6 17 1 0 4 
3 2 3  0 5 6 0 1 2  R3  R2

Solution: Given matrix is 1 2 3 0 0 1

 
1 0 2 R 0 1 11 1 1 2  R2  R3
2 1 1  0 5 6 0 1 2 

3 2 3 1 2 3 0 0 1 
 
we use row operations to get echelon form R  0 1 11 1 1 2 
1 0 2   0 0 49 5 6 8  R3  5 R2
R 0 1 5  R2  2 R1  
1 0 19 2 2 3
0 2 9  R3  3R1
R 0 1 11 1 1 2  R1  2 R2
1 0 2   
R 0 1 5
0 0

1 5
49
6
49
8  1
49 
49 3
R 
0 0 1 R3  2 R2  3 16 5 
1 0 19 49 49 49  R1  19 R3
required form R 0 1 11 6 17 10  R  11R
 49 49 49  2 3
Question (2) 0 0 
1 5 6 8
Find the inverses of the following matrices by  49 49 49 
using elementary row operations.
 4  2 5
2 1 0 
i   
3 16 5 
 49 49 49 
 1 2 3  Hence A   6
1 17 10 
 49 49 49 
 4 2 5 5 6 8 
Solution: Let A   2 1 0  49 49 49 
 1 2 3   3 16 5
1 
1
Or A  6 17 10 
49 
 5 6 8 

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 22
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 1 2 3
 0 2 0 
3 1 6  iii   
 ii  1 3 4   2 2 2 
 1 5 1   1 2 3
 3 1 6 Solution: Let A   0 2 0 
Solution: Let A   1 3 4  2 2 2 
 1 5 1 1 2 3 1 0 0 
 
 3 1 6 1 0 0  Then  A I    0 2 0 0 1 0 
   2 2 2 0 0 1 
Then  A I    1 3 4 0 1 0 
 1 5 1 0 0 1 
we use row operations to get A1
we use row operations to get A1 1 2 3 1 0 0
 
1 3 4 0 1 0  R2  R1 R  0 1 0 0 1 2 0   1 2  R2
   0 2 4 2
R  3 1 6 1 0 0  0 1  R3  2 R1
 1 5 1 0 0 1 
1 0 3 1 1 0  R1  2 R2
 
1 3 4 0 1 0 R 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 
  0 0 4 2
R  0 10 6 1 3 0  R2  3R1 1 1  R3  2 R2
 0 8 5 0 1 1  R3  R1
1 0 3 1 1 0 
1 1 0  
3 4 0 R 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 
 
R 0

1 3 1
5 10
3 0 1
10 

 R
10 2  0 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 4   1 4  R3

 0 8 5 0 1 1  1 0 0 1 2 1 4  3 4  R1  3R3
 
1 1 2
0
3 R 0 1 0 0 0 
0 11 1
 5 10 10  R1  3R2 0 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 
R 0 1 3 1 3 0
 5 10 10   1 2 1 4  3 4 
 7  R  8R2
Hence A   0 0 
1 4 1
 0 0
5 5 5
1 3
 1 2
1  1 2 1 4 1 4 
0 11 3 1 0
 5 10 10 
1 2 1
R 0 3 1 3 0
A  0 1 3 
1

0
5 10 10   iv 
0 1 4 7 5  5R3 1 0 2 
 
 17 31 11 R1  115 R3 1 2 1
1  Solution: Let A  0 1 3 
0 0 2 2
R 0 1 0  5 9  3  R2  3 R3
 2 2  5 1 0 2 
0 0 1 4 7 5
  1 2 1 1 0 0 
 
 17 31 11 Then  A I   0 1 3 0 1 0 
 2 2  1 0 2 0 0 1 
1
Hence A   5 9  3
 2 2  we use row operations to get A1
 4 7 5
  1 2 1 1 0 0 
 
R  0 1 3 0 1 0   1 R2
 0 2 3 1 0 1  R3  R1

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 23
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 0 5 1 2 0  R1  2 R2 1 1 2 R3  R1
 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0  R 0 2 1 
0 0 3 1 2 1  R3  2 R2
3 1 4
1 0 5 1 2 0  1 1 2 
 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0  R 0 2 1
0 0 1 1 3 2 3 1 3  1 3  R3 0 4 2 R3  3R1
1 0 0 5 3 4 3 5 3  R1  5 R3 1 1 2 
 
R 0 1 0 1 1 1  R2  3R3 R 0 2 1
0 0 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 0 0 0  R3  2 R2
 5 3 4 3 5 3 
Hence A   1 1
1 1  Which is in echelon form. Since the
 1 3 2 3 1 3 number of non zero rows in this case is 2,
Question (3) Thus Rank  2
Find the ranks of each of the following matrices.
2 3 4 5 
1 0  2 3 4 5 6 
i   2 1  Question(4) Find rank of the matrix  
 2 4 5 6 7 
 1 2 3   
9 10 11 12
1 0  2

Solution: Given matrix is  2 2 1  2 3 4 5 
3 4 5 6 
 1 2 3  Solution: Given matrix is  
4 5 6 7 
we use row operations to get echelon form  
9 10 11 12 
1 0  2
R 0 2 5  R2  2 R1  3 4 5 6  R2  R1 1 1 1 1  R1  R2
0 2 1  R3  R1 2 3 4 5  2 3 4 5 
R  R  
1 0  2 4 5 6 7  4 5 6 7 
   
R 0 2 5  9 10 11 12  9 10 11 12 
0 0  4  R3  R2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Which is in echelon form. Since the 0 1 2 3 R2  2 R1 0 1 2 3 
number of non zero rows in this case is 3, R R
0 1 2 3 R3  4 R1 0 0 0 0  R3  R2
Thus Rank  3    
0 1 2 3 R4  9 R1 0 0 0 0  R4  R2

3 1  4  Which is echelon form of given matrix. Since number of

  0 2 1
ii
1  1  2  non-zero rows in echelon form is 2.

3 1  4   Rank  2
Solution: Given matrix is 0 2 1
1  1  2  EXERCISE 2.4
we use row operations to get echelon form

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 24
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Question(1) 3 1
A31  (1)31  1.(12  1)  11
Solve the following systems of equations 1 4
by matrix method. 4 1
A32  (1)3 2  1.(16  2)  18
(i) 4 x  3 y  z  11 2 4
2 x  y  4z  1 4 3
A33  (1)3 3  1. (4  6)  10
x  2 y  2z  1 2 1
Solution: Given system can be written in matrix form as 6  4 11 
 4 3 1   x  11 So adj A  0  9 18
 2 1 4  y    1 3  11 10 
    
1 2 2  z   1  1
A1  Adj A
 4 3 1   x 11 A
Let A   2 1 4  , X   y  and B   1 6  4 11 
1 
1 2 2  z   1   0  9 18
27 
3  11 10 
then AX  B or X  A1B  1 Put values of A1 and B in equation 1
We have to find A1  x 6  4 11  11
4 3 1  y   1 0  9 18  1
  27   
Now A  2 1 4  z  3  11 10   1 
1 2 2  6 11   4  1  111 
4 4 1  
 0 11   9  1  181 
1 2 2 1
 4.   3 .  1. 
2 2 1 2 1 2 27  
 311   11 1  10 1 
 4. 2  8  3.  4  4  1.  4 1
 66  4  11 
 4  6  3  0  13 
1 
0  9  18 
27 
 24  3  27  0 33  11  10
Thus A1 exists. Now we find cofactors
 1 
We know that Aij   1  27  81 
i j
M ij thus,
 81    3
 1 
4 1  
   27  
1 1
A11  (1)11  1.(2  8)  6  27
2 2 27    27 
 54     2 
1
  54  
2 4
A12  (1)1 2  1.(4  4)  0  27 
1 2
Hence x  3, y  1, z  2
1 3 2 1
A13  (1)  1.(4  1)  3 (ii ) x  y  z 1
1 2
x  y  2z  3
3 1
A21  (1) 21  1.(6  2)  4 2x  y  z  2
2 2
Solution:
4 1
A22  (1) 2  2  1.(8  1)  9 Given system can be written in matrix form as
1 2
1 1 1   x  1 
3 1 1 2  y    3
23 4
A23  (1)  1.(8  3)  11
1 2 
 2 1 1   z   2

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 25
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 1 1  x 1   3 0 3
Let A  1 1 2 , X   y  and B   3
   1 
  5 1 3
3
 2 1 1   z   2  1 1 0
Put values of A1 and B in equation 1
then AX  B or X  A1B  1  3 0 3 1 
X    5 1 3  3 
1 1
We have to find A
3
1 1 1  1 1 0  2
Now A  1 1 2  3 06   3
1  1 
2 1 1    5  3  6     2 
3 3
1 2 1 2 1 1  1  3  0   2 
 1.  1.  1.
1 1 2 1 2 1  1   
 1.1  2 1. 1  4  1. 1  2  3  5  1   3  3    1
  x  
    2     y    
1 2
 3  0
 3   3
Thus A1 exists. Now we find cofactors    z   
We know that Aij   1
i j
M ij thus,
  1  2   2 
 3   3 
1 2 2 2
A11  (1)11  1.(1  2)  3  x  1, y  ,z  
1 1 3 3
1 2 Question(2) Solve the following system of equations
A12  (1)1 2  1.(1  4)  5
2 1 by the Gauss elimination method
1 1 and Gauss – Jordan method.
A13  (1)1 3  1.(1  2)  1
2 1 (i ) x  y  4z  4
1 1 2x  2 y  z  2
A21  (1) 2 1  1.(1  1)  0
1 1 3 x  2 y  3z  3
1 1 Solution: By echelon form
A22  (1) 2  2  1.(1  2)  1
2 1 The augmented matrix of the given system is

A23  (1) 2  3
1 1
 1.(1  2)  1  1 1 4 4
 
2 1 Ab   2 2 1 2
1 1  3 2 3 3
A31  (1)31  1.(2  1)  3
1 2
1 1 4 4
1 1  
A32  (1)3 2  1.(2  1)  3 R 0 4 9  6  R2  2 R1
1 2 0 1 9 15 R3  3R1
1 1
A33  (1)3 3  1. (1  1)  0 1 1 4 4
1 1  
R 0 1 9 15 R3  R2
 3 0 3 0 4 9  6 
So adj A   5 1 3
 1 1 0  1 1 4 4
 
R 0 1 9 15 
1
A1  Adj A 0 0 27 54  R3  4 R2
A
From R3 : 0.x  0. y  27.z  54

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 26
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

2
 27 z  54  z  54 z2  2
1
27 1 2 2 
R 0 1
1
From R2 : 0.x  1. y  9.z  15
3 
 8 2
  R  18R2
 y  9  2  15  y 18  15 0 0  4
1  1 3

 y  15  18  y  3 1
From R3 : 0.x  0. y   .z  1
From R1 : 1.x 1. y  4.z  4 4
 x  3  4  2  4  x  3  8  4 1
   4  z  1 4   z  4
 x  5  4  x  4  5  x  1
4
Hence solution is x  1, y  3, z  2 3 1
From R2 : 0.x  1. y  .z  
8 2
For reduced echelon form
1 0 5 11 R1  R2  y 2
3
 4    12  y  32   12
1

  8
R 0 1 9 15
1 3 1  3
0 0 1 2  1 R  y   y
27 3 2 2 2
1 0 1 R1  5 R3
2
0 4
  y  2
R 0 1 0 3  R2  9 R3 1
2
0 0 1 2  From R1 : 1.x  2. y  2.z  2
From R1 : 1.x  0. y  0.z  1  x  1  x  2  2  2  4  2  x  4  8  2
From R2 : 0.x  1. y  0.z  3  y  3  x4  2  x  24  x  6
From R3 : 0.x  0. y  1.z  2  z  2 Hence solution is x  6, y  2, z  4
Hence solution is x  1, y  3, z  2 For reduced echelon form
(ii) 2x  4 y  z  0 1 0  5 
 4 1  R  2R
x  2 y  2z  2 
1 2

R 0 1 3 1 
 5 x  8 y  3z  2  8 2
0 0 1 4   4  R3
Solution: By echelon form  
The augmented matrix of the given system is R  5 R3
1 0 0 6 1 4
 2 4 1 0  
  R 0 1 0 2  R2  3 R
Ab   1 2 2 2 8 3
0 0 1 4
 5 8 3 2 
From R1 : 1.x  0. y  0.z  6  x  6
 1 2 2 2  R2  R1
  From R2 : 0.x  1. y  0.z  2  y  2
R  2 4 1 0
From R3 : 0.x  0. y  1.z  4  z  4
 5 8 3 2 
Hence solution is x  6, y  2, z  4
1 2 2 2
 
R 0 8 3 4  R2  2 R1 Question (3) Use Cramer’s rule to solve the following
0 18 7 8  R3  5 R1 system of equations
 1 2 2 2 i  x  2 y  4
 
R 0 1
3

1 1
R2 3x  y  5
 8 2 8 2 x  z  1
 0 18 7 8 
 Solution: Given system can be written in matrix form as

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 27
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 2 0   x   4   1. 1  0  2  3  10  4  0  2
 3 1 0   y    5
      1  2  7   4  2   1  14  8  21
 2 0 1   z   1
A1 14
1 2 0  x  4 Now x    2
A 7
Let A   3 1 0  , X   y  , B   5
   
A2 7
 2 0 1   z   1 y  1
A 7
1 2 0
A3 21
Now A  3 1 0 z  3
A 7
2 0 1
Hence solution is x  2, y  1, z  3
1 0 3 0 3 1
 1.   2   0.  ii  x  y  2 z  10
0 1 2 1 2 0
2 x  y  2 z  4
 1.1  0  2 3  0  0  1  6  7  0
3x  y  z  7
Thus solution exists Solution: Given system can be written in matrix form as
 4 2 0
1 1 2  x   10
Let A1   5 1 0  2 1 2   y    4 
 1 0 1      
 3 1 1   z   7 
4 2 0
1 1 2  x  10
Now A1  5 1 0
Let A   2 1 2  , X   y  , B   4 
   
1 0 1
 3 1 1   z   7 
1 0 5 0 5 1
 4.   2   0. 1 1 2
0 1 1 1 1 0
Now A  2 1 2
 4.1  0  2  5  0  0  4  10  14 3 1 1
1 4 0  1 2 2 2 2 1
Let A2   3 5 0   1.   1  2.
1 1 3 1 3 1
 2 1 1 
 1.1  2  1. 2  6  2  2  3  1. 3  1. 8  2  1
1 4 0
 38 2  9  0
Now A2  3 5 0 Thus solution exists
2 1 1
10 1 2 
 1.
5 0
  4 
3 0
 0.
3 5 Let A1   4 1 2 
1 1 2 1 2 1  7 1 1 
 1. 5  0  4 3  0  0  5  12  7 10 1 2
1 2 4  Now A1  4 1 2
Let A3   3 1 5 7 1 1
 2 0 1 1 2 4 2 4 1
 10.   1 .  2.
1 2 4 1 1 7 1 7 1
Now A3  3 1 5  10.1  2  1.  4  14  2.  4  7 
2 0 1
 10. 3  1. 10  2.  11  30  10  22  18
1 5 3 5 3 1
 1.   2    4  .
0 1 2 1 2 0
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 28
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1 10 2 1 1 1
Let A2   2 4 2 
 A  1 2 1
 3 7 1  2 1 3
1 10 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
 1.   1 .  1.
Now A2  2 4 2 1 3 2 3 2 1
3 7 1  1.  6  1  1. 3  2 3  1. 1  4

 1.
4 2
 10.
2 2
 2.
2 4  1. 7   1.5  1.  3  7  5  3  9  0
7 1 3 1 3 7
Thus the given system of equations has trivial solution
 1. 4  14 10.  2  6  2. 14  12  ii  x1  x2  2 x3  0
 1. 10 10. 8  2.  26   10  80  52  18  2 x1  x2  x3  0
1 1 10  x1  5 x2  4 x3  0
Let A3   2 1 4  Solution: x1  x2  2x3  0  1
 3 1 7 
2x1  x2  x3  0   2
1 1 10
 x1  5x2  4x3  0  3
Now A3  2 1 4
 1 1 2
3 1 7
Here A   2 1 1
1 4 2 4 2 1
 1.   1 .  10.  1 5 4 
1 7 3 7 3 1
1 1 2
 1. 7  4  1. 14  12  10  2  3
Now A  2 1 1
 1. 11  1.  26  10  1  11  26  10  27 1 5 4
A1 18 1 1 2 1 2 1
Now x   2  1.  1.  2.
A 9 5 4 1 4 1 5

y
A2

18
 2  1. 4  5 1.  8 1  2.  10  1
 1. 9  1.  9  2.  9  9  9  18  0
A 9
A3
27
z  3 Thus the given system of equations has non trivial
A 9
solution i.e infinite number of solutions 
Hence solution is x  2, y  2, z  3
Subtracting eq  2 from eq 1
Question (4) Solve the following system of
homogeneous equations. x1  x2  2 x3  0

i  x1  x2  x3  0 2 x1  x2 x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0 3 x1  3 x3  0
2 x1  x2  3x3  0  3 x1   3 x3  x1   x3
Solution: x1  x2  x3  0  1
Adding eq 1 and eq 3
x1  2x2  x3  0   2
x1  x2  2 x3  0
2 x1  x2  3x3  0  3
 x1  5 x2  4 x3  0
1 1 1
6 x2  6 x3  0
Here A  1 2 1
 6 x2   6 x3  x2   x3
 2 1 3
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 29
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Let x3  t where t  Subtracting eq 3 from eq 1

Hence x1  t , x2   t , x3  t where t  x1  5 x2  3x3  0
 x1  2 x2  x3  0
Question(5) For what value of  the following system of
homogeneous equations has a non  trivial solution. 3x2  2 x3  0

Solve the system. 2

 3x2  2 x3  x2   x3
x1  5 x2  3x3  0 3
5 x1  x2   x3  0 Let x3  t where t 
x1  2 x2   x3  0 1 2
Hence x1  t , x2   t , x3  t where t 
3 3
1 5 3
Solution: Here A  5 1  
1 2   EXERCISE 2.5
1 5 3
Question: (1) Choose the correct options
Now A  5 1 
1 2  7a  5b 3c
i  If  0, then which one of the following is correct?
1  5  5 1 1 2
 1.  5.  3.
2  1  1 2 a 14a  3c  5b b 14a  3c  5b
 1.    2   5. 5     3. 10 1
c 14a  3c  10b d  14a  10b  3c
 1. 3   5.  6   3. 9  3  30  27
 27  27 7a  5b 3c
Explanation :  0  2  7 a  5b    1 .3c
Since the given system of equations has 1 2
non trivial solution
 14a  10b  3c  0  14a  3c  10b
 A 0
 27  27  0  27  27  A11 A12 A13 

 
27
  1
 ii  If A   A21 A22 A23  and Aij is the cofactor of aij in A.
27  A31 A32 A33 
Put value of  in given system of equations, we get.
x1  5 x2  3x3  0  1
The the value of A is given by
5 x1  x2  x3  0   2
x1  2 x2  x3  0   3 a a11 A31  a12 A32  a13 A33 b  a11 A11  a12 A21  a13 A31
Multiplying eq  2 by 5 and subtracting from eq 1
c a21 A11  a22 A12  a23 A13 d  a11 A11  a21 A21  a31 A31
x1  5 x2  3 x3  0
 25 x1  5 x2 5 x3  0  2 
 iii  If A    and A  125 then the value of  is....
3

 24 x1  8 x3  0 2 

8
1  a   1 b  2 c 3 d  5
  24 x1  8 x3  x1  3
x3
24
 2 
Explanation : A     A  4
2

 x1 
1
x3  2  
3

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 30
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Also A3  125, but A  A3   2  4   125  20  5 25  6 5  1   5 

3 3

  24  5 30  6 6  1 4 

  2  4  5   2  9    3  8  0 10  0 2  0   1 

 iv  If A  47, the find At  15 31 6   5   75  124  6   193

  19 36 7   4   95  144  7    232 
 a   47  b  47 c 0 d  Can not be determined  8 10 2   1   40  40  2   78 

Explanation : A  At Question:(3)
1 2 2 
v If det  A  5, then find det 15 A where A is of order 2  2. Prove that A   2 1 2 satisfies A2  4 A  5I  0.
a 225  b  75 c 375 d  1125  2 2 1 

Explanation : Since det   A   n .det  A 1 2 2 

Solution: Given A   2 1 2
where order of A is n  n.  2 2 1 
Also A2  4 A  5I  0  1
 det 15 A   15  .5  225.5  det 15 A   1125
2

1 2 2
3 0 We are to show that eq 1 is satisfied by A   2 1 2
 vi  If A   n
 , then find A ,  where n  N 
0 3  2 2 1 
1 2 2  1 2 2 
3n 0  3 0 1 0 
a  0 3n   b  0 3 c d  A  A. A   2 1 2   2 1 2 
n 2
3   I 22
    0 1 
 2 2 1   2 2 1 
3 0 3 0 1  4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2  9 8 8 
Explanation : A2  A. A    
0 3 0 3   2  2  4 4  1  4 4  2  2   A2  8 9 8
 2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1  8 8 9
9  0 0  0  9 0  1 0 
 A2       9  Replacing A2 , A and I in eq 1 .
0  0 0  9  0 9  0 1 
9 8 8  1 2 2 1 0 0 
1 0  1 0  8 9 8   4  2 1 2   5  0 1 0   0
 A2  32    An  3n        
0 1  0 1  8 8 9  2 2 1  0 0 1 
Question: (2) Express the following as a single matrix 9 8 8   4 8 8   5 0 0 
 8 9 8  8 4 8   0 5 0   0
 5 1  5
 6 1  4 5 1  4 8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 
  5 6 1    9  4  5 8  8  0 8  8  0 
 2 0    1 
   8  8  0 9  4  5 8  8  0   0
8  8  0 8  8  0 9  4  5
 5 1  5
   4 5 1  
Solution: Given  6 1  4 0 0 0
5 6 1   
 2 0    1   0 0 0  0  0  0 satisfied.
0 0 0

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 31
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Question:(4)  2 A  B 2  58
 2 1 3  4 0 1
If A  0 4 6 and B   2 0 3  . Find 2 A  B 2 Question:(5)
7 2 1   1 2 4  Using properties of determinants, prove that

 2 1 3  4 0 1 a 2  2a 2a  1 1
Solution: Given A  0 4 6 and B   2 0 3  2a  1 a  2 1   a  1
3

7 2 1   1 2 4  3 3 1

 2 1 3 4 2 6 a 2  2a 2a  1 1
2 A  2 0 4 6  2 A   0 8 12  Solution: L.H.S  2a  1 a2 1
7 2 1  14 4 2  3 3 1

 4 0 1  4 0 1 a 2  1 a  1 0 R1  R2  a  1 a  1 a  1 0

B  B.B   2 0 3   2 0 3 
2
 2a  2 a  1 0 R2  R3  2  a  1 a 1 0
 1 2 4   1 2 4  3 3 1 3 3 1

 16  0  1 0  0  2 4  0  4  Taking  a  1 common from R1 and R2

  8  0  3 0  0  6 2  0  12
 4  4  4 0  0  8 1  6  16  a 1 1 0 a  1 0 0 R1  R2
  a  1 a  1 2 1 0   a  1 2
2
1 0
17 2 8 3 3 1 3 3 1
 B   5 6 10 
2

 4 8 23    a  1
2
 a 1.1.1   a  1
3
 R.H.S

 4 2 6  17 2 8 a 2  2a 2a  1 1
Now 2 A  B   0 8 12   5 6 10  2a  1 a  2 1   a  1
2 3
Hence
14 4 2   4 8 23  3 3 1

 4  17 2  2 6  8   13 4 14   3 1 1
Question:(6) If A   t

  0  5 8  6 12  10  2 A  B   5 2
  2
2   , then show that AA
0 1 2 
14  4 4  8 2  23   18 4 21 and At A are both symmetric.

13 4 14  3 1 1
Solution: Given A   
Now 2 A  B  5 2
2
2 0 1 2 
18 4 21
 3 0
3 1 1
t

5 2 5 2 A   
  A   1 1
t t
2 2
 13 4  14  0 1 2 
4 21 18 21 18 4  1 2

 13 42  8  4 105  36  14  20  36  3 0

3 1 1     9  1  1 0  1  2
Now AAt     1 1   
 13 34  4  69  14  16 0 1 2   1 2 0  1  2 0  1  4
 
 442  276  224  442  500
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 32
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

11 1 Aij   1 M ij  1

i j
 AAt   
 1 5 
0 1
A11   1 M 11   1  1.  0  4   4
11 2

11 1 11 1

t
4 3
Now  AA 
t t
  AAt   
t
  
 1 5   1 5 
1 1
A12   1 M 12   1  1.  3  4   1
1 2 3

  AA 
t t
 AA t 4 3

1 0
A13   1 M 13   1  1.  4  0   4
Hence AAt is symmetric. 1 3 4

4 4
 3 0  9  0 3  0 3  0
  3 1 1 
Now A A   1 1  
t
   3 0 1  1 1  2  A21   1
2 1
M 21   1
3 3 3
 1.  9  12   3
 0 1 2   3  0 1  2 1  4  4 3
 1 2  
 9 3 3 4 3
A22   1 M 22   1  1.  12  12   0
2 2
 A A   3 2 1 
4
t
4 3
 3 1 5 
4 3
A23   1 M 23   1  1.  16  12   4
23 5

 9 3 3  9 3 3
t
4 4
 3 2 1   At A t   3 2 1 
     
t
Now At
A   
 3 1 5   3 1 5  3 3
A31   1 M 31   1  1.  3  0   3
3 1 4

0 1
  At A  At A
t
Hence At A is symmetric.
4 3
A32   1 M 32   1  1.  4  3  1
3 2 5

1 1
4 3 3
Question:(7) If A   1 0 1 , prove that A1  A 4 3
A33   1 M 33   1  1.  0  3  3
3 3 6

 4 4 3 1 0

4 3 3  A11 A21 A31   4 3 3

Solution: Given A   1 0 1 Now adjA   A12 A22 A32   adjA   1 0 1 

 4 4 3  A13 A23 A33   4 4 3 
4 3 3  4 3 3  4 3 3
adjA   1 0 1     1 0 1 
A  1 0 1 Expanding by R1 11 1  
A 
4 4 3 A 1
 4 4 3   4 4 3 

0 1 1 1 1 0
4 3 3 4 3 3
4 3 4 3 4 4  A   1 0 1
1
 A1  A
 4 4 3
 4  0  4  3  3  4  3  4  0 

4 3
 4  4  3  1  3  4   16  3  12 Question: (8) If A    , the find A  10 A
1

 2 1 
 A  1  0  A1 exists
4 3
Solution: Given A   
Now we find all cofactors  2 1
Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 33
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

4 3   3  2   2  1   4  3  1  1  1
A   4 1   3 2   4  6  10  0
2 1
 A  3  0  A1 exists
Thus A1 exists. Thus A1 exists. Now we find cofactors

1 1 1 3 We know that Aij   1

i j
A1  adjA  A1   M ij thus,
A 10  2 4 
3 1
A11   1 M 11   1  1.  3  2   1
11 2
 4 3 1 3  4  1 3  3 2 1
   
 2 1  2 4   2  2 1  4 
2 1
A12   1 M 12   1  1.  2  1  1
1 2 3
5 0  1 1
 A  10 A1   
0 5 
2 3
A13   1 M 13   1  1.  4  3  1
1 3 4
Question:(9) 1 2
Solve the system x  y  z  4
1 1
A21   1 M 21   1  1.  1  2   3
2 1 3
2x  3y  z  2
2 1
 x  2 y  z  1
1 1
A22   1 M 22   1  1.  1  1  0
2 2 4
by using the following methods:
1 1
i  Matrix inversion ii  Gauss Elimination
1 1
A23   1 M 23   1  1.  2  1  3
23 5

iii  Gauss Jordon iv  Cramer's Rule 1 2

Solution: Matrix inversion 1 1

A31   1 M 31   1  1. 1  3  4
3 1 4

3 1
Given system can be written in matrix form as
 1 1 1   x  4  A32   1
3 2
M 32   1
5 1 1
 1. 1  2   1
 2 3 1   y    2  2 1
    
 1 2 1  z   1
1 1
A33   1 M 33   1  1.  3  2   5
3 3 6
1 1 1  x 4 2 3
Let A   2 3 1  , X   y  and B   2 
   
 1 2 1  z   1  A11 A21 A31  1 3 4 
Now adjA   A12 A22 A32   adjA  1 0 1 
then AX  B or X  A1B  1  A13 A23 A33  1 3 5
1
We have to find A
1 3 4 
adjA  A1  1 0 1 
1 1
A1 
1 1 1 A 3
1 3 5
A  2 3 1 Expanding by R1
1 2 1
Put values of A, B and X in eq 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
 1.  1.  1.
2 1 1 1 1 2

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 34
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

 x 1 3 4   4   4  6  4 1 1 1 4 
 y   1 1 0 1   2   1  4  0  1   
  3   3  R 0 5 1  6  R2  2 R1
 z  1 3 5  1  4  6  5  0 3 0 3  R3  R1

1 1 1 4
x  6  1 3 6   2   
1    3  R3  R2
  y    3    1 3 3   1 
  R 0 3 0
3  0 5 1 6 
 z   3   1 3 3  1 
1 1 1 4
 x  2, y  1, z  1  
R 0 1 0 1  1 3  R2
0 5 1 6 
ii  Gauss Elimination
1 1 1 4
By echelon form  
R 0 1 0 1
The augmented matrix of the given system is  0 0 1 1 R3  5 R2
1 1 1 4
  1 0 1 3 R1  R2
Ab   2 3 1 2
 
 1 2 1 1 R 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1   1 R3
1 1 1 4 
 
R 0 5 1  6  R2  2 R1
1 0 1 2  R1  R3
0 3 0 3  R3  R1  
R 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 4 0 0 1 1 
 
R 0 3 0 3  R3  R2
 0 5 1 6  From R1 : 1.x  0. y  0.z  2  x  2
From R2 : 0.x  1. y  0.z  1  y  1
1 1 1 4
  From R1 : 0.x  0. y  1.z  1  z  1
R 0 1 0 1  1 3  R2
0 5 1 6  Hence solution is x  2, y  1, z  1
1 1 1 4
  iv  Cramer's Rule
R 0 1 0 1
 0 0 1 1 R3  5 R2 Given system can be written in matrix form as
From R3 : 0.x  0. y 1.z  1   z  1  z  1 1 1 1   x  4 
From R2 : 0.x  1. y  0.z  1  y  1 2 3 1   y    2 

From R1 : 1.x  1. y  1.z  4  x  1  1  4  x  4  2  2  1 2 1  z   1
Hence solution is x  2, y  1, z  1 1 1 1  x 4
iii  Gauss Jordon Let A   2 3 1  , X   y  and B   2 
  
 1 2 1  z   1
For reduced echelon form
1 1 1
The augmented matrix of the given system is A  2 3 1 Expanding by R1
1 1 1 4 1 2 1
 
Ab   2 3 1 2
 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3
 1.  1.  1.
2 1 1 1 1 2

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad
 Chapter No. 2 35
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

  3  2   2  1   4  3  1  1  1 A3 3
z  1
A 3
 A  3  0  solution exists
Hence solution is x  2, y  1, z  1
Thus solution exists
4 1 1
Let A1   2 3 1 
 1 2 1
4 1 1
Now A1  2 3 1
1 2 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
 4.  1.  1.
2 1 1 1 1 2
 4. 3  2  1.  2  1  1.  4  3
 4.1 1. 1  11  4  1  1  6
1 4 1
Let A2   2 2 1 
 1 1  1
1 4 1
Now A2  2 2 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 2 2
 1.  4.  1.
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1. 2  1  4.  2  1  1.  2  2
 1  4. 1  0  1  3
1 1 4
Let A3   2 3 2
 1 2  1
1 1 4
Now A3  2 3 2
1 2 1
3 2 2 2 2 3
 1.  1.  4.
2 1 1 1 1 2
 1.3  4 1. 2  2  4.  4  3
 1. 1 1.  0  4 1  0  4  3
A1 6
Now x   2
A 3
A2 3
y  1
A 3

Muhammad Ishfaq
HOD Mathematics
PMDC Boys Hayatabad