leqcia 7. $37.

impulsis da Zalis momenti

Tu m masis nawilaks aTvlis inerciul
 
sistemaSi gaaCnia p = m impulsi da misi
mdebareoba 0 aTvlis wertilis mimarT

ganisazRvreba r radius-veqtoriT, maSin misi
impulsis momenti 0 wertilis mimarT gamoiTvleba
radius-veqtorisa da impulsis veqtoruli namravlis
saxiT:
  
L = r  p (37.1)
impulsis momenti veqtoruli sididea da misi
mimarTuleba
ganisazRvreba marjvena
xelis wesiT. Tu
nawilaki moZraobs
 naxazis sibrtyeSi (nax.
 
 p 37.1), L modebuli iqneba
L 0 wertilSi da

0
r  mimarTuli iqneba am
sibrtyisadmi
m marTobulad mkiTx-
naxazi 37.1 velisken.
(37.1)-is Tanaxmad,
L = rp sin  = p, (37.2)
sadac  = r sin warmoadgens 0 wertilidan
nawilakis impulsis (siCqaris) mimarTulebaze
daSvebuli marTobis sigrZes – mas impulsis
momentis mxari ewodeba. impulsis momentis
erTeulia kgm2/wm.
Tu nawilaki 0 wertilis mimarT wrfivad
moZraobs (nax. 37.2a), maSin  = const da Tu moZraoba
Tanabarwrfivia impulsis momentic mudmivia.
wrewirze mbrunavi nawilakisTvis Tu AaTvlis
wertilad aviRebT wrewiris 0 centrs (nax. 37.2b),
maSin  = r = const (=900). Tanabari brunvisas

L = const .
 
 p m

r 
m   p
r L 0
 
L =r

0
a. b.
naxazi 37.2
rodesac m masis nawilakze moqmedebs
 
F = ma Zala, maSin am Zalis momenti raime 0
wertilis mimarT radius-veqtorisa da Zalis
veqtoruli namravlis tolia
  

M = rF .
.  (37.3)
misi mimarTulebac marjvena xelis wesiT ganisaz-

Rvreba. Tu F imyofeba naxazis sibrtyeSi (nax. 37.3),

maSin M modebulia 0 wertilSi da mimarTulia
sibrtyis marTobulad qveviT.
(37.3)-is Tanaxmad M = rF sin  = F , sadac
 = r sin  Zalis mxaria. is aTvlis 0 wertilidan
Zalis moqmedebis wrfeze daSvebuli marTobis
sigrZis tolia. Zalis momenti axasiaTebs Zalis
SesaZleblobas gamoiwvios nawilakis brunviTi
moZraoba mocemuli wertilis mimarT, ris gamoc mas
mabrunebel momentsac uwodeben. misi erTeulia 1n.m
impulsis da Zalis momentebi krebadi
sidideebia. e.i. nawilakTa sistemis SemTxvevaSi:
   
L =  Li , M =  M i .
gadataniTi moZraobis ZiriTadi gantoleba
amyarebs kavSirs nawilakis impulssa da masze
 dp
moqmed ZalTa tolqmeds Soris F = . SevecadoT
dt
miviRoT analogiuri gantoleba brunviTi
moZraobisTvis. am mizniT gavawarmooT (37.1)
    
dL d r  p  dr     dp   
=
 
=   p + r   =   p + r  F  
dt dt  dt   dt  ,
 
sadac   p = 0 (radgan
 
  p ), (37.3)-is
m gaTvaliswinebiT vRebu-
 lobT:
0 r 
  dL
  M = .
M  dt (37.4)
F
(37.4) brunviTi
naxazi 37.3 moZraobis ZiriTadi
gantolebaa, romlis Tanax-
madac
aTvlis inerciul sistemaSi nawilakze moqmedi
Zalis momenti raime wertilis mimarT tolia amave
wertilis mimarT impulsis momentis cvlilebis
siCqaris.
Tu nawilaki moZraobs centralur ZalTa velSi
radgan centraluri Zala mimarTulia radius-

veqtoris gaswvriv, sin=0 da M = 0 , maSin (37.4)-is

Tanaxmad L = const , e.i.
centralur ZalTa velSi nawilakis impulsis
momenti inaxeba.

$38. impulsis momentis mudmivobis kanoni

ori nawilakisgan Sedgenili sistemisTvis
dinamikis ZiriTadi gantoleba ase Caiwereba:

 dp1  
 dt = F12 + F1

   
(38.1)
 dp1 = F + F
 dt 21 2
gantolebaTa orive mxare veqtorulad gavamravloT
Sesabamis radius-
 
F F veqtorebze:
 
 d r1  p1   
12 21

m1 m2
 dt = r1  F12 
+
 
r1  F1
     
 d r2  p2  = r  F + r  F
   
r1 r2  
0  dt
2 21 2 2

naxazi 38.1. da wevrobriv SevkriboT.

niutonis III kanonis
 
Tanaxmad F12 = − F21 , Sesabamisad maTi mabrunebeli
momentebi nebismieri 0 wertilis mimarT sididiT
toli da sapirispiroa (nax. 38.1). 
r1  F12 = − r2  F21

  

amitom maTi jami nulis tolia. amitom miviRebT:
   
d r1  p1  d r2  p2   
dt
+
dt
    
= r1  F1 + r2  F2
   
dL1 dL2   dL1 dL2  
anu + = M1 + M 2 + = M1 + M 2
dt dt dt dt
impulsisa da Zalis momentebis Sekrebadobis gamo
(38.3) ase Caiwereba

dL 
= M gare , (38.2)
dt
 
Tu sistema Caketilia M gare = 0 da L = const.
d
esSedegi SeiZleba ganvavrcoT nawilakTa
sistemaze: da CamovayalibiT impulsis momentis
mudmivobis kanoni:
➢ Tu nawilakTa sistema Caketilia misi
impulsis momenti inaxeba.

$39. myari sxeulis masaTa centris moZraoba

xSir SemTxvevaSi dasmuli amocana Txoulobs
sxeulis formisa da zomebis gaTvaliswinebas. aseT
dros amocana martivdeba Tu saZiebel sidideTa
mniSvneloba araa damokidebuli sxeulis drekad
Tvisebebze. maSin SesaZlebelia sxeulis, rogorc
absoluturad myari obieqtis ganxilva, rac imas
niSnavs, rom ugulebelyofilia yovelgvari
deformaciis SesaZlebloba. Cven ganvixilavT
mxolod absoluturad myar sxeulebs.
davadginoT absoluturad myari sxeulis
Tavisuflebis xarisxi. Tu am sxeuls SeuZlia
Tavisufali gadaadgileba sivrceSi (araa
damagrebuli), maSin gadataniT moZraobasTan
dakavSirebiT mas eqneba 3 Tavisuflebis xarisxi,
aseve, radgan sxeuls SeuZlia brunva sivrceSi sami
damoukidebeli mimarTulebiT, mas eqneba damatebiT
brunviT moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli 3
Tavisuflebis xarisxi. e.i. i=3+3=6. Tu sxeuli
damagrebulia erTi wertiliT mas darCeba mxolod
brunviT moZraobis 3 Tavisuflebis xarisxi. uZravi
RerZis mimarT brunvis SemTxvevaSi myar sxeuls
darCeba brunviT moZraobis mxolod erTi
Tavisuflebis xarisxi. sxeulis nebismieri tipis
moZraoba SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rogorc
gadataniTis da brunviTis zeddeba-jami.
ganvixiloT sxeulis gadataniTi moZraoba, anu
roca sxeulis yvela wertili erTnair
gadaadgilebas asrulebs, ris gamoc mis TiToeul
nawils drois mocemul momentSi erTnairi siCqare
da aCqareba gaaCnia. sxeuli azrobrivad davyoT
nivTier wertilebad. amiT Cven sxeuls warmovidgenT
nawilakTa sistemis saxiT, im gansxvavebiT, rom am
ukanasknelSi nawilakebs Soris manZili mTeli
moZraobis procesSi ucvleli darCeba. es nawilakebi
urTierTqmedeben, magram ar cvlian sxeulis
moZraobis xasiaTs. Tu CavwerT am sistemisTvis
dinamikis ZiriTad gantolebas nawilakTa
urTierTqmedebis Zalebis (Siga Zalebis) jami
nulis toli iqneba, ris gamoc niutonis II kanoni
miiRebs saxes:
 
d   dm C 

dt i
mi i =  Fgare ,
dt
=  Fgare ,
xolo, Tu sxeulis masa ucvlelia
 
maC =  Fgare
, (39.1)

 d
aC = C − sxeulis masaTa centris aCqarebaa. radgan
dt
myar sxeulSi masa uwyvetad ganfenilia mTel
moculobaSi, amitom sizustis gasazrdelad saWiroa
aRniSnul formulebSi jamis integraliT Secvla:
 1 
rC =  r dm,
m
1 1 1
xC =  xdm, yC =  ydm, z C =  zdm, (39.2)
m m m
sxeulis gadataniTi moZraobis SeswavlisTvis, am
moZraobis ganmartebidan gamomdinare, sakmarisia
misi erTi wertilis kerZod masaTa centris
moZraobis ganxilva.
gadataniTi moZraobisas sxeulis masaTa
centri moZraobs ise, rogorc imoZravebda mocemuli
sxeulis masis mqone nivTieri wertili, Tu masze
movdebdiT igive gare Zalas.

$40. sxeulis brunviTi moZraobis

kinematikuri sidideebi
myari sxeulis brunviTi moZraobisas misi wer-
tilebi Semowers wrewirs, romelTa centrebi
mdebareobs erT wrfeze, romelsac brunvis RerZs
uwodeben. absoluturad myari sxeulis brunviTi
moZraobisas mis TiToeul wertils drois mocemul
momentSi erTnairi kuTxuri siCqare gaaCnia.
Sesabamisad am moZraobis aRwerisTvis saWiroa
drois TiToeuli momentisTvis RerZis mdebare-
obisa da sxeulis kuTxuri siCqaris gansazRvra.
Cven ganvixilavT sxeulis iseT brunviT
moZraobas, rodesac aTvlis inerciuli sistemis
mimarT brunvis RerZi uZravia (damagrebulia),
amasTanave, ar aris savaldebulo is gadiodes
sxeulis masaTa centrze. SemoviRebT R sidides,
romelic warmoadgens umokles manZils sxeulis

mocemuli wertilidan brunvis RerZamde, xolo r -iT
avRniSnavT radius-veqtors aTvlis 0 wertilidan
mocemul wertilamde (nax. 40,1a), Tu sxeuli
brtyelia (magaliTad, disko), cxadia R = r. radgan
sxeulis TiToeuli wertili drois mocemul
intervalSi erTnairi φ kuTxiT Semobrundeba,
amitom brunviTi moZraobis dasaxasiaTeblad
saWiroa am kuTxis codna, romelsac Cveulebrivad
0x RerZidan aviTvliT. nax. 40.1a-ze mocemulia 0y
RerZis irgvliv mbrunavi sxeuli, xolo naxaz 40.1b-
ze – misi proeqcia x0z sibrtyeSi. Cven gamoviyenebT
Semdeg kinematikur sidideebs:
Semobrunebis kuTxe:

= , (40.1)
R
kuTxuri siCqare:

y  d
 saS = ,= , (40.2)
t dt
kuTxuri aCqareba

 saS = ,
t
d d 2
B d = = 2 , (40.3)
 dt dt
R brunviTi
A
moZraobisas sxeulis
 nebismieri nawilakis
r
kuTxuri siCqare da
x kuTxuri aCqareba drois
z a. mocemuli momentisTvis

 erTnairia, xolo wiriTi
B siCqarisa da wiriTi
 d
 
R A
b.
naxazi 40.1
aCqarebis mniSvnelobebi brunvis RerZis mimarT
wertilis mdebareobazea damokidebuli. marTlac,
d dR
= = = R , a = R , a n =  R ,
2

dt dt
sxeulis nawilakis wiriTi siCqare da aCqareba miT
metia, rac ufro daSorebulia igi brunvis RerZs.
Tu sxeulis brunva Tanabaria, visargeblebT
periodis T da sixSiris ν cnebebiT.
mivaqcioT yuradReba im garemoebas, rom
brunviTi moZraobis formulebi analogiuria
gadataniTi moZraobis formulebis, Tu movaxdenT
Semdeg cvlilebebs – x ~  ,  ~  , a ~  . aqedan
gamomdinare, gadataniTi moZraobis gantolebebSi
($7) saTanado SecvlebiT SegviZlia miviRoT mbrunavi
sxeulis kinematikuri gantolebebi:

gadataniTi moZraoba brunviTi moZraoba

 
Tanabarwrfivi  = const Tanabari  = const
x = x0 + t  =  0 + t

 
Tanabarcvladi a = const Tanabarcvladi  = const
 =  0 + at  = 0 + t
 +  +
saS = 0
saS = 0

2 2
at 2
t 2
x = x0 +  0 t +  =  0 + 0 t +
2 2
 −
2 2
 − 02
2
x = x0 + 0
 = 0 +
2a 2

amocana 40.1. dasafren zolze Sexebidan

garkveul droSi TviTmfrinavis siCqare Tanabrad
Semcirda 80km/sT-dan 55km/sT-mde Semcirda, xolo
borblebma N 200 bruni Seasrula. vipovoT damux-
ruWebis dro da borblis kuTxuri aCqareba, Tu
borblis diametria d =1m.
amoxsna: TviTmfrinavis saSualo siCqarea
 + 0
saS = , gavlili gza S = d  N , Sesabamisi dro
2
S 2d  N
t = =
 saS  + 0 (1)
drois am intervalSi kuTxuri siCqaris cvlileba
 − 0 2( −  0 )
iqneba  = = , kuTxuri aCqareba
R d
  2 −  02
= = = −0,41rad/wm. (2)
t dN
ganvsazRvroT damuxruWebis dro tdam , radgan

 = 0 + t amitom 0 = 0 + tdam , Sesabamisad

 2
tdam = − 0 = − 0  108wm = 1,8wT
 d

$41. inerciis momenti. Teoremebi

inerciis momentis Sesaxeb
m masis nawilakis inerciis momenti uZravi
RerZis mimarT ewodeba sidides:
I = mR 2 (41.1)
R-nawilakis daSorebaa RerZidan.
misi erTeulia kg  m2. inerciis momenti krebadi
sididea. wertilTa sistemis inerciis momenti uZravi
RerZis mimarT tolia
I = mi Ri2 i
(41.2)

sadac mi – i-uri nawilakis masaa, xolo Ri misi

daSorebaa RerZidan.
inerciis momenti damokidebulia rogorc nawilakis
masaze, aseve mis mdebareobaze gansaxilveli RerZis
mimarT. inerciis momenti warmoadgens nawilakis
inertulobis zomas misi brunviTi moZraobisas
uZravi RerZis irgvliv, anu asrulebs igive rols,
rasac masa gadataniTi moZraobisas.
Tu es nawilaki brunavs RerZis marTobul sibrtyeSi
  
misi impulsis momenti L = mr    iqneba:
L = mR sin 900 = mR = mR 2 = I (41.3)
gadataniTi moZraobisgan gansxvavebiT sxeulis
brunviTi moZraobis Seswavlisas ar SeiZleba misi
masis koncentrireba masaTa centrSi. amitom myar
sxeulis inerciis momentis gamoTvlisas sxeuli
azrobrivad unda davyoT mi masis nivTier
wertilebad da visargebloT (41.2) formuliT, an
ufro zustad misi integraluri formiT:
I =  R 2 dm
sadac R manZilia sxeulis dm masis elementidan
brunvis RerZamde. Tu sxeuli erTgvarovania (ρ =
const), maSin (41.3) gamartivdeba
I =   R 2 dV (41.4)
sxeulis inerciis momentis mniSvneloba, damoki-
debulia sxeulis masaze, formaze da mdebareobaze
gansaxilveli RerZis mimarT. sxvadasxva RerZis
mimarT sxeulis inerciis momentis gamosaTvlelad
mosaxerxebelia Steineris Teoremebis gamoyeneba:
1. Teorema paraleluri RerZebis Sesaxeb – sxeulis
inerciis momenti raime RerZis mimarT tolia am
RerZis paralelurad masaTa centrze gamavali
RerZis mimarT sxeulis inerciis moments
damatebuli sxeulis masisa da RerZebs Soris manZi-
lis kvadratis namravli:
I = I C + md 2
(41.5)
paraleluri RerZebidan sxeuls yvelaze mcire
inerciis momenti gaaCnia im RerZis mimarT, romelic
gadis masaTa centrze. es Teorema samarTliania
nebismieri formis sxeulisTvis.
2. Teorema marTobuli RerZebis Sesaxeb – sibrtyeSi
ganfenili sxeulis inerciis momentTa jami amave
sibrtyeSi arsebuli ori nebismieri
urTierTmarTobi RerZis mimarT tolia RerZTa
gadakveTis wertilSi am sibrtyis marTobulad
gavlebuli RerZis mimarT inerciis momentis, e.i. Tu
sxeuli ganfenilia x0z sibrtyeSi, maSin
Ix + Iz = Iy
. (41.6)
es Teorema samarTliania mxolod brtyeli
sxeulebisTvis.
R
a
 b
Txeli rgoli wvrili Rero Txeli marT.
I C = mR 2 1 firfita
IC = m 2
12 IC =
1
12
(
m a2 + b2 )

R R1

R2

masiuri cilindri Rru cilindri (mili)

IC =
1
2
mR 2 IC =
1
2
(
m R1 + R2
2 2
)
R2 R
R
R1

sferuli garsi Rru sfero masiuri sfero

2 2 R −R 5 5
IC =
2
IC = mR 2 IC = m 2 1 mR 2
3 5 R −R 3
2
3
1
5
naxazze moyvanilia zogierTi erTgvarovani sxeulis
inerciis momentebis mniSvneloba simetriis RerZis
mimarT.

$42. sxeulis brunviTi moZraobis

dinamikis gantoleba

ganvixiloT absoluturad myari erTgvarovani

sxeulis (cilindris) brunva simetriis (0y) uZravi
RerZis irgvliv. sxeuli azrobrivad davyoT nivTier
wertilebad, CavwerT TiToeulisaTvis impulsis
momentis (41.3) formulas, visargeblebT impulsis da
inerciis momentebis Sekrebadobis pirobiT da
 
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom L   . miviRebT simetriis
RerZis mimarT sxeulis impulsis momentis
gamosaTvlel formulas:
 
L = I . (42.4)
Tu sxeuli araerTgvarovania, an brunvis
RerZis mimarT asimetriulia, impulsis momentis
mimarTuleba ar daemTxveva kuTxuri siCqaris
mimarTulebas. ris gamoc (42.4)-is veqtoruli forma
aRar iqneba samarTliani. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxeulis
brunvisas misi impulsis momenti brunvis RerZis
irgvliv konusur zedapirs Semowers.
myari sxeuli Cven warmovidgineT nawilakTa
sistemis saxiT, ris gamoc SeiZleba CavweroT:

 dL
M = (42.5)
dt

sadac M sxeulze moqmed gare ZalTa momentebis
jamia. (42.5) analogiuria gadataniTi moZraobisTvis
 dp 
dinamikis ZiriTadi gantolebis F = , kerZod F 
dt
  
M , p ~ L da warmoadgens brunviTi moZraobis
dinamikis gantolebas.
(42.5)-Si (42.4)-is SetaniT vRebulobT
  d (I ) 
d 
M = =I = I (42.6)
dt dt
(Tu sxeuli absoluturad myaria I = ∑ miRi2 = const.)
   
F = ma -sTan analogiiT vRebulobT, m I, a   . cxa-
dia, (42.5) ufro zogadia, vidre (42.6).
SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom (42.6) ZalaSia maSinac,
Tu mocemuli sxeuli brunvasTan erTad asrulebs
gadataniT moZraobas ise, rom brunvis RerZi,
romelic gadis masaTa centrze, ar icvlis
orientacias. myari sxeulis SemTxvevaSic ZalaSia
mabrunebeli momentis gansazRvris formula


 
M = r F  . Tu sxeulze
moqmed gare ZalTa

tolqmedis momenti nulis tolia M = 0 , maSin

L = const (42.7)
➢ Tu sxeuli (sxeulTa sistema) Caketilia an
imyofeba centralur ZalTa velSi misi
impulsis momenti inaxeba. (impulsis momentis
mudmivobis kanoni).
Tu simetriis RerZs irgvliv mbrunavi erTgvarovani
sxeuli izolirebulia, maSin (42.6)-is Tanaxmad

I = const . (42.8)
absoluturad myari sxeulis SemTxvevaSi

I = const , maSin  = const − es Sedegi niutonis I
kanonis analogiuria.
SesaZlebelia brunvisas sxeulis nawilebi
icvlides urTierTmdebareobas, maSin I  const , aseT
SemTxvevaSi (42.8) mosaxerxebelia ase CavweroT:
I11 = I 22 . (42.9)
ZalTa wyvili ewodeba sxeulze moqmed sididiT
tol da sapirispirod mimarTul or Zalas, Tu maTi
moqmedebis wrfeebi erT sibrtyeSi mdebareobs da
erTmaneTis paraleluria.
ZalTa wyvils ar gaaCnia tolqmedi, anu ar
SeiZleba maTi Secvla erTi ZaliT. maTi gegmilebis
jami nebismieri ERerZis mimarT nulis tolia. Tu
Tavisufal sxeulze moqmedebs ZalTa wyvili, is
gamoiwvevs sxeulis brunvas warmosaxviTi RerZis
irgvliv, romelic gadis masaTa centrze da ZalTa
sibrtyis marTobulia.

amocana 42.1. 2,3kg masis da 12sm radiusis

erTgvarovani cilindri brunavs simetriis RerZis
irgvliv 1500br/wT sixSiriT. gamovTvaloT Zalis
momenti, romelic saWiroa mis gasaCereblad 7wm-Si.
amoxsna: visargebloT impulsis momentis
1
formuliT: L = I = mR 2 (42.2)-dan,
2
1500
 = 2 = 2  3,14  = 157wm -1 , maSin sawyisi impulsis
60
1
momenti iqneba: L =  2,3  0,12  157 = 2,6kg  m / wm .
2 2

2
L 0 − 2,6
Sesabamisad M = = = −0,37nm.
t 7

$43. mbrunavi sxeulis kinetikuri energia

gadataniTi moZraobisas sxeulis TiToeul
nawilaks drois mocemul momentSi erTnairi siCqare
gaaCnia, ris gamoc misi kinetikuri energiaa
m 2
Wkin = sadac m sxeulis masaa.
2
bunebrivia, mbrunav sxeulsac gaaCnia
kinetikuri energia, romelsac Cven gamovTvliT isev
damagrebuli RerZis mqone absoluturad myari
sxeulisTvis. aseTi sxeuli ganixileba, rogorc
nawilakTa sistema xisti kavSirebiT, ris gamoc
TiToeul nawilaks drois mocemuli momentisTvis
eqneba erTnairi kuTxuri siCqare, xolo m masis
nawilakis wiriTi siCqaris mniSvneloba υi = ωRi
damokidebuli iqneba brunvis RerZidan mis
daSorebaze – Ri. aseTi sxeulis kinetikuri energia
RerZis mimarT gamoiTvleba formuliT
 m (R )
2

m2
( )2 I 2
i i 2
Wkin = i i = i
=  mi Ri2 = . (43.1)
i 2 2 i 2
Tu RerZi damagrebuli ar aris, maSin sxeulis
kinetikuri energiis gamoTvla sakmaod rTulia.
amocana martivdeba, Tu masaTa centrze gamavali
RerZis irgvliv mbrunavi sxeuli asrulebs brtyel
gadataniT moZraobas anu, rodesac sxeulis nawila-
kebi paralelur sibrtyeebSi moZraobs, mag. cilind-
ris, an borblis gorva sibrtyeze. aseT SemTxvevaSi
sxeulis kinetikuri energia tolia masaTa centris
gadataniTi moZraobisa da am centrze gamavali
RerZis mimarT brunvis kinetikur energiaTa jamis:
m C2 I C  2
Wkin = + (43.2)
2 2
muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs sxeulze modebuli
Zala misi brunvisas uZravi RerZis irgvliv,
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
I 2 I 2
A12 = Wkin = 2 − 1 (43.4)
2 2
simZlavre, ki tolia:
dA
P= = M (43.5)
dt

gadataniTi moZraoba brunviTi moZraoba

S – gavlili manZili φ _ mobrunebis kuTxe
dS d
= − wiriTi siCqare = − kuTxuri siCqare
dt dt
d d 2 S d d 2
a= = 2 − wir.aCqareba = = 2 kuTx.aCqareba
dt dt dt dt
m – masa I = mR inerciis momenti
2
   
p = m − impulsi L = I − impulsis momenti
 dp  
  dL  
F= , F = ma − Zala M= , M = I Zalis
dt dt
momenti
m 2
I 2
Wkin = Wkin =
2 2
m22 m12 I22 I12
A12 = − A12 = −
2 2 2 2
 
P = F P = M
cxrilSi mocemulia sxeulis gadataniTi
moZraobis maxasiaTebeli formulebi da maTi
analogebi uZravi RerZis irgvliv brunvisas.
veqtoruli formiT impulsis da Zalis momentTa
formulebi samarTliania, Tu erTgvarovani sxeulis
brunvis RerZi amavdroulad simetriis RerZicaa.
sxva SemTxvevaSi veqtoruli formis nacvlad aiReba
maTi proeqciebi am RerZis mimarT.

amocana: 43.1. 19,2m simaRlis ferdobidan

mogoravs cilindri. ganvsazRvroT misi siCqare
ferdobis bolos, Tu sawyisi siCqare nulis tolia,
winaaRmdegobis Zala ugulebelyofilia.
amoxsna: cilindris meqanikuri energia
ferdobis TavSi iqneba
W1 = Wpot1 + Wkin1 = Wpot1 + 0 = mgh1 , xolo boloSi
m C2 I C  2
W2 = Wpot2 + Wkin2 = Wkin2 + 0 = +
2 2
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad W1 = W2 , e.i.
mR 2 
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom IC = ,  C = R,  = C ,
2 R
maSin gveqneba:
 C2 C23
m mR  C  gh1 = + = C2

2 2 2

mgh1 = +C
  2 4 4 ,
2 4 R
gh
saidanac C =  2 = 2 = 16 m/wm.
3
amocana 43.2. 12kg masis rgoli, romlis
radiusia 0,4m, brunavs misi sibrtyis marTobulad
simetriis centrze gamavali RerZis irgvliv 10br/wm
sixSiriT. ra droSi gaCerdeba igi masze
damamuxruWebeli Zalis 30n.m mabrunebeli momentis
moqmedebiT?
amoxsna: (43.4)-is Tanaxmad
AA A = − M = − M 2 BN (1)
sadac  = −2 BN =2N rgolis damuxruWebis
momentidan gaCerebamde Semowerili kuTxea, N - am
droSi brunvaTa ricxvi. meore mxriv
(43.5)-is gamoyenebiT:
I22 I12 I12 m  R 2  4 2 2
A= − =− =− (2)
2 2 2 2
(1) da (2)-is gatolebiT vRebulobT:
mR 2 2 12  0,16  100  3,14
N= = = 20
M 30
meore mxriv N =  t , saidanac rgolis damuxruWebis
dro t = N / = 20 / 10 = 2wm.
amocana 45.1. M M masisa da R radiusis disko
exeba h<R simaRlis safexurs. ra minimaluri
sididis Zala unda movdoT diskos RerZs
horizontaluri
 R
F mimarTulebiT, rom is
R-h avitanoT Semdeg safexurze?
h 0 amoxsna: diskos
 asatanad kibeze, kibis
P
safexuris 0 wertilis
mimarT Zalis mabrunebeli momenti toli, an meti
unda iyos simZimis Zalis mabrunebeli momentisa 0
wertilis mimarT. radgan amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad
saWiroa Zalis minimaluri mniSvnelobis gansazRvra,
amitom gavutoloT aRniSnuli momentebi:
F  ( R − h) = P  R 2 − ( R − h) 2
, sadac

( R − h), R 2 − ( R − h) 2 Sesabamis ZalTa mxrebia 0

wertilis mimarT. am tolobidan
h(2 R − h)
F = Mg
R−h
amocana 45.2. naxazze mocemulia 20kg masis 4m
sigrZis erTgvarovani Rero. ra Zala unda movdoT
Tavisufal bolos, rom davZraT meore boloze
mdebare 170kg masis tvirTi.
0 amoxsna:
0wertilis mimarT
1m 2m  Reros
1m 
P F2 wonasworobis

F1 piroba M = 0
miiRebs saxes:
F1 1 − P − F2  2 = 0
(m − m)g = 500 n.
m1 g 1 − mg 1 − F2  3 = 0 F2 = 1
3
 F
F2 Zalis moqmedeba m2 = 2 = 50 kg tvirTis awevis
g
tolfasia.

a m o c a n e b i:
1. borbali t drois ganmavlobaSi  kuTxiT
Semobrunda, romelic drois mixedviT Semdegi
kanoniT icvleba:  = 5,0t + 3,0t 2 − 4,5t 4 .  izomeba
radianebSi, t-wamebSi. risi tolia: 1) borblis
saSualo siCqare; 2) 2wm-dan 3wm-mde drois SualedSi
saSualo kuTxuri aCqareba? (pasuxi: -280rad/wm, -
340rad/wm2)
2. amocana 1-Si gamoTvaleT myisi kuTxuri siCqarisa
da aCqarebis mniSvnelobebi t=3wm-Tvis. (pasuxi: -
463rad/wm, -480rad/wm2)
3. 20sm radiusis borblis TanabaraCqarebuli
brunvisas 3,6wm-Si sixSire izrdeba 80br/wT-dan
300br/wT-mde. gamoTvaleT borblis kuTxuri aCqareba.
ipoveT borblis ganapira wertilis wiriTi
aCqarebis mxebi da normaluri mdgenelebi t=2wm-Tvis.
(pasuxi: 6,4rad/wm2, 1,3m/wm2, 90m/wm2)
  
4. nawilakis radius-veqtoria r = 2,5 j + 3k . masze
 
modebulia F = 30k n Zala. gamoTvaleT am Zalis
momenti 0x RerZis mimarT. (pasuxi: 75n.m)
5. ori nawilaki imyofeba magidis kidesTan
erTmaneTisgan  manZilze. m masis nawilaki iwyebs
Tavisufal vardnas. koordinatTa saTave SeuTavseT
magidaze darCenil nawilaks, CawereT vardnil
nawilakis impulsis momentis da masze moqmedi
Zalis momentis droze damokidebuleba (pasuxi:
mgt , mg )
6. gamoTvaleT amocana 44.2-Si precesiis siCqare, Tu
RerZis Tavisufal boloze moaTavses sxeuli,
romlis masa diskos masis naxevris tolia. (pasuxi:
44rad/wm)
7. avtomobilis Zravis mqnevara wuTSi 4000 brunvisas
aviTarebs 280nm Zalis moments. gamoTvaleT Zravis
simZlavre cxenis ZalebSi (1cx.Z = 736vt). (pasuxi:
159,2cx.Z)
8. 1m radiusisa da 200kg masis disko brunavs 6br/wm
sixSiriT. rogor Seicvleba brunvis sixSire, Tu
diskos centrSi mdgomi 20kg bavSvi diskos kidesTan
gadainacvlebs? (pasuxi: Semcirdeba 1br/wm-iT)
9. 2kg masis da 20sm diametris erTgvarovani cilin-
dri brunavs simetriis RerZis irgvliv 1200br/wT
sixSiriT. ra droSi SeaCerebs mas 0,14n.m Zalis
momenti? (pasuxi: 9wm)
13. 100kg masis cilindruli milis Siga da gare
radiusebia 60sm da 80sm. simetriis RerZis irgvliv
misi brunvis gantolebaa: =4-2t+1,5t2. gamoTvaleT
mabrunebeli momentis da simZlavris mniSvnelobebi
t=0; 3wm-sTvis. (pasuxi: 15nm; -30vt; 60vt)
14. 150kg masis cilindruli formis lilvi romlis
radiusia 10sm brunavs simetriis RerZis irgvliv
1800br/wT siCqariT. ra ZaliT unda imoqmedos mis
zedapirze samuxruWe xundma, rom igi gaCerdes 30wm-
Si. xaxunis koeficientia 0,6. gamoTvaleT
Sesrulebuli muSaoba. (pasuxi: 78,5n; -13,3kj)
15. ori erTnairi masaliT damzadebuli erTnairi
sisqis disko, romelTa radiusebia 20sm da 30sm,
brtyeli zedapirebiT devs erTmaneTze, ise rom
gaaCniaT saerTo simetriis RerZi. gamoTvaleT
sistemis inerciis momenti am RerZis mimarT, Tu maTi
saerTo masaa 200kg. (pasuxi: 7,5kg.m2)
17. 100kg.m2 inerciis momentis mqone mqnevaras brunvis
gantolebaa =2+10t-2,5t2 . CawereT mabrunebeli
momentisa da simZlavris droze damokidebuleba da
gamoTvaleT misi mniSvneloba 1,5wm-sTvis. (pasuxi:
M=const; P=-500(10-5t); -500n.m; -1250 vt.)
19. 1m radiusisa da 100kg.m2 inerciis momentis disko
inerciiT brunavs 17br/wT sixSiriT. rogor
Seicvleba brunvis sixSire, Tu diskos centrSi
myofi 70kg masis adamiani (CaTvaleT nivTier
wertilad) gadainacvlebs diskos kideze. (pasuxi:
7br/wT-iT Semcirdeba)
20. 120kg.m2 inerciis momentis mqnevaras brunviTi
moZraobis gantolebaa =2+36t-3t2. ipoveT mqnevaraze
moqmedi Zalebis saSualo simZlavre mis gaCerebamde.
(pasuxi: 12,66 kvt)
21. 100kg masis da 20sm diametris erTgvarovani
cilindri brunavs simetriis RerZis irgvliv 12br/wm
sixSiriT. ra droSi SeaCerebs mas samuxruWe xundi,
Tu igi mis zedapirze moqmedebs 30n ZaliT. xaxunis
koeficienti 0,4-is tolia. (pasuxi: 18,8wm)
22. uZravi saqani, romlis inerciis momentia 50kg.m2,
30n.m Zalis momentis moqmedebiT iwyebs
TanabaraCqarebul moZraobas. gansazRvreT 8wm-saTvis
misi kinetikuri energia. (pasuxi: 345,6j).
25. 0,1m radiusis wriuli formis blokze
gadadebuli zonaris boloebze mimagrebulia 0,3kg
da 0,32kg masis tvirTebi. msubuqi tvirTi imyofeba
1m-iT qveviT. tvirTebis gaTavisuflebidan 2wm-Si
isini erT doneze aRmoCnda, ipoveT blokis inerciis
momenti da masa. (pasuxi: 1,8.10-3kg.m2; 0,36kg)
28. 4,6kg masis da 6sm radiusis cilindri brunavs
simetriis RerZis irgvliv 1500br/wT sixSiriT.
ipoveT misi impulsis momenti da Zalis momenti
romelic saWiroa mis gasaCereblad 7wm-Si. (pasuxi:
1,3kg.m2/wm: -02n.m).
29. 4m sigrZis da 300 daxrilobis sibrtyidan
srialis gareSe mogoravs birTvi. ipoveT misi
centris saSualo wiriTi siCqare da Camogorebis
dro. (pasuxi: 2,7m/wm; 1,5wm).
30. 103 m/wm siCqariT horizontalurad gasrolili
10g masis cilindruli formis tyvia brunavs grZivi
RerZis irgvliv 2500br/wm sixSiriT. tyviis
diametria 10mm. gamoTvaleT misi sruli kinetikuri
energia. (pasuxi: 5,15kj)
31. mili, romlis Siga da gare radiusebia 2sm da
3sm, msaxveli-50sm, simkvrive 2,7.103 kg/m3 srialis
gareSe migoravs horizontalur zedapirze. misi
RerZis wiriTi siCqarea 1m/wm. gamoTvaleT milis
kinetikuri energia. (pasuxi: 1,7j)
32. horizontalur sibrtyeze mogoravs birTvi. misi
sruli kinetikuri energia 28j. gansazRvreT birTvis
brunviTi da gadataniTi moZraobis kinetikuri
energiebi. (pasuxi: 20j; 8j)
33. rgolma, romelic migoravda horizontalur
sibrtyeze 4m/wm siCqariT, miaRwia 300 daxrilobis
sibrtyes. ra manZilze agordeba igi daxril
sibrtyeze. (pasuxi: 13,2m)
 leqcia 8 §46. rxeviTi moZraobis tipebi
rxeviTi moZraoba ewodeba iseT process,
romelic drois gansazRvruli intervalebis Semdeg
zustad an miaxloebiT meordeba.
fizikuri bunebidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben
meqanikur, eleqtromagnitur, eleqtromeqanikur
rxevebs.
meqanikur rxevaSi igulisxmeba sxeulis
ganmeorebadi moZraoba erTsa da imave traeqtoriaze
xan erTi xan meore mimarTulebiT.
misi magaliTebia frinvelis frTebis, siTburi
manqanis dguSis, gitaris simis, miwisZvris dros
dedamiwis qerqis moZraoba, aseve TviTmfrinavis
frTebis vibraciebi. romelmac SesaZloa dasaSveb
zRvars gadaaWarbos da katastrofuli Sedegebi
gamoiwvios. aseT SemTxvevebSi aucilebelia Sesa-
bamisi usafrTxoebis zomebis miReba.
imisTvis, rom sxulma, an sxeulTa sistemam
Seasrulos rxeviTi moZraoba, saWiroa
dakmayofilebuli iyos ori piroba:
1. sistemas unda gaaCndes mdgradi wonasworobis
mdgomareoba, anu wonasworobis mdgomareobidan
gamoyvanisas unda aRiZras sistemis gadaxris
proporciuli da wonasworobis mdgomareobisken
mimarTuli Zala, aseT Zalebs kvazidrekad
(drekadobis msgavs) Zalebs uwodeben.
2. winaaRmdegobis Zalebi mcire unda iyos, raTa
rxeva aRiZras da swrafad ar miilios.
merxev sistemaze ganxorcielebuli
zemoqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT arCeven Tavisufal
(sakuTar) da iZulebiT rxevebs.
Tavisufali ewodeba rxevas, romelic
mimdinareobs sistemaze erTxel miniWebuli energiis
xarjze.
magaliTad Zafze dakidebuli burTulis
moZraoba erTjeradi msubuqi biZgis an
wonasworobidan mcire gadaxris Semdeg.
winaaRmdegobis Zalebis arsebobis gamo merxev
sistemaze miwodebuli energia rxevis procesSi
xmardeba winaaRmdegobis daZlevas, ris gamoc
Tavisufali rxevebi TandaTan sustdeba da wydeba.
Tavisufali rxevis idealizirebul SemTxvevas
warmoadgens harmoniuli rxeva.
harmoniuli rxeva aris sistemis Tavisufali
rxeva garemoSi, romlis winaaRmdegobis Zalebi
ugulebelyofilia.
aseT SemTxvevaSi rxeviTi moZraobis maxasiaTebeli
sidideebi – koordinatebi, siCqare, aCqareba – droSi
kosinusis (an sinusis) harmoniuli kanonis mixedviT
icvleba. rxeviTi moZraobebi, drois SezRudul Sua-
ledSi, Zalian axlosaa harmoniulTan.
iZulebiTi iseT rxevaa, romelic warmoebs
garedan periodulad miniWebuli energiis xarjze.
rTuli rxeviTi moZraobis Seswavla
martivdeba imiT, rom is SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc swrafad krebad harmoniul rxevaTa jami,
rac saSualebas iZleva SemovifargloT mxolod
ramodenime wevriT.
Cven SeviswavliT erTganzomilebian meqanikur
rxevebs, anu roca merxevi sistemis mdebareoba
ganisazRvreba erTi koordinatiT.

§47. harmoniuli rxeva

1. zambariani tvirTis rxeva
mcire zomis masiuri birTvi gaxvretilia
diametrze damagrebulia zambaris erT boloze da
Camocmulia Reroze (nax. 47.1). birTvis wonasworul
mdgomareobas (aradeformirebuli zambaris
SemTxveva) SevuTavsoT aT-
vlis 0 wertili, da x
0 x RerZi mivmarToT Reros
 gaswvriv. gamovricxoT
F garemos winaaRmdegobis
Zalebi.
x zambaris gaWimvis
 (an SekumSvis) Sedegad
F
x

naxazi 47.1.
aRZruli drekadobis Zala F = −kx birTvs mianiWebs
d 2x
ax = aCqarebas. niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad,
dt 2
max = −kx , sadac m birTvis masaa, xolo k -
d 2x
zambaris sixiste. e.i., m + kx = 0 , anu
dt 2
d 2x
2
+ 02 x = 0 , (47.3)
dt
k
sadac 0 = (47.4)
m
(47.3) wrfivi, erTgvarovani, meore rigis dife-
rencialur gantolebas, romlis amonaxsnic, anu x
wanacvlebis droze damokidebuleba, rxevis
periodulobis gamo, Caiwereba uwyveti perioduli
funqciis kosinusis (an sinusis) saxiT:
x = X 0 cos(0t +  ) . (47.5)
am gantolebas ganvixilavT momdevno paragrafSi.
2. maTematikuri saqani
fizikaSi saqans uwodeben nebismier myar
sxeuls, romelsac simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT
SeuZlia Seasrulos rxeviTi moZraoba uZravi
wertilis an RerZis mimarT.
ganasxvaveben maTematikur da fizikur saqans.
maTematikuri saqani warmoadgens grZel,
uwonad, uWimvad Zafsa da masze
Camokidebuli nivTieri wertilis
erTobliobas (wonasworobis
 mdebareobis maxloblobaSi
merxev nivTier wertils
 oscilators uwodeben). mis
wonasworul mdebareobas
 SevuTavsoT aTvlis 0 wertili. am
N
mdebareobidan mcire gadaxra – x
x warmoadgens im rkals, romelzec
x
 imoZravebs nivTieri wertili (nax.
Pn  P

0

P
naxazi 47.2.
 
47.2). masze moqmedi simZimis P Zalis normaluri
 
mdgeneli Pn kompensirebulia Zafis drekadobis N
ZaliT. winaaRmdegobis ZalTa ugulebelyofis
SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi imoqmedebs mxolod simZimis

Zalis mxebi mdgeneli P . niutonis II kanonidan
gamomdinare
d 2x
P = max = m ;
dt 2
x
nax. 47.2-is Tanaxmad ki P = P sin  = −mg .


minusi mivuTiTebs rom P yovelTvis gadaxris
sapirispirodaa mimarTuli. formulidan
 mg  
P = −  x Cans, rom P maTematikurad F = −kx -is
  
 mg 
analogiuria  k =  , anu warmoadgens kvazidrekad
  

Zalas. P -s mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT niutonis
d 2 x mg
II kanoni miiRebs saxes: m + x = 0 . anu
dt 2 
d 2x
2
+ 02 x = 0 , sadac (47.6)
dt
g
0 = . (47.7)

(47.6) identuria (47.3)-is, ris gamoc misi
amonaxsni aseve moicema (47.5) formuliT.

3. fizikuri saqani
fizikuri saqani iseTi merxevi sxeulia,
romlis nivTier wertilad warmodgena masis
ganfenilobis gamo SeuZlebelia.
 nax. 47.3-ze mocemul fizikuri saqans SeuZlia
rxevis Sesruleba 0
 wertilSi gamavali,
0 naxazis sibrtyis marTo-
/ buli RerZis mimarT.
r
rxevis Seswavla
 mosaxerxebelia brunviTi
moZraobis dinamikis
C gantolebis gamoyenebiT
0/
 
M = I , sadac I−
sxeulis inerciis
 momentia 0 wertilze
P
gamavali RerZis mimarT,
naxazi 47.3. d 2
 = 2 − kuTxuri aCqare-
dt
baa, M = − P = − mgr sin  (  − Zalis mxaria) simZimis
Zalis momentia imave RerZis mimarT. maSasadame,
d 2
+ mgr sin  = 0 .
I
dt 2
mcire gadaxrebis gamo sin    da vRebulobT:
d 2
2
+ 02 = 0 , (47.8) sadac
dt
mgr
0 = (47.9)
I
(47.8) analogiuria (47.3)-is, ris gamoc misi
amonaxsni (47.5)-is msgavsad moicema Semdegi saxiT:
 = 0 cos(0t +  ) . (47.10)

§48. harmoniul rxevaTa gantolebis analizi

gadavweroT harmoniuli rxevebis (47.5)
gantoleba Semdegi saxiT:
x = X 0 cos(0 t +  ) = X 0 cos  (t ) . (48.1)
 radgan cos (t )  1 , amitom wonasworobidan
maqsimaluri gadaxra –amplituda iqneba: xmaq = X 0
is harmoniuli rxevis SemTxvevaSi mudmivi sididea.
misi mniSvneloba damokidebulia wonasworobis
mdebareobidan sawyis gadaxraze da sawyis momentSi
miniWebul siCqareze.
 (t ) = (0 t +  ) axasiaTebs merxevi sistemis
myisier mdgomareobas da gansazRvravs wanacvlebis
droSi cvlilebas. mas rxevis faza ewodeba.
dakvirvebis dasawyisSi, anu (t = 0) momentisTvis
rxevis faza  -s tolia, amitom mas sawyisi faza
ewodeba. kosinusis periodulobis (2 ) gamo, drois
garkveuli Sualedebis Semdeg, sistema ubrundeba
pirvandel mdgomareobas.
drois im umcires Sualeds – T , romlis
Semdegac sistema ubrundeba pirvandel
mdgomareobas, periodi ewodeba, xolo drois
erTeulSi Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvs rxevis
sixSire – .
is periodis Sebrunebuli sididea  = 1/ T . misi
erTeulia herci.
periodis ganmartebidan gamomdinare
x(t ) = x(t + T ). maSin (48.1)-is Tanaxmad,
X 0 cos(0t +  ) = X 0 cos(0 (t + T ) +  ) .
am tolobisgan gamomdinare 0T = 2 , saidanac
2
0 = = 2 . (48.2)
T
0 2 wm-Si Sesrulebul rxevaTa ricxvia da mas
ciklur sixSiresac uwodeben.. (47.4)-is da (47.7)-is
k g
Tanaxmad, 0 = da 0 = zambariani tvirTisa
m 
da maTematikuri saqanis cikluri sixSireebia, maTi
mniSvneloba damokidebulia mxolod merxevi
sistemis parametrebze (m, k ) da (g ,  ), ris gamoc maT
merxevi sistemis sakuTar sixSireebs uwodeben. (48.2)-
m
is Tanaxmad, zambariani tvirTisTvis T = 2 ,
k

xolo T = 2 (hiugensis formula) maTematikuri
g
saqanis rxevis periodis formulaa.
(48.1) formulis gawarmoebis Sedegad miiReba
harmoniuli rxevis siCqaris gantoleba:
 
= − X 00 sin (0t +  ) = X 00 cos 0t +  +  . (48.3)
dx
x =
dt  2
maq =  0 = X 0 0 siCqaris amplitudaa. (48.3)-is (48.1)-
Tan Sedarebidan Cans, rom siCqare  / 2 90 0 faziT ( )
uswrebs wanacvlebas.
(48.3)-is gawarmoebiT miiReba aCqarebis
gantoleba:
d x
ax = = − X 002 cos(0 t +  ) = X 002 cos(0 t +  +  ) (48.4)
dt
(48.4)-Si (48.1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT vRebulobT, rom
ax = −02 x , (48.4′)
e.i. harmoniuli rxevis dros sistemis aCqareba
(Sesabamisad, kvazidrekadi Zala) yovelTvis x
gadaxris proporciulia da mis sapirispirodaa
mimarTuli.
nax. 48.1-ze naCvenebia erTganzomilebiani
harmoniuli rxevis wanacvlebis droze damokidebu-
leba.
x fizikuri saqanis
rxevis (47.10)
X0 gantoleba
analogiuria (48.1)-is,
0 kerZod (47.9)
t warmoadgens fizikuri
saqanis ciklur
T (α = 0)
naxazi 48.1.
sixSires, Sesabamisad rxevis periodi iqneba
I . misi gatolebiT
T = 2 maTematikuri saqanis
mgr
rxevis periodTan vRebulobT:
I
' = . (48.5)
mr
' -s fizikuri saqanis dayvanili sigrZe
ewodeba. e.i. fizikuri saqanis rxevis periodi iseTi
maTematikuri saqanis rxevis periodis tolia,
romlis sigrZec fizikuri saqanis dayvanili sigrZes
udris. dayvanili sigrZe yovelTvis metia sakidi 0
wertilisa da masaTa C centrs Soris r manZilze.
0′ wertils, romelic fizikuri saqanis sakidi
wertilidan dayvanili ' sigrZis tol manZilze
mdebareobs, saqanis rxevis centri ewodeba. Tu
fizikur saqans davkidebT rxevis 0′ centrSi, maSin
misi rxevis periodi ar Seicvleba.
gavarCioT harmoniuli rxeva energetikuli
TvalsazrisiT, zambariani tvirTis harmoniuli
rxevis magaliTze. CavweroT rxevis potenciuri da
kinetikuri energiebi nebismieri t momentisTvis:
2
kx2 kX 0
Wpot = = cos 2 ( 0 t +  ) , (48.6)
2 2
m x mX 0  0
2 2 2
Wkin = = sin 2 ( 0 t +  ) . (48.7)
2 2
cos 2  -s (sin  )
2

periodia  , amitom
Wp,Wk W
W Wpot , Wkin , -is
Wk periodia T , anu
2
Wp erTi sruli rxevis
dros TiToeuli
T/2 t maTgani orjer asw-
64.1.naxazi rebs srul
48.2. cvlilebas.
harmoniulad merxev sistemaSi winaaRmdegobis
Zalebis ar arsebobis gamo sruli meqanikuri
energia inaxeba. marTlac,
mX 0  02
2 2

cos 2 ( 0 t +  ) + sin 2 ( 0 t +  )
kX 0
W = Wpot + Wkim =
2 2
(47.4)-is Tanaxmad, k = m 0 , Sedegad vRebulobT:
2

mX 0  02
2

W = = const .
2
merxevi sistemis energia amplitudis
kvadratis proporciulia.
e.i., harmoniuli rxevis procesSi mimdinareobs
potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis
urTierTgardaqmna. kerZod, mobrunebis wertilebSi (
x = X 0 -amplituduri gadaxra) Wkin = 0 , xolo Wpot
aRwevs maqsimums da piriqiT, wonasworobis
mdgomareobaSi gavlisas Wpot = 0 , Wkin = maq (naxazi
48.2). amasTanave, sistemis sruli meqanikuri energia
rCeba ucvleli. misi mniSvneloba damokidebulia
rxevis sawyis pirobebze da sistemis parametrebze.
amocana 48.1. harmoniuli rxevis gantolebaa
 5 
x = 0,024 cos t +  , x izomeba metrobiT, xolo t
 4 6
wamebSi. vipovoT: rxevis periodi da sixSire; t = 0
momentisTvis gadaxra, siCqare da aCqareba.
amoxsna: (48.1) formulis Tanaxmad:
5
1.  0 = , (48.2)-is Tanaxmad ki
4
2 4  2 8 5
T= = = = 1,6 wm,  =  0,6 hc.
0 5 5 8

2. xt =0 = 2,4  cos = 0,024  0,87 = 0,021 m. (48.1)-is Tanaxmad,
6
5 
 t =0 = −0,024  sin = −3  0,5 = −0,047 m/wm.
4 6
  5  
2

(48.4)-is gamo at =0 = −0,024    cos = −0,32 m/wm2.

 4  6

amocana 48.4. mas Semdeg rac liftma daiwyo

vertikaluri moZraoba masSi maTematikuri saqanis
rxevis periodi 2-jer gaizarda. gamoTvaleT liftis
aCqarebis sidide da mimarTuleba.
amoxsna: uZravi liftis SemTxvevaSi
 
T1 = 2 , aCqarebiT moZraobisas T2 = 2 ,
g g −a
T2 g
= =2 . saidanac a = 3 g . aCqareba
T1 g −a 4
mimarTulia qvemoT.

§49. Tavisufali (milevadi) rxevebi

realur sistemebSi, winaaRmdegobis ZalTa
arsebobis gamo, erTjeradad miniWebuli energia
ixarjeba am ZalTa dasaZlevad Sesrulebul
muSaobaze (gadadis siTbur energiaSi), ris gamoc
Tavisufali rxeva milevadia. am SemTxvevaSi merxevi
sistemis wonasworobidan gadaxris, siCqaris da
aCqarebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi droze
damokidebuli klebadi funqciebia. gadaxris sidide
monotonurad mcirdeba da amplitudis, rogorc
droSi ucvleli maqsimaluri gadaxris, gansazRvra
azrs kargavs. amitom Tavisufali rxevis amplitudas
uwodeben im maqsimalur gadaxras, romelsac sistema
aRwevs erTi rxevis ganmavlobaSi. icvleba rxevis
periodis ganmartebac: is ewodeba drois im
Sualeds, romlSic sistema asrulebs or momdevno
maqsimalur gadaxras erTsadaigive mxares.
umetesad sistemaSi moqmedi winaaRmdegobis
Zalebi sveli xaxunis (haeris, wylis da a.S.) Zalebia,
isini mcire gadaxrebis (dabali siCqareebis) dros
 dx
moicema formuliT: F = − 1 x = − 1 . ris gamoc
dt
niutonis II kanoni sistemis erTganzomilebiani
milevadi rxevisTvis ase Caiwereba:
dx
max = −kx − 1
dt
( 1 − garemos winaaRmdegobis koeficientia).
gantolebis orive mxaris masaze gayofis Sedegad
vRebulobT:
d 2x dx
2
+ 2 +  02 x = 0 , (49.1)
dt dt
k 
sadac 0 = , = 1 . (49.2)
m 2m
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac   0 , SemoviRoT
aRniSvna
 = 02 −  2 . (49.3)
aseT SemTxvevaSi (49.1)-s amonaxsns aqvs Semdegi saxe:
x = X 0 e −  t cos(t +  ) . (49.4)
 milevadi rxevis sixSirea, misi mniSvneloba da-
mokidebulia ara marto merxevi sistemis
parametrebze, aramed im garemos Tvisebebze
romelSidac rxeva warmoebs. X 0 ,  mudmivi sididee-
bia da sawyisi pirobebiT ganisazRvreba.
(49.4)-Si X (t ) = X 0 e
− t
milevadi rxevis amplitu-
daa, is drozea damokidebuli da eqsponencialuri
kanoniT mcirdeba (nax. 49.1).
 dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic amplituda
neperis ricxvjer ( e  2,71 − ) mcirdeba:
X (t ) X 0e− t 1
= e , anu  = wm–1.
1
= =e,
X (t +  ) X 0 e −  ( t + )
e − 

e.i.,  im droiTi intervalis Sebrunebuli sididis
tolia romlis ganmavlobaSic rxevis amplituda e -
jer mcirdeba.  axasiaTebs rxevis milevis
siCqares, ris gamoc mas milevis koeficients
uwodeben. (49.3)-is Tanaxmad, mocemuli sistemis
milevadi rxevis periodi iqneba:
2 2
T= = . (49.6)
  −2
2
0
is yovelTvis aRemateba imave sistemis harmoniuli
rxevis periods, es gansxvaveba miT didia, rac metia
garemos winaaRmdegobis Zala.
(49.6)-is Tanaxmad, Tu  = 0 , rxeva harmoniulia;
zrdisas manam, sanam    0 , moZraobas perioduli
xasiaTi gaaCnia.
x rodesac
X0 X0e – βt   0 , moZraoba
(α = 0) aRar aris
t perioduli da
mas aperioduli
milevadi
T moZraoba
ewodeba.
naxm 49.1.

§50. iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi.

Tavisufali rxeva, romelsac asrulebs
realuri sistema winaaRmdegobis ZalTa arsebobis
gamo, erTxel milevadia, radgan mimdinareobs meqa-
nikuri energiis siTburSi gardaqmnis procesi. Tu
sistemaze periodulad imoqmedebs gare Zala, misi
muSaobis xarjze moxdeba meqanikuri energiis “dana-
kargis” Sevseba da rxeva miulevadi iqneba.
ganvixiloT umartivesi SemTxveva, rodesac
gare Zala harmoniuli kanoniT icvleba F = F0 cos t .
sistemaSi moqmedi kvazidrekadi da winaaRmdegobis
ZalTa gaTvaliswinebiT iZulebiTi rxevis
gantoleba ase Caiwereba:
 dx
max = −kx − 1 + F0 cos t .
dt
gantolebis orive mxare gavyoT m masaze da
SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi

,  = 1 , f 0 = 0 (dayvanili Zala) , miviRebT:
k F
0 =
m 2m m
2
d x dx
2
+ 2 + 02 x = f 0 cos t . (50.1)
dt dt
is wrfivi, meore rigis, araerTgvarovani,
diferencialuri gantolebaa, romlis amonaxsni
tolia Sesabamisi erTgvarovani gantolebis zogadi
amonaxsnisa da am araerTgvarovani gantolebis
kerZo amonaxsnis jamis. pirveli Sesakrebi SesamCnev
rols TamaSobs mxolod rxevis dasawyisSi, vinaidan
igi Seicavs e −  t Tanamamravls da drois garkveuli
momentisTvis utoldeba nuls, ris Semdegac rxeva
damyarebuli xdeba (nax. 50.1) da srulad aRiwereba
meore SesakrebiT, romelsac Semdegi saxe aqvs
x = X 0 cos(t +  ) . (50.2)
e.i., rxeva warmoebs sistemis ara sakuTari (0 )
sixSiriT, aramed gare Zalis ( ) sixSiriT, ris
gamoc rxevas iZulebiTi ewodeba. rxevis amplitudis
da sawyisi fazis
x dasadgenad SevitanoT
(50.2) (50.1)-Si. radgan
miRebuli gantoleba
samarTliani iqneba t -s
0 nebismieri mniSvne-
t
lobisTvis, amitom
gamartivebis mizniT
SevarCioT fazis ori
rxevis damyarebuli mniSvneloba
damyareba rxeva 
naxazi 50.1.
t +  = 0, t +  = ,
2
ris Semdeg martivi gardaqmnebiT miviRebT:
 f0
X0 = (50.3)
( 2
0 − 2 2
)
+ 4  2 2

2
tg = 2 . (50.4)
0 −  2
(50.3)-is Tanaxmad, sistemis damyarebuli iZulebiTi
rxevis amplituda damokidebulia gare Zalis
amplitudur mniSvnelobaze, mis sixSireze da
milevis koeficientze.
ganvixiloT X 0 -is damokidebuleba gare Zalis
sixSireze. rodesac gare Zala mudmivia (  = 0 ), maSin
f0
X 0 ( =0 ) = (statikuri gadaxra) (50.5)
02
gare Zalis
X0 1 1   2 sixSiris zrdiT
rxevis
2  3 = 0 / 2 amplitudac
izrdeba da
aRwevs maqsimums –
f0/ω02 3 am movlenas
rezonansi
ewodeba, Sesabamis
0 ω2rez ω1rez ω sixSires ki
naxazi 50.2. rezonansuli
sixSire. sixSiris
Semdgomi zrdisas amplituda iwyebs Secirebas da,
roca  →  , X 0 → 0 -
rezonansis dros amplitudis mniSvnelobis
sapovnelad visargebloT funqciis maqsimumis pov-
dX 0
nis zogadi wesiT: = 0 , miviRebT
d  =rez

rez = 02 − 2 2 (50.6)

(50.6)-is (50.3)-Si SetaniT vRebulobT rezonansis
dros amplitudis mniSvnelobas:
 f0
X 0rez = . (50.7)
2 0 −  2
2

(50.7)-is Tanaxmad, idealur SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

garemos winaaRmdegoba nulia ( = 0) , X 0rez →  .
realur SemTxvevebSi   0 amitom rezonansul piks
sasrulo simaRle gaaCnia da rezonansuli sixSire
naklebia merxevi sistemis sakuTar sixSireze. Tu
garemos winaaRmdegoba umniSvneloa, maSin rez  0 .
 -s zrdiT rez mcirdeba, mrudi marcxniv wai-
nacvlebs. imavdroulad mcirdeba rezonansuli pikis
simaRlec (nax. 50.2). rodesac   0 / 2 ,
rezonansuli movlena qreba.

leqcia 9 §54. meqanikuri talRebi

➢ talRa ewodeba garemoSi rxevis gavrcelebis
process.
talRis ZiriTadi tipebia: meqanikuri da
eleqtromagnituri. meqanikur talRebs ekuTvnis
bgeriTi, seismologiuri; eleqtromagniturs–
radiotalRebi, infrawiTeli, xiluli,
ultraiisferi, rentgenis da gama gamosxiveba.
meqanikuri (drekadi) talRebis anu meqanikuri
rxevis gavrcelebis procesis aucilebeli pirobaa
drekadi nivTieri garemos arseboba. (vakuumSi,
nawilakebis ararsebobis gamo, drekadobis Zalebi
ar aRiZvreba). Tu drekadi garemos romelime ubanSi
aRiZvreba meqanikuri rxeva, maSin garemos
drekadobis gamo, am ubnis mosazRvre ubnebs
gadaecema imave sixSiris rxevebi, romlebic Semdgom
gadaecema maT mezobel ubnebs da a.S., garemoSi
gavrceldeba meqanikuri talRa. procesis bunebisgan
gamomdinare meqanikur talRebs xSirad drekads
uwodeben. talRis gavrcelebas garemoSi ar axlavs
nawilakebis gadatana, isini mxolod irxeva
wonasworobis mdebareobis maxloblobaSi. zogadad
 ➢ yvela talRis ZiriTadi Tviseba, misi
bunebisgan damoukideblad, mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom garemoSi xdeba energiis gadatana
nivTierebis gadatanis gareSe.
ganasxvaveben ganiv da grZiv meqanikur
talRebs.
ganivi meqanikuri talRis warmoqmna
dakavSirebulia garemos formis cvlilebisas
drekadobis Zalebis aRZvrasTan. radgan forma
gaaCnia mxolod myar sxeulebs, amitom ganivi talRa
mxolod myar nivTierebaSi vrceldeba. ganivi
talRis gavrcelebisas nawilakTa rxeva warmoebs
talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebis marTobulad.
grZivi meqanikuri talRis warmoqmna
dakavSirebulia garemos SekumSvisas drekadobis Za-
lebis aRZvrasTan. kumSviTi deformaciisas drekado-
bis Zalebi aRiZvreba rogorc myar, aseve Txevad da
airad garemoSi. amis gamo grZivi talRa vrceldeba
samive tipis garemoSi. grZivi talRis gavrcelebisas
nawilakTa rxevis mimarTuleba talRis gavrcelebis
mimarTulebas emTxveva.
calke Seiswavleba e.w. zedapiruli talRa. igi
warmoadgens ganivi da grZivi talRuri moZraobis
kombinacias da vrceldeba ori garemos gamyofi
sazRvris gaswvriv (magaliTad, zRvis talRa).
Cven, SeviswavliT umartives meqanikur – mono-
qromatul talRas, romelic aris aramSTanTqmel,
erTgvarovan, izotropul garemoSi harmoniuli
rxevis gavrcelebis process. aseT talRas gaaCnia
ucvleli sixSire, sawyisi faza da amplituda.
monoqromatuli talRis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli sidideebia:
sixSire ( ) – erTeulovan droSi Sesrulebuli
rxevaTa ricxvi;
cikluri sixSire ( = 2 ) – 2 wamSi
Sesrulebuli rxevaTa ricxvi;
 1
periodi T = – erTi rxevisTvis saWiro dro.

talRis gavrcelebis siCqared miRebulia
energiis gadatanis siCqare (jgufuri siCqare) da
fazis gadatanis siCqare (fazuri siCqare).
monoqromatuli talRis SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTs
emTxveva. SemdegSi maT “siCqared” movixseniebT.
talRis siCqare, damokidebulia garemos drekad
Tvisebebze da simkvriveze..
talRis sigrZe ( ) – erTnair fazaSi merxev or
uaxloes nawilaks Soris manZili, anu manZili,
romelsac talRa gadis periodis ganmavlobaSi
  2  ;
  = T = = 
   
➢ erTi garemodan meoreSi talRis gadasvlisas
icvleba talRis gavrcelebis siCqare, ar
icvleba misi periodi (T1 = T2 ) (sixSire)

talRuri veqtori (k ) – gviCvenebs energiis

 2  
gadatanis mimarTulebas. mis moduls k = = 
  
talRuri ricxvi ewodeba.
amplituda ( A) – merxevi nawilakis wonasworobis
mdgomareobidan udidesi gadaxra;
intensioba (I ) – talRis gavrcelebis marTobulad
erTeulovan farTSi drois erTeulSi gadatanil
energia.
talRuri zedapiri, drois mocemul momentSi
erTnair fazaSi merxev wertilTa erTobliobaa.
talRis fronti aris drois mocemuli
momentisTvis yvelaze wina talRuri zedapiri. tal-
Ruri frontis forma damokidebulia talRis
warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis pirobebze. Tu talRis
wyaro izotropul garemoSi moTavsebuli nivTieri
wertilia, maSin talRis fronti sferuli zedapiria
da aseT talRebs sferuli ewodeba. Tu wyaros
daSoreba dakvirvebis aredan gacilebiT aRemateba
wyaros d wiriT zomas (r  10d ) , maSin talRis
fronti warmogvidgeba sibrtyis saxiT, romelic
didi radiusis mqone sferuli zedapiris nawilia.
aseT talRas brtyeli talRa ewodeba. garda amisa,
arsebobs cilindruli, elifsoiduri da sxva
talRebi.
wrfes, romelic gviCvenebs talRis
gavrcelebis anu energiis gadatanis mimarTulebas,
sxivi ewodeba. izotropul garemoSi sxivi
yovelTvis frontis marTobulia. brtyeli talRis
SemTxvevaSi sxivebi paraleluri, sferuli talRis
SemTxvevaSi ki – radialuri wrfeebia.

§55. talRis gantoleba

talRis gantoleba iZleva merxevi nawilakis
wanacvlebis damokidebulebas x, y , z koordinatebsa
da t droze: a = a(x, y, z, t ) . es funqcia periodulia
koordinatebisa da drois mimarT. ganvsazRvroT misi
saxe brtyeli talRebisTvis. x RerZi davamTxvioT
talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebas. maSin talRuri
zedapiri iqneba x RerZis marTobuli da, radgan am
zedapiris yvela wertili erTnairad irxeva, a
wanacvleba damokidebuli aRmoCndeba mxolod x
koordinatsa da t droze: a = a(x, t ) .
davuSvaT x = 0 sibrtyis wertilebis rxevis
gantolebaa

a(0, t ) = A cos(t +  ) . (55.1)

y im sibrtyis wertilTa
rxevis gantolebis
x = t Cawerisas romlisTvisac

x
x  0 (nax.55.1), saWiroa
gaviTvaliswinoT is
z dro romelic Wirdeba
x=0 talRas x = 0 sibrtyidan

naxazi 55.1
 x
am sibrtyemde mosaRwevad t = ris Sedegadac

miviRebT:
a(x, t ) = A cos((t − t ) +  ) ,
maSasadame, aramSTanTqmel garemoSi x RerZis
gaswvriv mimarTuli brtyeli talRis (rogorc
ganivis, ise grZivis) gantolebaa:
  x 
a(x, t ) = A cos   t −  +   . (55.2)
   
Tu talRa vrceldeba x RerZis sapirispirod,
maSin siCqaris gegmili uaryofiTia da gantoleba
miiRebs saxes:
  x 
a(x, t ) = A cos   t +  +   (55.3)
   

talRuri ricxvis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, k = ,

amitom (55.2) da (55.3) asec Caiwereba:
a(x, t ) = A cos(t − kx +  ) . (55.2′)
a(x, t ) = A cos(t + kx +  ) . (55.3′)
Tu brtyeli talRis fronts sivrceSi
nebismieri orientacia gaaCnia, maSin Sesabamis
gantolebas eqneba Semdegi saxe:
( 
)
a( x, t ) = A cos t − k r +  , (55.4)
Tu talRis wertilovani wyaro moTavsebulia
erTgvarovan, izotropul garemoSi, maSin, imis gamo,
rom talRis gavrcelebis siCqare yvela
mimarTulebiT erTnairia, warmoSobili talRa
iqneba sferuli. aramSTanTqmeli garemos
SemTxvevaSi am talRis gantolebas eqneba saxe:

a(r , t ) =
A0   r  A 
(
cos   t −  +   = 0 cos t − k r +  , (55.5) )
r     r
sadac A = A0 / r − sferuli talRis amplitudaa,
romelic aramSTanTqmel garemoSic ki manZilis
zrdiT mcirdeba. es imiT aixsneba, rom manZilis
gazrdiT izrdeba talRuri zedapiris farTobi, ris
gamoc mcirdeba erTeulovan zedapirze mosuli
energia da amplitudac.
sawyisi fazis mniSvneloba damokidebulia x-
isa da t-s sawyis mniSvnelobaTa SerCevaze.
Tu garemo mSTanTqmelia, talRaTa
gantolebebSi saWiroa e e − r −x
( )
Tanamamravlis Semo-
tana (  garemos mier mocemuli sixSiris talRis
STanTqmis koeficientia).

§57. meqanikuri talRis energia da simkvrive

vTqvaT,  simkvrivis drekad garemoSi Y0Z
sibrtyeSi moTavsebuli S farTis Txeli firfita
(naxazi 57.1) asrulebs harmoniul rxevas x = A cos t
kanoniT, ris Sedegadac garemoSi gavrceldeba igive
sixSirisa da amplitudis brtyeli grZivi talRa.
firfitis mimdebare garemos m masis fena
firfitis rxevis Sedegad Rebulobs meqanikur
energias W = Wk + Wp , romelic ase SeiZleba
CavweroT:
mmaq
2
m 2 A2 V 2 A2
W = (Wk )maq = = = (57.1)
2 2 2
xolo erTeulovan moculobaSi akumulirebuli
energia – energiis simkvrive – iqneba:
W  A
2 2

w= = (57.2)
V 2
garemoSi energiis gadatanis dasaxasiaTeblad
gamoiyeneba intensivoba - talRis gavrcelebis
marTobul erTeulovan farTSi drois erTeulSi
gadatanili energia:
W V 2 A2 Sx 2 A2  2 A2
I= = = = . (57.3)
St 2 St 2 St 2
intensivobis erTeulia 1vt/m2.
I ~ A2 damokidebuleba samarTliania eleqt-
romagnituri talRebisTvisac.
Tu aramSTanTqmel garemoSi vrceldeba
brtyeli talRa, radgan misi amplituda mudmivia
misi intensioba wyarodan manZilze ar iqneba
damokidebuli.
imave garemoSi sferuli talRis
gavrcelebisas, energiis mudmivobis kanonidan gamom-
dinare, r1 da r2 radiusian sferul zedapirs (nax.
57.2) unda ganWolavdes
y
erTnairi energiა
W1 / t = W2 / t . anu
S I1S1 = I 2 S2 (57.3)-dan
gveqneba:
x A12 S1 = A22 S2 ,
A1 r2
z A12 4r12 = A22 4r22 , = .
A2 r1
x x e.i., amplituda wyarodan
manZilis uku-
proporciulia. (57.3)-is
naxazi 57.1 Tanaxmad, I ~ A2 , ris gamoc
vRebulobT
2
I1 r2
r1 = (57.4)
I 2 r12
e.i., sferuli talRis intensioba
r2 aramSTanTqmel garemoSi wyarodan
manZilis kvadratis
naxazi 57.2 ukuproporciulia.

amocana 57.1. seismologiuri grZivi talRis

(PtalRis) intensioba miwisZvris epicentridan 60km
manZilze Seadgens daaxloebiT 2,5∙106vt/m2-s. risi
toli iqneba misi intensioba epicentridan 300km-ze.
 amoxsna: (57.5)-is Tanaxmad,
2
r 
2
 60 
I 2 = I1  1  = 2,5 106   = 10 vt/m2.
5

 r2   300 

§58. bgera
bgeriTi talRa (bgera) ewodeba im meqanikur
talRas, romelic adamianTa da cxovelTa smeniT
organoze zemoqmedebis Sedegad tvinSi iwvevs
xmaurTan asocirebul fsiqologiur process.
bgeris, rogorc meqanikuri talRis,
gavrcelebis siCqare damokidebulia garemos drekad
Tvisebebze da simkvriveze. myar da Txevad
nivTierebebs maRali drekadobis moduli gaaCnia,
ris gamoc maTSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqare
sakmaod maRalia airebTan SedarebiT..
radgan temperaturis cvlileba iwvevs garemos
drekadi Tvisebebis cvlilebas, amitom bgeris
gavrcelebis siCqare temperaturazea damokidebuli.
dadgenilia, rom temperaturis 10 C -iT gazrdisas
siCqare saSualod 0,60m/wm-iT matulobs. amitom,
zogadad, 1 atm wnevis pirobebSi, nebismier tempera-
( )
turaze t 0C bgeris siCqare SeiZleba gamovTvaloT
Semdegi formuliT:
bg = (331+ 0,60t ) m/wm.
magaliTad, zafxulSi t = 40 0 C -ze bg = 355 m/wm-ia.
bgeris zemoqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad Semota-
nilia ori subieqturi maxasiaTebeli, romlebic
fizikuri meTodiT SeiZleba gaizomos. eseni aris
bgeris simaRle da xmamaRloba. bgeris simaRle misi
sixSiriT ganisazRvreba, rac metia sixSire, miT
maRalia bgera. adamianis smenadobis intervali 16-
dan 20000 hercamdea. zeda sazRvari asakTan erTad
mcirdeba da 10000-mde Camodis. 20000hc-ze maRali
sixSiris bgerebs ultrabgerebi, xolo 16hc-ze
dabali sixSiris bgerebs infrabgerebi ewodeba.
 bgeris xmamaRloba ganisazRvreba rxevis
amplitudiT. radgan talRis intensioba amplitudis
kvadratis proporciulia da warmoadgens fizikurad
gazomvad sidides, amitom es sidide iqna SerCeuli
bgeris xmamaRlobis dasaxasiaTeblad. adamianis
smenis organo yvelaze maRali mgrZnobiarobiT xasi-
aTdeba ~ 1000hc sixSiris bgeris mimarT. is mas
aRiqvams I 0 = 1,0 10−12 vt/m2 (smenadobis qveda zRvari)
intensiobidan dawyebuli zemoT. sxva sixSiris
bgeris aRqma iwyeba I  I 0 intensiobis SemTxvevaSi.
zogadad, adamianis smenadobis normaluri
−12
diapazonia 1,0  10 2 2
vt/m -dan 1vt/m -mde. ufro meti
intensiobis SemTxvevaSi mas ewyeba nervuli sistemis
aRgznebadoba da dazianeba. amitom 1vt/m2-s tkivilis
(
SegrZnebis qveda zRvarsac uwodeben. 1,0  10 −12  1,0 )
vt/m2 diapazons normaluri smenadobis diapazoni
ewodeba.
adamianis smenis organos mgrZnobiarobis
dasaxasiaTeblad mocemuli intensiobis
(amplitudis) bgeris mimarT Semotanili iqna
xmamaRlobis donis (intensiobis donis) cneba
I
L = 10 lg . (58.1)
I0
I mocemuli bgeris intensiobaa, izomeba
decibelebSi (dcbel). aTobiTi logariTmis Semotana
ganapiroba adamianis smenadobis Zalian farTo
intervalma da masTan dakavSirebuli gaTvlebis
mouxerxeblobam.
CavweroT normaluri smenadobis diapazoni
xmamaRlobis donis Sesabamis sazRvrebSi; Tu I = I 0 ,
maSin L = 10 lg 1 = 0 ; I = 1 vt/m2, L = 10 lg 1012 = 120 dcbel.
e.i., adamianis normaluri smenadobis area (0  120)
dcbeli. cxril 58.2-Si mocemulia intensioba da
Sesabamisi xmamaRlobis donis mniSvneloba sxvada-
sxva wyaros SemTxvevaSi.
 bgeriTi wyaros rxevisas, raime ubanSi haeris
SekumSva iwvevs
am ubanSi wnevis
gazrdas. haeris
molekulebs
Soris drekadi
kavSirebis gamo es wneva gadaecema mezobel ubans,
ris Sedegadac pirvel ubanSi wneva daecema,
mezobel ubanSi ki gaizrdeba. ase rom warmoiqmneba
erTmaneTis monacvle SekumSuli da gaiSviaTebuli
ubnebi, romlebic gavrceldeba mTel garemoSi
(sur.38.1). e.i. bgeris gavrceleba haerSi
dakavSirebulia haeris fenaTa SekumSva-
gafarToebasTan, rac warmoSobs wnevis damatebiT
cvlilebas mis saSualo mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT.
bgeriTi wneva ewodeba wnevis im cvlilebas,
romelic warmoiqmneba garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis
Sedegad.
cxadia, bgeriTi wneva saSualo wnevaze metia
“SekumSul” areSi da naklebia “gafarToebul” areSi.
bgeriTi wnevis cvlilebis sixSire bgeris
gavrcelebis sixSiris tolia. xSirad xmamaRlobis
dones (58.1) formulis nacvlad gamosaxaven
Sesabamisi bgeriTi wnevebiT:
p
L = 20 lg , (58.2)
p0

sadac p I intensiobis bgeris Sesabamisi bgeriTi

wnevis mniSvnelobaa, xolo p0 = 3,0  10 −5 pa is
bgeriTi wnevaa, romelic Seesabameba smenadobis
qveda zRvars I 0 -s.
haers, nawilakTa urTierTqmedebis gamo,
gaaCnia Sinagani xaxuni (siblante), ris gamoc bgeris
gavrcelebisas bgeris meqanikuri energia siTbur
energiaSi gadadis, rac ganapirobebs bgeris
milevas.
 amocana 58.1. reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi 1wm-Si
asxivebs 2∙105j bgeriT energias. ganvsazRvroT
xmamaRlobis done TviTmfrinavidan 40m da 200m
manZilze, Tu haeris mier bgeris STanTqmis koefi-
cientia 7dcbel/km.
amoxsna: radgan bgeriTi talRa sferulia,
r1 = 40 m manZilze intensioba (57.4)-dan iqneba
W W 2  10 5
I1 = = = = 10 vt/m2.
St 4r12 t 4  1600  1
10
(58.1)-is Tanaxmad, L1Teor = 10 lg −12 = 130 dcbel.
10
40
L1 = L1Teor −  7 = 130 − 0,28 = 129,72 dcbel.(57.6)-dan
1000
2
r  0,4
I 2 = I1  1  = 0,4 vt/m2. L2Teor = 10 lg −12 = 116 dcbel.
 r2  10
200
L2 = L2Teor −  7 = 116 − 1,4 = 114,6 dcbel.
1000
e.i., reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavidan 200m-zec ki
xmamaRlobis done mcired CamorCeba normaluri
smenadobis zeda zRvars (120 dcbel).
amocana 58.2.risi toli iqneba xmamaRlobis
done 60dcbeli da 70dcbeli xmamaRlobis donis
bgeris wyaroebis erTdroulad CarTvisas?
L
amoxsna: (58.1)-is Tanaxmad gI = + gI 0 , amitom
10
60
gI 1 = + g10 −12 gI1 = 6 − 12 = −6 I 1 = 10 −6 vt/m 2
10
70
gI 2 = + g10 −12 gI 2 = 7 − 12 = −5 I 2 = 10 −5 vt/m 2
10
ori wyaros erTdrouli CarTvisas xmamaRlobis
I1 + I 2
done iqneba: L = 10g
I0
 10 −6 + 10 −5 1,1  10 −5
L = 10g = 10g = 70,4 dcbel
10 −12 10 −12
§60. dopleris efeqti
Tu bgeris wyaro da mimRebi uZravia, maSin mimRebi
afiqsirebs im ν sixSiris talRas, romliTac irxeva
wyaro. Tu wyaro an mimRebi, an orive erTad
moZraobs, maSin mimRebis mier dafiqsirebuli
sixSire gansxvavebulia wyaros sixSirisagan. am
movlenas dopleris efeqti ewodeba.
kerZod Tu wyaro uaxlovdeba signalis
mimRebs, am ukanasknelis mier dafiqsirebuli  '
sixSire metia wyaros mier gamocemuli signalis 
sixSireze:
bg
 '= . (60.1)
bg − wy
da piriqiT Tu wyaro Sordeba mimRebs,
dafiqsirebuli bgeris sixSire  " 
bg
 "=  (60.2)
bg + wy
dopleris efeqti maSinac daimzireba, rodesac
uZravi wyaros mimarT moZraobs damkvirvebeli. am
dros sixSiris cvlileba mcired gansxvavdeba (60.1)
da (60.2) Sedegebisgan, am SemTxvevaSi wyarosa da
mimRebis garda, Sesabamis rols TamaSobs garemoc
(haeri). Tu wyaro (an mimRebi) ar moZraobs maTi
SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv, maSin sixSireTa for-
mulebSi saWiroa SemaerTebeli wrfis mimarT
Sesabamisi siCqareTa gegmilebis Setana.
amocana 60.1. TviTmfrinavi mifrinavs
horizontis gaswvriv 200m/wm siCqariT. im momentSi,
rodesac igi imyofeba damkvirveblis mimarT
zenitidan 300-ani kuTxiT (ix. naxazi), gamoscems
5000hc sixSiris bgeriT signals. ra sixSiris
signals aRiqvams damkvirvebeli? bg = 330 m/wm.
 
wy
amoxsna: (60.1)-is Tanaxmad,
bg
'=   mocemulobis
wy cos 60 0  bg −  wy cos 60 0
 bg gaTvaliswinebiT
30 0
330
 '=  5000  7170hc .
330 − 200  0,5
dopleris wanacvleba iqneba:
 =  , − = 7170 − 5000 = 2170hc

a m o c a n e b i:
3. harmoniuli rxevis sawyisi faza nulia. rodesac
merxevi wertili gadaxrilia wonasworobis
mdebareobidan 2,4sm-ze, maSin misi siCqare 3sm/wm-is
tolia, xolo 2,8sm-iT gadaxrisas 2sm/wm. ipoveT am
rxevis amplituda. (pasuxi: 3,01sm).
4. rogor Seefardeba erTmaneTs ori maTematikuri
saqanis sigrZeebi, Tu erTsa da imave droSi erTma
Seasrula 5 rxeva, meorem – 15. (pasuxi: 9).
5. 6,4m sigrZis maTematikuri saqani gadaxares
vertikalidan 90 kuTxiT da gaanTavisufles. ipoveT
rxevis amplituda da saqanis siCqare wonasworobis
mdebareobaSi gavlisas. (pasuxi: 1m; 1,25m/wm).
6. maTematikuri saqanis rxevis periodiaT0.
gamoTvaleT rxevis periodi, Tu igi moZraobs g/4
aCqarebiT 1. vertikalurad zemoT, 2. vertikalurad
qvemoT, 3. horozontalurad, 4. Tavisuflad vardeba.
2 2 1
(pasuxi: T0 ; T0 ; 4
T0 ;  ).
5 3 5
7. mas Semdeg rac liftma daiwyo vertikaluri
moZraoba masSi Camokidebuli maTematikuri saqanis
rxevis periodi 1,5-jer Semcirda. gamoTvaleT
liftis aCqarebis sidide da mimarTuleba.(pasuxi:
12,5m/wm2 mimarTulia zemoT).
9. gamoTvaleT amocana 5-Si 5wm-Tvis nawilakze
moqmedi kvazidrekadi Zalis mniSvneloba. (pasuxi:
9,86.10-4n)
10. nawilaki asrulebs harmoniul rxevebs. drois t
momentisTvis misi gadaxraa 4sm. fazis orjer
gadidebis Semdeg gadaxra 6sm-ia. ipoveT rxevis
amplituda da faza am momentisTvis. (pasuxi: 6,05sm;
420)
11. nawilaki asrulebs harmoniul rxevebs. drois t
momentSi misi gadaxraa 7sm, siCqare 17sm/wm, aCqareba
63sm/wm2. ipoveT rxevis amplituda, cikluri sixSire,
periodi da faza am momentisTvis. (pasuxi: 9sm; 3wm-1;
2/3wm; 380)
12. 2kg masis nawilaki F = −3,2 cos 4t kvazidrekadi
Zalis moqmedebiT asrulebs harmoniul rxevas.
CawereT rxevis gantoleba da gamoTvaleT sistemis
sruli energia.(pasuxi: x = 0,1 cos 4t ; 0,16kj)
13. 0,2kg masis nawilakis harmoniul rxevis
gantolebaa: x = 0,1sin 4t m. gamoTvaleT masze moqmedi
kvazidrekadi Zalis sidide, maqsimaluri gadaxris
dros da roca faza 300-is tolia. gamoTvaleT
sistemis sruli energia. (pasuxi: x = 0,1 cos 4t ; 0,16kj).
15.zambaraze mimagrebuli tvirTi irxeva 0,5hc
sixSiriT. rodesac masze kidev miamagres 600g
tvirTi rxevis sixSire gaxda 0,3hc. ipoveT sawyisi
tvirTis masa. (pasuxi: 337,5g)
16. 2kg masis tvirTi mimagrebulia erTnairi 9.102n/m
sixistis paralelur zambaraze. sistema asrulebs
harmoniul rxevas. gamoTvaleT rxevis cikluri
sixSire. (pasuxi:30wm-1)
17.Rero romlis sigrZea 0,8m, masa 2kg. damagrebulia
erTi boloTi. Tavisufal boloze mimagrebulia 5kg
masis tvirTi. sistema asrulebs harmoniul rxevas
horizontaluri RerZis maxloblobaSi. gamoTvaleT
sistemis rxevis cikluri sixSire da dayvanili
sigrZe.(pasuxi: 3,2wm-1; 1,04m)
20. 12g masis tyvia ejaxeba 1,03.103n/m sixistis erTi
boloTi damagrebul zambaraze mimagrebul tvirTs
da rCeba masSi. sistema iwyebs harmoniul rxevas
0,35m amplitudiT. ipoveT tyviis siCqare.(pasuxi:
600m/wm)
21.erTi boloTi damagrebul 64n/m sixistis
horizontaluri zambaris Tavisufal boloze
mimagrebul 640g tvirTs dartymiT aniWeben 1,2m/wm
siCqares. ipoveT rxevis periodi, amplituda,
gamoTvaleT sistemis potenciuri energia drois im
momentisTvis, rodesac winasworobis
mdgomareobidan gadaxra amplitudis naxevaria.
(pasuxi: 0,63wm; 0,12m; 0,26j)
34. uZravi bgeris wyaros mier gamocemuli signalis
sixSirea 1000hc. wyaros uaxlovdeba damkvirvebeli
30m/wm siCqariT. ipoveT mis mier dafiqsirebuli
talRis sixSire. haerSi bgera vrceldeba 330m/wm
siCqariT. (pasuxi: 1090hc)
35. uZravi bgeris wyaros mier gamocemuli signalis
sixSirea 1000hc. wyaros damkvirvebeli Sordeba
30m/wm siCqariT. ipoveT mis mier dafiqsirebuli
talRis sixSire. haerSi bgera vrceldeba 330m/wm
siCqariT. (pasuxi: 910hc)

leqcia 10 $1. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis

debulebebi
sxeulis da sxeulTa jgufis (sistemis)
aRnagobis, Tvisebebis da masSi mimdinare procesebis
SeswavlisTvis sargebloben kvlevis ori meTodiT:
molekulur-kinetikuri TeoriiT da TermodinamikiT.
molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria Seiswavlis
sistemis im Tvisebebs, romlebic warmoadgens
sistemis Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis
Sedegs.
Termodinamika sitemis kvlevisas, kinetikuri
Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, ar ganixilavs mis
mikrostruqturas. igi Seiswavlis sistemis, rogorc
erTi mTlianis, Tvisebebs masSi mimdinare
makroskopuli procesebis mixedviT.
kinetikuri Teoria dafuZnebulia sam
debulebaze:
1. nebismieri nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi
nawilakebisgan (atomi, molekula, ioni).
2. nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv, uwesrigod –
qaosurad moZraobs
3. nawilakebi mizidva-ganzidvis ZalebiT
urTierTqmedebs.
atomi (berZ. – ganuyofeli) warmoadgens
qimiuri elementis (martivi nivTierebis) umciress
nawilaks, romelsac misi yvela qimiuri Tviseba
gaaCnia. molekula ki rTuli nivTierebis umciresi
nawilakia, gaaCnia misi yvela qimiuri Tviseba. is
atomebisgan Semdgari mdgradi sistemaa. mag.
wyalbadis H2 da Jangbadis O2 molekulebi oratomia-
nia, wylis H2O da naxSirbadis orJangis CO2
molekulebi - samatomiani da a.S. xSirad inertuli
airebis atomebs erTatomian molekulebs uwodeben.
amitom iq, sadac dakonkreteba saWiro araa
,,molekulis” terminiT visargeblebT. ioni ewodeba
iseT atoms (molekulas), romlis
eleqtroneitraloba darRveulia-dakarguli an
SeZenili aqvs erTi an ramodenime eleqtroni. maT
Sesabamisad dadebiT an uaryofiT ions uwodeben.
atomTa da molekulaTa masis simciris gamo,
gamoTvlebis gamartivebis mizniT, masis erTeulad
SemoRebulia masis atomuri erTeuli (m.a.e.).
m.a.e warmoadgens naxSirbadis atomis C 612
(elementis simboloa X ZA , Z elementis rigiTi nomeria,
A-atomuri masa (masuri ricxvi)) .masis 1/12 nawils.
1m.a.e. = 1,66·10–27kg.
aseve sargebloben atomuri (molekuluri)
masiT – A. is fardobiTi sididea da gviCvenebs
mocemuli atomi (molekula) ramden m.a.e.-s Seicavs,
anu ramdenjer metia mocemuli elementis atomis
masa m0 naxSirbadis atomis masis mC -s 1/12 nawilze:
m0
A=
1  mC
12
elementTa atomuri masebi miTiTebulia
mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. magaliTad
umsubuqesi elementis wyalbadis H 11 atomuri masa 1-
16
is tolia, Jangbadis O8 16-is. Sesabamisad, H 2O -s
molekuluri masa iqneba 2·1+16=18, e.i. wylis mole-
12
kula 18-jer mZimea C6 -is 1/12 nawilze.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (SI) erT-
erT ZiriTad erTeulad miRebulia moli (mol)
moli nivTierebis is raodenobaa, romelic
imdenive atoms (molekulas) Seicavs, rasac 0,012kg
(12g) naxSirbadi.
erT molSi arsebul atomTa raodenobas
N A = 6,023 1023 mol–1
avogadros ricxvi ewodeba,
xolo masas moluri masa M. ganmartebis Tanaxmad
M = m0 N A , m0=A·(m.a.e.). Sesabamisad,
M = A  (N A  m.a.e. ) = A 10 −3 kg/mol, e.i.
➢ nivTierebis moluri masa ricxobrivad misi
molekuluri masis 10–3-ze namravlis tolia.
(mag. wylis moluri masaa M H2O = 18 10−3 kg/mol).
Tu m masis nivTierebaSi molekulaTa
raodenobas N -iT avRniSnavT, maSin adgili eqneba
Tanafardobas
m N
= = , (1.1)
M NA
 mocemul nivTierebaSi molebis ricxvia.
davuSvaT sistema Sedgeba ramodenime
nivTierebis narevisgan, romelTa masebia m1 , m2 ,...,
Sesabamisad moluri masebia M 1 , M 2 ,..., maSin
sistemis molebis ricxvi iqneba:
m1 m2
 =  1 +  2 + ... = + + ... (1.2)
M1 M 2
xolo narevis moluri masa:
m1 + m2 + ...
M= (1.3)
 1 +  2 + ...
kinetikuri Teoriis debulebaTa erT-erTi
damamtkicebeli movlenaa brounis (ingliseli
biologi) moZraoba. igi warmoadgens siTxeebSi an
airebSi Setivtivebul mcire zomis nawilakis (e.w.
brounis nawilaki) qaosur moZraobas. masze
dakvirveba SesaZlebelia
mikroskopis saSualebiT. es
movlena ase SeiZleba
aixsnas: siTxis (airis)
molekulebs uwesrigo
moZraobis gamo gaaCnia
gansxvavebuli siCqareebi,
romlebic ganuwyvetliv
naxazi 1.1 icvleba urTierTqmedebisas.
amitom brounis nawilakze
maTi Sejaxebisas gadacemuli jamuri impulsi
gansxvavebulia nulisgan da nawilakic moZraobs
Sesabamisi mimarTulebiT. drois momdevno momentSi,
zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo, brounis nawilakze
gadacemuli jamuri impulsi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebuli sididisa da mimarTulebis aRmoCndes,
ris gamoc nawilaki Seicvlis moZraobis mimarTu-
lebas da a.S. (nax. 1.1). rac adasturebs rogorc
molekulaTa arsebobis, aseve maTi qaosuri
moZraobis faqtsac. SevniSnoT, rom, Tu nawilaki di-
di zomisaa, mas daejaxeba molekulaTa Zalian didi
raodenoba, ris gamoc maTi moqmedeba
gasaSualovdeba, daakompensirebs erTmaneTs da gada-
cemuli jamuri impulsi gautoldeba nuls da
nawilaki darCeba uZravi.
kinetikuri Teoriis kidev erTi dadasturebaa
difuziis movlena, romelic warmoadgens masis
gadatanis – nivTierebaTa Serevis process,
gamowveuls sxvadasxva ubanSi simkvriveTa
gansxvavebiT da molekulaTa qaosuri moZraobiT.
amocana 1.2. nakeTobaze, romlis zedapiris
farTobia S=20sm2, dafenilia d = 1 mkm sisqis
vercxlis fena. vercxlis ramdeni atomia fenaSi
(M=10810 kg/mol; =10,510 kg/m3)?
-3 3
amoxsna: vercxlis fenis moculoba iqneba:
V=Sd=2010-410-6=210-9m3. simkvrivis ganmartebis
Tanaxmad =m/V, saidanac m=V=10,5103210-9=2,110-5kg.
m  N A 2,1  10 −5  6,023  10 23
(1.1)-dan N = = −3
= 1,2  10 20 .
M 108  10
amocana 1.3. gamovTvaloT 12g heliumis da 50g
neonis narevis moluri ricxvi da da moluri masa.
amoxsna: (1.2)-is da (1.3)-is Tanaxmad
mHe mNe 12 50
= + = + = 5,5mol.
M He M Ne 4 20
m m 12 + 50
M = = =  10 −3  11,3  10 −3 kg/mol
  He +  Ne 5,5
amocana 1.4. airTa narevis Sedgenlobaa: 50%
wyalbadi, 30% azoti, 20% heliumi. gamovTvaloT
narevis moluri masa.
amoxsna: amocanis pirobis da (1.2)-is Tanaxmad
mH 2 mN2 m He 0,5m 0,3m 0,2m
= + + = + + =
M H2 M N2 M He M H 2 M N 2 M He
0,5m 0,3m 0,2m 8,7 m
= −3
+ −3
+ −3
=
2  10 28  10 4  10 28  10 −3
m 28  10 −3
e.i. M= =  m  3,22  10 −3 kg/mol
 8,7m
$3. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareoba
 erTidaigive nivTierebis sxvadasxva
mdgomareobas temperaturisa da wnevis gansazRvrul
intervalSi nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareoba
ewodeba. tradiciulad gamoyofen sam agregatul
mdgomareobas. esenia: myari, Txevadi, airadi. am
formebs ganapirobebs molekuluri urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi, temperatura da wneva. molekuluri urTi-
erTqmedebis ZalTa erToblivi moqmedeba cdilobs
molekulebs miuCinos fiqsirebuli mdebareoba,
rasac ewinaaRmdegeba molekulaTa qaosuri moZraoba.
anu nivTierebis agregatul mdgomareobas
gansazRvravs molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis
potenciuri energia da qaosuri-siTburi moZraobis
kinetikuri energia. kerZod, roca
( )
1. Wpot  Wkin saS
nivTiereba imyofeba myar
mdgomareobaSi. am dros urTierTqmedebis Zalebi
sakmaod didia, ris gamoc molekulaTa ganlageba
erTmaneTis mimarT praqtikulad ar icvleba. maT
SeuZlia mxolod rxeviTi moZraoba Tavisi
mdebareobis maxloblobaSi, ris gamoc myar
sxeulebs gaaCnia sakuTari forma da moculoba. Tu
amasTan molekulebis ganlageba emorCileba mkacr
geometriul kanonzomierebas - axasiaTebs
ganlagebis garkveuli perioduloba, maSin maT kris-
talur nivTierebas uwodeben, xolo Tu molekulebi
ganlagebulia yovelgvari wesrigis gareSe –
amorfuls. xSirad myar mdgomareobad mxolod
kristalurs Tvlian, xolo amorfuls –
Txevadad,radgan is mTeli rigi TvisebebiT marTlac
waagavs siTxes.
( )
2. Wpot  Wkin
saS
nivTiereba imyofeba Txevad
mdgomareobaSi. molekulaTa Soris urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi myarTan SedarebiT sakmaod sustia, ris
gamoc molekulebi moZraoben qaosurad, Tumca
urTierTqmedeba imdenad Zlieria, rom maTi qaosuri
moZraoba ver cvlis saSualo manZils molekulebs
Soris, amitom siTxeebs gaaCnia sakuTari moculoba,
formas ki WurWlisas Rebulobs.
( )
3. Wpot  WkinsaS
nivTiereba imyofeba airad
mdgomareobaSi molekulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba
imdenad sustia, rom qaosuri moZraobis gamo, isini
Tavisuflad Sordeba erTmaneTs da mTlianad avsebs
im WurWels, romelSic moTavsebulia, e.i. airebs ar
gaaCnia sakuTari forma da moculoba.

$4. temperatura. Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni

SemoviRoT Termodinamikuri sistemis cneba: is
ewodeba didi raodenobis nawilakebisgan Semdgar
iseT fizikur sistemas, romelsac SeuZlia
garemosTan energiisa da nivTierebis gacvla. roca
garemosTan gacvliTi procesebi mimdinareobs
sistema araizolirebulia-Riaa, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi izolirebulia. Tu movaxdenT sistemis
izolacias, misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis
urTierTqmedebisa da qaosuri moZraobis Sedegad
sistema adre Tu gvian gadava iseT mdgomareobaSi,
rodesac am nawilakTa saSualo kinetikuri energia
gaxdeba mudmivi, rac fizikurad niSnavs, rom mTel
sistemaSi damyardeba erTnairi, ucvleli temperatu-
ra.
praqtikaSi temperaturis cneba sxeulTa
mTbarobis Sesafaseblad ixmareba. magaliTad
vambobT gamdnar folads maRali temperatura aqvs,
yinuls dabali da a.S. fizikaSi ki
➢ temperatura nawilakTa qaosuri moZraobis
intensiobis (saSualo kinetikuri energiis)
zomaa.
Tu ucvleli gare pirobebis dros sistemis
temperatura ar icvleba sistema imyofeba wonaswo-
rul mdgomareobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi aseve ucvlelia
sistemis maxasiaTebeli yvela sxva Termodinamikuri
parametric - wneva, simkvrive, Sinagani energia da
a.S., Tumca sistemis wonasworobis SefasebisTvis
upiratesoba eniWeba temperaturas. temperatura
erTnairia wonasworuli sistemis yvela ubanSi,
damoukideblad imisa erTfaziania - homogenuria igi,
Tu mravalfaziani -heterogenuri (mag. airi-siTxe,
siTxe-myari, airi-siTxe-myari) maSin, rodesac sxva
parametrebi (mag. wneva) sxvadasxva fazisTvis
ucvleli, magram erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli
iqneba.
Tu sistemaSi temperatura gaTanabrebuli ar
aris, maSin is arawonasworul mdgomareobaSia, am
dros Cven ver mivuTiTebT temperaturis, wnevis da
sxva parametris gansazRvrul mniSvnelobebs.
temperaturis raodenobrivi Sefasebisas
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva temperaturuli skalebi.
evropasa da aziis qveynebSi sargebloben celsiusis
temperaturuli skaliT, sadac fiqsirebul
wertilad miRebulia normaluri wnevis pirobebSi
(105pa) gamoxdili wylis gayinvis – 00C da duRilis –
1000C temperaturebi. am intervalis 1/100 nawils
gradusi (10C) ewodeba.
aSS-sa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi
upiratesad gamoiyeneba farengeitis temperaturuli
skala, sadac wylis gayinvas Seesabameba 320F, xolo
0
duRils – 212 F . . am intervalis 1/180 nawili erTi
farengeitia (10F), e.i. farengeitis skalis danayofis
1F = 100 180 = 5 9 C . . am skalis
0
fasi tolia: tF
temperaturis gadayvana celsiusis skalis tC
temperaturaze xorcieldeba Semdegi TanafardobiT:
5
( )
tC = t F − 32 0 F .
9
(4.1)
Sesabamisad, celsiusis temperaturis
farengeitis temperaturaSi gadayvana ki –
9
t F = tC + 32 0 F . (4.2)
5
fizikaSi upiratesobas aniWeben absolutur
temperaturas. mis Sesabamis skalas kelvinis
temperaturul skalas uwodeben. am skalis erTe-
ulia 1 kelvini kel. an (K ) . is miRebulia
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis (SI) ZiriTad
erTeulad.
absoluturi temperatura ganisazRvreba
rogorc airis molekulis siTburi (qaosuri)
moZraobis saSualo kinetikuri energiis proporci-
uli sidide:
2 2 m 2
T = wsaS =  0 saS , (4.3)
3k 3k 2
k =1,3810–23 j/kel koeficients energiis erTeuli
gadahyavs temperaturis erTeulSi. mas bolcmanis
mudmiva ewodeba (4.3) SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
nivTierebis Txevadi da myari mdgomareobisTvisac.
maSin qaosuri moZraobis kinetikuri energiis
nacvlad unda aviRoT molekulaTa sruli energiis
saSualo mniSvneloba.
kelvinis skalaze aTvla iwyeba absoluturi
nuliT 0 K = −273 C ( 0 K = −460 F ), romelic
0 0 0 0

temperaturis is minimaluri zRvaria, romelic

SeiZleba hqondes sxeuls. klasikuri fizikis
Tanaxmad am temperaturaze molekulaTa qaosuri
moZraoba wydeba. qvanturi meqanikis Tanaxmad ki
absoluturi nulis drosac molekulas gaaCnia
minimaluri energia e.w. nulovani energia. kosmosis
yvelaze ,,cariel” nawilebis temperaturaa 2,73kel
(-270,430C).
celsiusis da kelvinis skalis danayofis
fasi erTmaneTis tolia 1 K = 1 C , amitom kavSiri
0 0

absolutur da celsiusis temperaturebs Soris

moicema formuliT:
T ( K ) = t 0C + 2730 . (4.4)
(4.3)-is Tanaxmad, klasikur fizikaSi
absoluturi temperatura ar SeiZleba iyos
uaryofiTi.
 vTqvaT gvaqvs erTmaneTisgan siTburad
izolirebuli wonasworul mdgomareobaSi myofi A
da B sistema, TA = const , TB = const . Tu, TA  TB , maSin

erTmaneTTan kontaqtis dros maTi wonasworoba

dairRveva. A -sistema daiwyebs gacivebas, xolo B –
gaTbobas. es procesi gagrZeldeba temperaturebis
gatolebamde T ' A = T 'B , anu manam sistemebi ar
aRmoCndeba erTmaneTis mimarT siTbur wonasworo-
baSi. mravali eqsperimentis safuZvelze dadgenili
iqna, rom
Tu ori sistema cal-calke imyofeba mesame
sistemasTan siTbur wonasworobaSi, maSin isini
erTmaneTis mimarT siTbur wonasworobaSia -
Termodinamikis nulovani kanoni.
e.i. Tu gvaqvs A, B, C sistemebi da TA = TC , TB = TC ,
maSin TA = TB . am kanonis ucnauri numeracia
gamoiwvia iman, rom mecnierebi Termodinamikis I da II
kanonebis aRmoCenis Semdeg mividnen im daskvnamde,
rom es kanoni rigiT maT win unda moeTavsebinaT.

amocana 4.1. temperaturis ra mniSvnelobebi

Seesabameba celsiusis da kelvinis skalebze 950F-s.
amoxsna: (4.1)-is Tanaxmad
5
( 5
) ( )
t 0C = t F − 320 F = 95 − 320 F = 350 C ,
9 9
xolo (4.4)-dan T ( K ) = 35 + 273 = 308K .
amocana 4.2. – 100C CawereT farengeitis da
kelvinis temperaturebiT.
amoxsna: (4.2)-is gamoyenebiT gvaqvs:
9 9
t F = tC + 320 F = (−10) + 32 = 140 F ,
5 5
xolo kelvinis skaliT, (4.4)-is Tanaxmad,
T = −10 + 273 = 263K .

$5. wonasworuli da arawonasworuli procesebi

 Tu sistemis maxasiaTebeli Termodinamikuri
parametrebi, magaliTad temperatura, mis sxvadasxva
nawilSi sxvadasxvaa, maSin sistema imyofeba
arawonasworul mdgomareobaSi. aseTi sistemis izo-
laciisas masSi ganviTardeba iseTi cvlilebebi –
procesebi, rom sabolood misi parametrebi miiRebs
garkveul mniSvnelobebs da, Tu ara gareSe ze-
moqmedeba, isini darCeba ucvleli ragind didi
drois ganmavlobaSi, e.i. sistema aRmoCndeba
wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.
sistemis gadasvlis process arawonasworuli
mdgomareobidan wonasworulSi relaqsacia ewodeba,
xolo Sesabamis dros – relaqsaciis dro.
relaqsaciis dro ewodeba im drois intervals,
romlis ganmavlobaSic izolirebuli sistemis raime
A parametris gadaxris sidide A = A − A0 misi
wonasworuli mniSvnelobis A0-is mimarT e = 2,71 −
jer (neperis ricxvi) mcirdeba:
A 1
= (5.1)
A0 e
sxvadasxva Termodinamikuri parametrisTvis
relaqsaciis dro gansxvavebulia. sistemis
relaqsaciis drod iReben maTgan udidess. sistemis
gadasvla erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi yovelTvis
dakavSirebulia parametrebis cvlilebasTan, amitom
realurad procesebi arawonasworulia. magram,
➢ Tu procesi ise mimdinareobs rom nebismieri
etapisTvis TiToeuli parametri aswrebs
gaTanabrebas mTel moculobaSi, maSin procesi
wonasworulad iTvleba.
wonasworuli procesi wonasworul mdgomareobaTa
uwyveti jaWvia. Tu es moTxovna romelime etapze
dairRva, maSin mTlianobaSi procesi
arawonasworulia. e.i. idealurad wonasworuli
SeiZleba iyos mxolod usasrulod nela mimdinare
procesi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu realuri procesi
sakmaod nela mimdinareobs SesaZlebelia misi
wonasworul (ufro zustad kvazi wonasworul)
procesad CaTvla. wonasworuli procesisas
SesaZlebelia mis Termodinamikur parametrebs
Soris kavSiris dadgena da procesis aRwera
rogorc gantolebis saxiT, aseve grafikulad.
Tu sistemaSi ar moqmedebs disipatiuri
Zalebi, maSin SesaZlebelia wonasworuli procesi
warvmarToT ukumimarTulebiT, romlis drosac
sistema gaivlis yvela im mdgomareobas, romelic
man ukve gaiara, mxolod Sebrunebuli mimdevrobiT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi process Seqcevadi wonasworuli
procesi ewodeba.
Seqcevadi wonasworuli procesi sistemaSi
SeiZleba ganviTardes rogorc pirdapiri, aseve
ukumimarTulebiT da sistema ise dabrundes
pirvandel mdgomareobaSi, rom masSi da garemoSi
ar darCes raime cvlileba. Seqcevadi procesebi
realuri procesebis idealizaciaa. maTi ganxilva
mniSvnelovania ori mizezis gamo:
1. bunebasa da teqnikaSi mravali procesi
Seqcevadia.
2. Seqcevadi procesebi gacilebiT ekonomiuria,
gaaCniaT maqsimaluri mqk, rac saSualebas
iZleva vipovoT realuri Zravebis mqk-s
gazrdis gzebi.
Cven SemdgomSi mxolod aseT procesebs
ganvixilavT.

$6. idealuri airis molekulur - kinetikuri

Teoriis ZiriTadi gantoleba
wonasworobaSi myofi sistemis maxasiaTebeli
parametrebi garkveuli kanonzomierebiTaa
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. erT-erTis cvlilebas
Tan sdevs sxva parametrebis Sesabamisi cvlileba. am
kavSiris maTematikur formas sistemis mdgomareobis
gantoleba ewodeba. mocemuli m masis airis
mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba sami parametriT: wneviT
– p, moculobiT – V, absoluturi temperaturiT – T.
maTi funqcionaluri damokidebuleba F(p,V,T) = 0 ki
airis mdgomareobis gantolebaa.
Cven ganvixilavT airis gamartivebul models
- idealur airs,
idealuri airi airis iseT modelia sadac
molekulebi warmodgenilia rogorc nivTieri
wertilebi da maT Soris urTierTqmedeba (garda
Sejaxebis momentisa) ugulebelyofilia.
idealuri airis ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
misi wneva tolia WurWlis kedlis farTiT
erTeulze molekulebis Sejaxebis Sedegad
warmoebuli saSualo normaluri Zalis sididis:
F
p= , xolo moculoba – mis mier dakavebuli
S
WurWlis moculobis.
realuri airi SeiZleba ganvixiloT idealurad, Tu
1. airis molekulaTa jamuri moculoba
gacilebiT mcirea airis mier dakavebul
moculobaze,
2. ori molekulis urTierTqmedebis radiusi
gacilebiT naklebia maT Soris saSualo
manZilze.
am moTxovnebs realuri airebi akmayofilebs
didi gaiSviaTebis (dabali wnevis) da maRali
temperaturis pirobebSi. SevniSnoT, rom airis
temperatura maRalia, Tu igi gacilebiT aRemateba
misi kondensaciis – gaTxevadebis temperaturas, mag.
haeri normalur pirobebSi (p = 1,013·105pa, T = 273K).
maRali sizustiT SeiZleba CavTvaloT idealur
airTa narevad (azoti, romelic haeris ZiriTadi
komponentia (~78%) Txevaddeba 77K (_1960C)-ze).
kinetikuri Teoriis gamoyenebiT gamovTvaloT
wonasworobaSi myofi
y  (T = const ) idealuri airis
wneva. davuSvaT, rom is
ikavebs marTkuTxa
S paralelepipedis formis
m0
x

z
naxazi 6.1
WurWels (nax. 6.1.). molekulaTa Sejaxebas kedlebze
absoluturad drekadi xasiaTi aqvs. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi airis molekulaTa kinetikuri energia
da Sesabamisad temperaturac ganuwyvetliv
Seicvleboda da mdgomareoba arawonasworuli
iqneboda.
WurWlis marjvena S farTis kedelze
molekulis Sejaxebisas Seicvleba misi impulsis
mxolod px mdgeneli
px = −m0 x − (+ m0 x ) = −2m0 x
sididiT. impulsis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad,
kedlis impulsis Sesabamisi cvlileba iqneba
+ 2m0 x . molekulis Semdgomi dajaxeba mocemul
kedelTan moxdeba mopirdapire kedlidan arekvlisa
da ukan dabrunebis Semdeg t = 2 /  x droiTi
intervaliT.
niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad am molekulis
mxridan kedelze moqmedi saSualo Zala iqneba
px 2m0 x m0 x2
fx = = = .
t t 
molekula moZraobisas SeiZleba Seejaxos sxva
kedlebsac, magram am dros impulsis px mdgeneli ar
icvleba, is SeiZleba Seicvalos mxolod sxva
molekulebTan Sejaxebisas, magram es cvlileba
gadaecema meore molekulas, amitom, rodesac Cven
SevkribavT yvela molekulis impulsis cvlilebebs,
es TavisTavad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. ase rom, Tu
WurWelSi N raodenobis molekulaa, maT mier
kedelze warmoebuli saSualo wnevis Zala, iqneba:
N N
m0
Fx =  f x i =  2
xi
i =1  i =1
Tu am gantolebas gavamravlebT da gavyofT N–ze,
miviRebT:
m0 2
Fx = N  xsaS , (6.1)

 N

 2
xi
aq  x2saS = i =1 , siCqaris  x mdgenelis kvadratis
N
saSualo mniSvnelobaa.
piTagoras Teoremis Tanaxmad
saS = xsaS +  ysaS + zsaS
2 2 2 2
.

sidides saS.kv = saS

2
− saSualo kvadratuli
siCqare ewodeba. radgan airi wonasworobaSia,
molekulaTa moZraobisas yvela mimarTuleba
saS
2
Tanasworuflebiania, amitom  2
xsaS = 2
ysaS = 2
zsaS =
3
ris gamoc (6.1) Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
1 m0saS
2
Fx = N , xolo WurWlis kedelze warmoebuli
3 
wneva anu idealuri airis wneva iqneba:
Fx 1 m0saS
2
1N
p= = N = m0saS
2
,
S 3 S 3V
sadac V = S WurWlis moculobaa. radgan
N
n= (6.2)
V
airis koncentraciaa, anu molekulaTa raodenobaa
moculobis erTeulSi. amitom
1
p = nm0saS
2
. (6.3)
3
molekulis masis da misi koncentraciis namravli
erTeulovani moculobis masaa-simkvrivea  = nm0 ,
amitom
1
p = saS
2
(6.4)
3
m0saS
2
= wsaS molekulis qaosuri moZraobis
2
saSualo kinetikuri energiaa, risi gaTvalis-
winebiTac (6.3) miiRebs saxes:
 2
p= n wsaS . (6.5)
3
Tu (6.5)-Si SevitanT (4.3)-s, gveqneba:
p = nkT , (6.6)
idealuri airis wneva damokidebulia airis
absolutur temperaturasa da koncentraciaze.
(6.6) idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri
Teoriis ZiriTadi gantolebaa.
(6.2)-is gamoyenebiT (6.6) ase Caiwereba:
pV = NkT . (6.7)
(6.7) idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantolebaa,
radgan is amyarebs kavSirs mocemuli masis
(molekulaTa raodenobis) idealuri airis p, V, T
parametrebs Soris.

$7. idealuri airis mdgomareobis

gantolebis Sedegebi
idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantolebaSi
(6.7) gaviTvaliswinoT molebis ricxvis (1.1)
ganmarteba, miviRebT: pV = N AkT , sadac avogadros
ricxvisa da bolcmanis mudmivas namravls airTa
universalur mudmivas uwodeben. aRiniSneba R-iT.
R = 8,31j/molK. maSasadame, gveqneba
pV =  RT (7.1)
an
m
pV = RT (7.2)
M
Tu procesis mimdinareobisas idealuri airis
masa ar icvleba, (ar xdeba airis Catumbva, an
gaJonva), maSin (7.2)-is Tanaxmad
pV m
= R = const . (7.3)
T M
davuSvaT mocemuli masis airSi procesis raime
or etapze Termodinamikuri parametrebi iyo
( p1,V1, T1 ) da ( p2 ,V2 , T2 ) , maSin (7.3)-dan gamomdinare,
adgili aqvs damokidebulebas:
 p1V1 p2V2
= . (7.4)
T1 T2
(6.7), (7.1), (7.2) da (7.3) warmoadgens idealuri
airis mdgomareobis gantolebis sxvadasxva
interpretacias, maT xSirad klapeironis
gantolebas uwodeben.
(7.3)-Si simkvrivis formulisY  = m /V
gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT:
Mp
= , (7.5)
RT
idealuri airis simkvrive
pirdapirproporciulia wnevisa da ukupro-
porciulia absoluturi temperaturis.
davuSvaT, gvaqvs idealur airTa narevi,
romlis komponentTa molekulebis raodenobaa N1, N2,
, maSin (6.7)-is Tanaxmad
pV = (N 1 + N 2 + ) kT = N 1 kT + N 2 kT +  = p1V + p 2V +  =
= ( p1 + p 2 + )V
saidanac
p = p1 + p 2 +  =i
pi . (7.6)

p1 , p2 , TiToeuliairis parcialuri wnevaa.

parcialuri wneva ewodeba im wnevas, romelsac
Seqmnida calkeuli airi, mxolod is rom yofiliyo
WurWelSi. (7.6) daltonis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili:
➢ airTa narevis wneva Semadgenel komponentTa
parcialuri wnevebis jamis tolia.
mag. atmosferuli wneva warmoadgens haeris
komponentebis azotis, Jangbadis, argonis da sxva
komponentTa parcialuri wnevebis jams.
CavweroT (6.7) ori idealuri airisTvis
p1V1 = N1kT1 da p2V2 = N2kT2 , davuSvaT
p1 = p 2 , V1 = V2 , T1 = T2 − s, maSin N1 = N 2 . es Sedegi
warmoadgens avogadros kanons:
➢ Tu idealur airebs gaaCnia erTnairi wneva,
moculoba da temperatura, maSin maTi
molekulebis raodenobac erTnairia.

amocana 7.1. balonSi imyofeba 300kel

temperaturis airi. ramdenjer Seicvleba airis
wneva, Tu misi 20% gamouSves gareT, xolo
m
temperatura awies 100kel-iT. pV = RT
M
amoxsna: CavweroT (7.2) airis ori
mdgomareobisTvis

R(T1 + 100).
m1 0,8m1
p1V = RT1 ; p2V = maTi
M M
SefardebiT vRebulobT:
p2 (T + 100)
= 0,8 1
p2
= 0,8
400 p2
= 1,07
p1 T1 p1 300 p1
gaizarda 1,07-jer.

amocana 7.2. haeris ra masaa 600m3 moculobis

SenobaSi 00C-ze. rogor Seicvleba haeris masa
temperaturis 250C-mde gazrdisas, Tu atmosferuli
wneva normaluria p = 1,013·105pa.
MpV
amoxsna: (7.2)-dan m = (1), M = 29 10 −3
RT
kg/mol, T1 = 273 + 0 = 273K ,
29  10 −3  1,013  10 5  6  10 2
m1 = = 775 kg.
8,31  273
T2 = 273 + 25 = 298K . (1)-dan m2 = 708 kg. Senobas
datovebs m = 775 − 708 = 67 kg haeri.
amocana 7.3. ra raodenobis balonebia saWiro
1500m 3 moculobis aerostatis asavsebad 320kel
temperaturisa da 105pa wnevis pirobebSi? TiToeuli
balonis moculobaa 3,410-2m3, maTSi heliumis wnevaa
8106pa, xolo temperaturaa 300kel.
p1V1 p2V2
amoxsna: visargebloT =
T1 T2
(V1-erTi balonis moculobaa)
p1 NV1 pV
=
T1 T
pVT1 105.1500.300 .15.300
N= = = = 512
p1V1T 8.10 .3,4.10 .320 8..3,4.10 −2.32
6 −2

amocana 7.4. balonSi moTavsebuli Jangbadis

da argonis narevis wnevaa 1,1·106pa. ipoveT
TiToeulis parcialuri wneva, Tu argoni narevis
masis 20%-ia. ( M Ar = 40  10 −3 kg/mol, M O2 = 32  10 −3
kg/mol).
amoxsna: gamovTvaloT narevis moluri masa,
(1.1)-is Tanaxmad M = m / , sadac moluri ricxvi
mO2 m Ar 0,8m 0,2m 0,8m 0,2m 0,3m
= + = + = −3
+ −3
=
M O2 M Ar M O2 M Ar 32  10 40  10 10  10 −3
m
maSin M = 10  10 −3  33,3  10 −3 kg/mol. (7.2)
0,3m
CavweroT narevisa da TiToeuli komponentisTvis:
m 0,8m
pV = RT (1) pO2 V = RT (2)
M M O2
0,2m
p ArV = RT (3)
M Ar
(2)-is da (3)-is (1)-Tan SefardebiT vRebulobT:
pO2 0,8  M p 0,2  M
=  0,832 ; Ar =  0,166 ,Sesabamisad
p M O2 p M Ar
pO2  9,15  105 pa, p Ar  1,82 105 pa, marTlac, daltonis
kanonis Tanaxmad, p = pO2 + p Ar .

$8. izoprocesebi idealur airSi

izoprocesebi ewodeba iseT procesebs,
romlebic SeiZleba ganviTardes ucvleli masis
mqone sistemaSi misi erT-erTi parametris
mudmivobis pirobebSi. idealuri airis mdgomareobis
gantolebidan F (m, p,V , T ) = 0 gamomdinare, Cven
ganvixilavT idealur airSi sam izoprocess, esenia:
1. izoTermuli (T = const); 2. izobaruli; (p=const); 3.
izoqoruli (V = const).
1. izoTermuli procesisas T1 = T2 = const, maSin (7.4)-dan
gveqneba:
p2 V1
=
p1V1 = p2V2 , (8.1)
p1 V2
➢ mocemuli masis idealuri airis wneva
izoTermuli procesis dros moculobis
ukuproporciulia – boilis kanoni.
Sesabamis grafiks nax. 8.1-ze izoTerma ewodeba.
2. izobaruli procesisas p1 = p2 = const, maSin (7.4)-dan
gveqneba:
V1 V2
= (8.2)
T1 T2
➢ mocemuli masis idealuri airis moculoba
izobaruli procesis dros absoluturi
temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia – gei-
lusakis kanoni.
Sesabamis grafiks naxaz 8.2-ze izobara ewodeba.
3. izoqoruli procesisas V1 = V2 = const, maSin (7.4)-dan
gveqneba:
p1 p2
= (8.3)
T1 T2
➢ mocemuli masis idealuri airis wneva
izoqoruli procesis dros absoluturi
temperaturis pirdapirproporciulia –
Sarlis kanoni.
Sesabamis grafiks nax. 8.3-ze izoqora ewodeba.

p V p

0 V 0 T 0 T
naxazi 8.1 naxazi 8.2 naxazi 8.3
dabali temperaturis da maRali wnevis
pirobebSi Tavs iCens airis molekulaTa
urTierTqmedeba, ris gamoc airis mimarT idealuri
airis modelis da misi kanonebis gamoyeneba
arasworia, amitom grafikebze Sesabamisi ubnebi
wyvetili wiriTaa naCvenebi.

amocana 8.1. 0,25m3 moculobis WurWelSi airis

wnevaa 4.105pa. 0,75m3 moculobis WurWelSi ki 8.105pa.
ra wneva damyardeba maTi wvrili miliT SeerTebis
Semdeg, Tu orive WurWelSi temperatura erTnairia?
amoxsna: daltonis kanonis Tanaxmad
damyarebuli wneva
 
p = p1 + p 2 (1),
  
sadac p1 , p2 gaerTianebul WurWelSi airTa
parcialuri wnevebia.
radgan WurWelTa SeerTebisas airTa gafarToeba
izoTermulad mimdinareobs, amitom (8.1)-is Tanaxmad
adgili aqvs tolobebs:
 
p1V1 = p1 (V1 + V2 ) da p 2V2 = p 2 (V1 + V2 )
 V1
saidanac p1 =  p1 (2)
V1 + V2
 V2
da p2 =  p2 (3)
V1 + V2
(1)-Si CasmiT vRebulobT:
p1V1 + p2V2
p= (4)
V1 + V2
4  0,25 + 8  0,75 5
p=  10 = 7  10 5 pa.
0,25 + 0,75
amocana 8.2. avtomobilis saburavSi 100C-is dros
damatebiTi wnevaa 200kpa. avtomobilis moZraobisas
saburavis temperatura 400C-mde gaizarda.
gansazRvreT am temperaturaze wneva saburavSi, Tu
atmosferuli wnevaa 1,01·105pa.
amoxsna: saburavis moculoba praqtikulad ar
p1
icvleba, e.i. V1 = V2, da (8.3)-is Tanaxmad, p2 = T2 ,
T1
p1 = 2 105 + 1,01105 = 3.01105 pa,
3,01 105
T1 = 283K , T2 = 313K , p2 =  313 = 3,33 105 pa, e.i.
283
damatebiTi wnevis mniSvneloba
p = p2 − patm = 2,32 10 pa, 15%-iT metia sawyisze.
5

amocana 8.3. horizontaluri cilindris SuaSi

myofeba 210-2m2 farTobis 120kg masis dguSi. haeris
wneva dguSis orive mxares 105pa-is tolia. ramdeniT
gadaadgildeba dguSi cilindris vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi gadayvanisas da ra wneva damyardeba
dguSis orive mxares. temperatura mudmivia, xolo
cilindris sigrZea 1m.
amoxsna: cilindris vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi gadayvanisas mis zeda nawilSi haeri
izoTermulad farTovdeba, xolo qveda nawilSi
ikumSeba. amitom boil-mariotis kanonis Tanaxmad:
pV / 2 = p1 (V / 2 + V ) , pV / 2 = p2 (V / 2 − V ) . anu
p / 2 = p1 ( / 2 + ) , (1)
p / 2 = p2 ( / 2 − ) (V = S ) (2) sadac
p2 = p1 + mg / S (3). (1)-dan
p
p1 = (4)
2( / 2 + )
SevitanoT (3)-Si
p mg
p2 = + (5)
2( / 2 + ) S
Tu p2-s SevitanT (2)-Si da amovxsniT  -s mimarT 
=0,14m.  -is mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT (4) da (5)
dan vRebulobT: p1=0,78105 pa, p2=1,38105 pa.

$9. atmosferuli wneva. barometruli formula.

bolcmanis ganawileba
atmosferos (berZ. orTqlis burTi) –
uwodeben airTa im narevs, romelic dedamiwis
gravitaciis gamo gars ertymis dedamiwas da masTan
erTad gadaadgildeba kosmosSi. misi masaa  5,19·1015t.
dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblobaSi atmosferos
Semadgenloba aseTia: azoti – 78,1%, Jangbadi – 21%,
argoni – 0,9%. danarCen umniSvnelo nawils qmnis
naxSirorJangi, wyalbadi, heliumi da a.S. es Tana-
fardoba mcired icvleba dedamiwis zedapiridan ~
100km simaRleze (homosfero), (atmosferos im nawils
sadac es Tanafardoba daculia haers uwodeben)
Semdeg irRveva, TandaTan matulobs msubuq airTa
heliumisa da wyalbadis wili, xolo 3000km-is zeviT
iwyeba kosmosi.
dedamiwis gravitaciis gamo haeris zeda
fenebi awveba qveda fenebs rac sabolood qmnis
atmosferul wnevas. Cveni mizania miviRoT
atmosferuli wnevis dedamiwis zedapiridan
simaRleze damokidebulebis kanoni, risTvisac
davuSvaT ori gamartiveba:
1. atmosfero ganvixiloT, rogorc dedamiwis
stacionarul (droSi ucvlel) gravitaciul
ZalTa velSi myof idealur airTa narevi;
2. atmosferos temperatura ar aris damokide-
buli simaRleze, T = const, e.i. atmosfero
wonasworul mdgomareobaSia.
dedamiwis zedapiridan h simaRleze
atmosferuli wneva p
y ganpirobebulia mis
zemoT myofi haeris
dh p+dp fenis woniT, ris gamoc
p simaRlis zrdasTan
h
erTad h + dh ,
atmosferuli wneva
p + (− dp ) klebulobs
(nax. 9.1), kerZod, wnevis
naxazi 9.1.
es cvlileba iqneba:
dFn dmg dV Sdh
dp = − =− = − g = − g = − gdh.
S S S S
Mp
(7.5)-is CasmiT vRebulobT dp = − gdh ,
RT
M = 29·10–3kg/mol – haeris saSualo moluri masaa.
Cveni daSvebebis Tanaxmad atmosferuli wneva
mxolod dedamiwis zedapiridan daSorebis - h -is
funqciaa. movaxdinoT cvladTa gancaleba:
dp Mg
=− dh .
p RT
integrirebis Sedegad miviRebT:
 Mg
−
p(h ) = Ce RT .
Mgh h
ln p = − + ln C , saidanac
RT
davadginoT C mudmivas fizikuri arsi: dedamiwis
zedapirisTvis ( h = 0 ) da C = p(0) – haeris wnevaa
dedamiwis zedapirze. maSasadame,
Mg
−
p(h ) = p(0)e RT .
h
(9.1)
warmoadgens barometrul formulas, romlis Tana-
xmadac atmosferuli wneva dedamiwis zedapiridan
simaRlis zrdasTan erTad eqsponencialuri kanoniT
klebulobs. (7.5)-is gamoyenebiT SegviZlia CavweroT
airis simkvrivisTvisac:

Mg
−
 (h ) =  (0)e
h
RT
(9.2)
(9.1) da (9.2) izoTermuli atmosferosTvis aris mi-
Rebuli, realurad temperatura simaRlis zrdasTan
erTad sakmaod rTulad icvleba. mag. haeris
uaxloes fenaSi – troposferoSi (0-11)km,
temperatura (-500 -600)C-mde ecema. Tu (9.1)-Si SevitanT
Sesworebas temperaturasTan dakavSirebiT, maSin
SesaZlebelia TviTmfrinavis bortze gazomili
wnevis mniSvnelobis mixedviT zustad ganvsazRvroT
frenis simaRle. am principze muSaobs saaviacio
altimetri – mfrinavi aparatebis frenis simaRlis
mzomi xelsawyo, romlis skalazec wnevis nacvlad
mocemulia Sesabamisi simaRlis mniSvnelobebi.
p = nkT -s gamoyenebiT (9.1)-dan SeiZleba CavweroT
airis simkvrivis simaRleze damokidebulebac:
Mgh
−
n(h ) = n(0)e (9.3) RT
.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, airis wneva,
simkvrive da koncentracia simaRlis zrdasTan
erTad erTnairi kanonzomierebiT mcirdeba, es
Semcireba miT ufro mkveTria, rac dabalia tem-
 peratura. amas ganapirobebs ori faqtoris
erTdrouli moqmedeba:
1. gravitaciis Zalebi cdilobs airis
molekulebi ganaTavsos dedamiwis zedapirTan
rac SeiZleba axlo fenebSi,
2. molekulebi ki, qaosuri moZraobis gamo,
eswrafvis Tanabar ganawilebas sivrceSi.
rac ufro mZimea molekula da dabalia
temperatura, miT ufro dominirebs pirveli
faqtori, xolo msubuqi molekulisa da maRali
temperaturis dros – meore.
(9.3)-is msgavsad SeiZleba CavweroT
molekulaTa ganawileba maTi potenciuri energiis
wp = m0 gh -is mixedviT
wp
−
n(wp) n(wp ) = n(0)e
. (9.4) kT

avstrielma fizikosma
n1 w p1 < w p2 ludvig bolcmanma
aCvena, rom (9.4)
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
n1 > n2 nebismier
n2 stacionarul po-
tenciur velSi
moTavsebuli, erTi
wp1 w p2 wp tipis klasikuri
naxazi 9.2. nawilakebisgan
Semdgari, siTbur
wonasworobaSi myofi sistemebisTvis. (9.4)-s
bolcmanis ganawilebis kanonsac uwodeben, romlis
Tanaxmadac
➢ wonasworobaSi myofi klasikuri nawilakebi
cdilobs daikavos udablesi energetikuli
mdgomareoba.

amocana 9.1. vertmfrenis kabinaSi barometri

aCvenebs 90 kpa wnevas. asafren moedanze wneva 105 kpa-
ia, temperaturaa 270C da icvleba simaRlis mixedviT.
ra simaRleze mifrinavs vertmfreni? frenis ra
simaRles daafiqsirebs mfrinavi, Tu CaTvlis rom
temperatura ucvlelia. ra cdomileba dauSva
mfrinavma simaRlis gansazRvraSi, Tu sinamdvileSi
temperatura safren sivrceSi 20K-iT daeca?
Mg
− p
amoxsna: (9.2)-dan p(h ) = p(0)e
h RT
RT
h= ln 0
Mg p
(1)
8,31  300 105
h= −3
ln = 1462 m.
29  10  10 90
temperaturis Semcirebisas wnevis ucvleloba
gamowveulia vertmfrenis qvemoT daSvebiT. kerZod,
RT p0 8,31  2 105
(1)-is Tanaxmad, h = ln = −3
ln = 9 m.
Mg p 29 10 10 90

$10. molekulaTa ganawileba siCqareebis

mixedviT
airSi molekulaTa qaosuri moZraobis gamo,
mimdinareobs maTi urTierTSejaxebaTa uwyveti
procesi, rasac Tan sdevs molekulaTa siCqareebis
ganuwyvetlivi cvlileba (0, ) areSi. Tu airi
wonasworul mdgomareobaSia (T = const), maSin,
miuxedavad calkeul molekulaTa siCqareebis
cvlilebisa, molekulaTa ricxvi siCqaris nebismier
[υ, υ + dυ] intervalSi rCeba ucvleli, anu siCqareTa
mixedviT molekulebis ganawilebis funqcia
sruliad gansazRvrulia da droSi mudmivia.
ingliselma fizikosma jeims klerk maqsvelma
Teoriulad miiRo wonasworobaSi myofi idealuri
airis molekulaTa siCqareebis mixedviT ganawilebis
funqcia:
3/ 2 m 2
 m0  − 0
f ( ) = 4    2 e 2 kT . (10.1)
 2 kT 
misi grafiki mocemulia nax. 10.1-ze.
 f(υ)dυ – warmoadgens albaTobas imisa, rom
molekulis siCqare iarsebebs [υ, υ + dυ] intervalSi.
nax. 10.1-ze mas Seesabameba daStrixuli farTi. Tu
molekulaTa saerTo raodenobas avRniSnavT N-iT,
xolo siCqareTa mocemul intervalSi dNυ-iT, maSin
adgili eqneba tolobas
dN
f ( )d = (10.2)
N

amasTan  f ( )d = 1 ,
0
radgan igi albaTobaa imisa,

rom molekulis siCqares eqneba raime mniSvneloba

(0, ) areSi. grafikulad mas Seesabameba f(υ)
mrudis mier SemosazRvruli farTobi.
molekulur-kinetikur TeoriaSi gamoiyeneba
ualbaTesi siCqaris cneba:
➢ ualbaTesi siCqare – υual ewodeba im siCqares,
romelic gaaCnia mocemuli temperaturis
airis molekulaTa umravlesobas.

f ( ) f ( )
1 −  ual
2 −  saS. T2  T1
3 −  saS.kv T1
T2

123  1ual  2ual 

naxazi 10.1. naxazi 10.2.
radgan siCqaris am sididisTvis f(υ) aRwevs Tavis
maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, visargebloT funqciis
eqstremumis gansazRvris pirobiT df ( ) = 0 , da
d  =ual
miviRoT ualbaTesi siCqaris formula. (10.1)-is
m
Tanaxmad 2 −  2 0 = 0 , saidanac 1 = 0 Seesabameba
kT
2kT
funqciis minimumi, xolo  2 = maqsimumi 1 .
m0
ualbaTesi siCqaris arsis Tanaxmad υ2 = υual, , e.i.
2kT kT
ual = = 1,41 . (10.3)
m0 m0
f(υ) funqciis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia mocemuli
temperaturisTvis airis molekulaTa saSualo
siCqaris gansazRvrac, risTvisac gamoviyenebT raime
sididis saSualo mniSvnelobis povnis zogad wess:
sididis TiToeul mniSvnelobas gavamravlebT misi
ganxorcielebis albaTobaze (Cvens SemTxvevaSi
dN / N ) da miRebul Sedegebs SevkribavT. siCqaris
mniSvnelobaTa uwyveti speqtris gamo (0, ∞) jams
SevcvliT integraliT
 
=    =  f ( )d .
dN
saS (10.4)
0
N 0
am sidides gamoyvanis gareSe moviyvanT:
8kT kT
saS = = 1,6 . (10.5)
 m0 m0
saS − s fizikuri arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
➢ wonasworobaSi myofi airis yvela molekulis
siCqare rom gautoldes am temperaturisTvis
airis molekulaTa saSualo siCqaris
mniSvnelobas, airi isev wonasworobaSi
darCeba - misi temperatura ar Seicvleba.
zemoT moyvanili wesiT SeiZleba
gamovTvaloT molekulaTa saSualo kvadratuli

1 Sesamowmeblad saWiroa gamovTvaloT II rigis warmoebuli f′′(υ),

f''(υ1) > 0 (minimumi), f′′(υ2) < 0 (maqsimumi).
siCqare saS
2
, risTvisac saWiroa amoixsnas
integrali

 2
saS =   2 f ( )d 2. (10.6)
0
ris Sedegadac miiReba:
3kT kT
saS.kv = saS
2
= = 1,73 . (10.7)
m0 m0
(igive Sedegs miviRebdiT kinetikur Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT, Tu (6.4) da (6.6) gantolebebs
gavutolebdiT erTmaneTs). radgan saS gamoiTvleba
siCqareebis absolutur mniSvnelobaTa
gasaSualoebiT, xolo  saS.kv miiReba siCqareTa
kvadratebis saSualo mniSvnelobis amofesviT, isini
erTmaneTis toli ar aris (ix. amocana 10.2).
(10.3), (10.5), (10.7)-is Sedareba gvaZlevs
ual : saS : saS.kv = 1 : 1,13 : 1,22.
Tu (10.1)-s SevitanT (10.2)-Si, SeiZleba
gamovTvaloT im molekulaTa raodenoba, romelTa
siCqare imyofeba gansazRvrul [υ, υ + dυ] intervalSi
3/ 2 m0 2
 m0  −
dN = 4    e
2 2 kT
Nd , (10.8)
 2kT 
saidanac Cans, rom molekulas SeiZleba gaaCndes
nebismieri siCqare. Tumca molekulaTa didi
umravlesobis siCqare mcireTi gansxvavdeba saS -gan.
mag. im molekulaTa ricxvi, romelTa siCqarec
mocemul temperaturaze 9-jer aRemateba saS -s,
daaxloebiT sruli raodenobis 1,1%-ia. rac ufro
maRalia temperatura, miT ufro metia mocemuli

2(10.4) da (10.5) integralTa amoxsnisTvis saWiroa specialuri

cxrilebis gamoyeneba.
airis ual ,saS ,saS.kv da Sesabamisi f ( ) funqciis
grafikic wanacvlebulia marjvniv (nax. 10.2).

a m o c a n e b i:
1. ramden molekulas Seicavs da ramdeni molia 160g
meTanSi (CH4)? (pasuxi: 6,0231024; 10)
2. ramden mols da ramden molekulas Seicavs 5l
tevadobis WurWelSi moTavsebuli heliumis airi, Tu
misi simkvrivea 0,25g/sm3? (pasuxi: 312,5; 1,91026)
3. nakeTobaze, romlis zedapiris farTobia S=500sm2,
dafenilia 10 moli nikeli. ipoveT nikelis fenis
sisqe. (M=5910-3kg/mol; =8,8103kg/m3)? (pasuxi: 1,34mm)
4.gamovTvaloT 8g heliumis, 10g neonis da 80g
Jangbadis narevis molebis raodenoba da moluri
masa. (pasuxi: 5; 19,610-3kg/mol)
5.haeris Semadgenloba daaxloebiT aseTia: azoti –
78,1%, Jangbadi – 21%, argoni – 0,9%. gamoTvaleT
narevis moluri masa. (pasuxi: 2910-3kg/mol)
6. CawereT 160F celsiusis da kelvinis
temperaturebiT. (pasuxi: -100C; 263kel)
7. azotis wnevaa 0,11mgpa, simkvrive ki 1,35kg/m3.
gamoTvaleT misi molekulebis saSualo kvadratuli
siCqare. (pasuxi: 494m/wm)
8. 40 nawilakis siCqarea 80m/wm, 60 nawilakis 84 m/wm-
ia, xolo 20 nawilakis 90m/wm. gamoTvaleT nawilakTa
saSualo da saSualo kvadratuli siCqare (pasuxi:
83,66m/wm; 83,73m/wm)
9. gamoTvaleT azotis molekulaTa saSualo
kvadratuli siCqare, romelic moTavsebulia 8m3
moculobaSi 2,1atm wnevis qveS, Tu molebis
raodenoba 1300-ia. (pasuxi: 370m/wm)
10. ramdenjer metia argonis airis molekulis
saSualo kvadratuli siCqare masSi myofi 10-4g masis
mtvris nawilakis saSualo kvadratul siCqareze?
(pasuxi: 1,2109-jer )
11. gamoTvaleT Jangbadis molekulebis koncentracia
da temperatura, Tu misi wnevaa 0,2mgpa, saSualo
kvadratuli siCqarea 700m/wm ( M N2 = 32  10 −3 kg/mol).
(pasuxi: 2,31025m-3; 630kel)
12. balonSi moTavsebuli airTa narevis
Sedgenlobaa: 50% wyalbadi, 30% azoti, 20%
heliumi, xolo wnevaa 2·106pa. ipoveT TiToeulis
parcialuri wneva. (pasuxi: 1,61106pa; 0,07106pa;
6
0,3210 pa.)
13. 2100m3 moculobis aerostatis heliumiT
Sesavsebad gamoiyenes 510-2m3 moculobis heliumis
balonebi. TiTeulSi temperatura iyo 270C , xolo
wneva 7,5106pa. aerostats wamSi miewodeboda 38g
heliumi. ipoveT gavsebis dro da iqna gamoyenebuli
balonis raodenoba, Tu aerostatSi saboloo wnevaa
100kpa, temperatura 70C. (pasuxi: 2sT da 38wT; 600)
14. 200m3 moculobis aerostati wonasworobaSia
raRac simaRleze, sadac haeris wnevaa 730mm vwy, sv.,
temperatura -100C. ra masis balasti unda
gadmovagdoT, rom man aiwios iseT simaRleze, sadac
wnevaa 690 mm vwy. sv., xolo temperatura -130C.
(pasuxi: 14kg)
15. 20l airi imyofeba normalur pirobebSi. wnevis 3-
jer gazrdisas misi temperatura gaxda G270C. ra
moculoba daikava airma? (pasuxi: 7,4l).
p0 = 1,013.105 T0 = 273 V0 = 20l ,
p = 3,039.105 T = 273 + 27 = 300
V =?
p0V0 pV 20.300
= V=
T0 T 273.3

16. 10 litri idealuri airis wnevaa 2,7atm,

temperatura -30C. temperaturis 500C-iT gazrdisas
wneva gaxda 4atm. rogor Seicvala airis moculoba?
(pasuxi: Semcirda 2l-iT)
17. tixriT gayofili WurWlis erTi nawilis
moculoba 3-jer naklebia meoreze. I nawilSi wneva
8atm-oa, II nawilSi 4atm. ra wneva damyardeba tixaris
moxsnis Semdeg, Tu temperatura orive nawilSi
erTnairia? (pasuxi: 5atm)
18. idealuri airis izobaruli gaTbobisas 270C-dan
1270C-mde moculoba 3l-iT gaizarda. gamoTvaleT
sawyisi moculoba. (pasuxi: 9l).
19. 20l moculobis da 270C temperaturis idealuri
airis wnevaa 4atm. igi izoTermulad gaafarToves
40l-mde. Semdeg izobarulad gaafarToves 60l-mde.
ipoveT saboloo wneva da temperatura. (pasuxi:
2atm; 450K)
20. aerostats, romlis moculobaa 480m3, avseben 1270C
temperaturis airiT. ramden xans gagrZeldeba
gavseba, Tu masSi wuTSi uSveben 400g airs da
aerostatSi unda damyardes 8,31·104 pa wneva.
heliumis moluri masaa 4·10-3 kg.mol-1. (pasuxi: 2sT)
21. airis tumboebs SeuZlia Seqmnas 10-12pa wneva.
ramdeni molekula iqneba am dros 1sm3 moculobis
airSi 273kel temperaturaze? (pasuxi: 260)
22. mocemuli masis idealuri airi izobarulad
gaafarToves, Semdeg izoqorulad gaaTbes da
bolos izoTermulad gaafarToves. romeli naxazi
Seesabameba am mimdevrobas?

p p p p

T T T T
nax. 1 nax.2 nax.3 nax.4
23. mocemuli masis idealur airSi izoprocesebi
ganviTarda izoTermuli, izobaruli da izoqoruli
TanmimdevrobiT. romeli naxazi Seesabameba
aRniSnul mimdevrobas?
24. vertikalur mdgomareobaSi myofi sacobiT
daxuruli baloni savsea haeriT normalur
pirobebSi. sacobis zedapiris farTobia 20sm2, masa
30kg. ra temperaturamde unda gavaTboT haeri
balonSi, rom sacobi amovardes? xaxuni
ugulebelyofilia. (pasuxi: 682,5K)
25. 40l tevadobis balonSi moTavsebulia 300 K
temperaturis wyalbadi. wyalbadis nawilis

p p p p

V V V V
nax.1 nax.2 nax. 3 nax.4
daxarjvis Semdeg, wneva 6
0,510 pa-iT daeca.
gansazRvreT daxarjuli wyalbadis masa. (pasuxi:
1,6kg)
26. dedamiwis zedapirze atmosferuli wnevis
saSualo mniSvnelobaa 105pa. ipoveT atmosferos
masa. Rded=6380km-s. (pasuxi: 5,11018kg)
27. CaTvaleT, rom mzes gaaCnia sferoseburi forma
da erTnairi simkvrive. misi masaa 21030kg, radiusi-
6,962108m da centrSi wnevaa 1,351014pa. gamoTvaleT
mzis centris temperatura, Tu mze warmoadgens
wyalbadidan Semdgar sistemas. (pasuxi:1,16107K)
28. mfrinavi Tvlis, rom TviTmfrinavi ucvlel
simaRleze mifrinavs, radgan barometri erTsa da
imave 60kpa wnevas afiqsirebs. ra Secdomas dauSvebs
mfrinavi simaRlis gansazRvrisas, Tu haeris
temperatura 2 K-iT Seicvala? CaTvaleT, rom
temperatura ara damokidebuli simaRleze, xolo
wneva dedamiwis zedapirze 102kpa-ia. (pasuxi: 30m)

leqcia 11 $11. Sinagani energia. Termodinamikis

pirveli kanoni
TermodinamikaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
fizikuri sididea sistemis Sinagani energia.
➢ Sinagani energia warmoadgens sistemis Semad-
genel nawilakTa qaosuri moZraobis
kinetikur da maTi urTierTqmedebis
potenciur energiaTa jams.
is ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli sistemis
meqanikur energiasTan, romelic tolia sistemis,
rogorc erTi mTlianis, moZraobis kinetikuri
energiisa da gareSe ZalTa velSi potenciur ener-
giaTa jamis.
Sinagani energia sistemis Semadgenel nawilTa
Sinagani energiebis jamia. amasTanave, is sistemis
mdgomareobis funqciaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom
sistemis mocemul mdgomareobas Seesabameba Sinagani
energiis erTaderTi gansazRvruli mniSvneloba. es
mniSvneloba ar aris damokidebuli im procesTa
tipze da mimdevrobaze, romliTac sistema aRmoCnda
aRniSnul mdgomareobaSi. e.i. Tu sistemas SeuZlia 1
mdgomareobidan 2- Si gadasvla sxvadasxva (I, II, III)
gzebiT-procesebiT (nax. 11.1), maSin misi Sinagani
energiis cvlileba, gadasvlis gzebisgan
damoukideblad am mdgomareobaTa Sesabamisi
Sinagani energiebis sxvaobis tolia: U = U 2 − U 1. .
Tu procesi cikluria (Sekrulia) 1→2→1 (nax.

1
p 1 p
I

II
III
2 2

0 V V
naxazi 11.1. naxazi 11.2.
11.2), anu sistema brundeba pirvandel mdgo-
mareobaSi, Sinagani energiis cvlileba nulis
tolia U = U1 − U1 = 0 .
Sinagani energiis Secvla SesaZlebelia ori
gziT – siTbogadacemiT da muSaobis SesrulebiT.
➢ siTbogadacema ewodeba energiis gadacemis
iseT process, romelic dakavSirebulia
temperaturul sxvaobasTan sistemasa da
gareSe sxeulebs Soris.
muSaobis cnebas TermodinamikaSi ufro
ganvazogadebT, kerZod
➢ muSaoba ewodeba energiis gadacemis nebismier
SesaZleblobas, romelic ar aris
dakavSirebuli sistemisa da gare sxeulebs
Soris temperaturis sxvaobasTan.
gadacemuli siTbos raodenobriv zomad
SemoRebulia fizikuri sidide siTbos raodenoba –
Q. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare
U = Q + A' , (11.1)
aq A' gare Zalebis mier sistemaze Sesrulebuli
muSaobaa. qmedeba-ukuqmedebis Zalebis tolobidan
gamomdinare es muSaoba SevcvaloT sistemis mier
gare Zalebis daZlevaze Sesrulebuli muSaobiT
A' = − A .
maSin (11.1) ase Caiwereba:
Q = U + A . (11.2)
is warmoadgens Termodinamikis pirvel kanons:
➢ sistemaze gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba
xmardeba sistemis Sinagani energiis Secvlas
da sistemis mier gare Zalebis winaaRmdeg
muSaobas.
es kanoni, faqtiurad, energiis mudmivobis kanonis
formulirebaa. e.i. siTbos raodenobis erTeuli,
iseve, rogorc energiisa, joulia.
siTbos raodenoba algebruli sididea. Tu
sistema Rebulobs siTbos Q > 0, Tu gascems Q < 0.
sistemaze siTbos gadacema jer kidev ar niSnavs,
rom is Tbeba (∆U > 0), SesaZlebelia civdebodes (∆U <
0). es maSin xdeba, rodesac sistema muSaobas
asrulebs rogorc gadacemuli siTbos, aseve
Sinagani energiis xarjze, anu A > Q. Tu sistema
izolirebulia e.i. masze ar xdeba energiis miwodeba
aranairi gziT (Q = 0, A′ = 0), maSin (11.1)-is Tanaxmad, ∆U
= 0, e.i. misi Sinagani energia ar icvleba.
Tu izolirebuli sistemis nawilebs gansxva-
vebuli temperatura gaaCnia, maSin moxdeba siTbos
gadacema maRali temperaturis aridan dabalSi.
amasTanave, energiis mudmivobis kanonidan
gamomdinare,

➢ izolirebuli sistemis Semadgenel nawilebs

mier gacemuli da miRebuli siTbos raodeno-
baTa algebruli jami nulia.
siTbos gadacemis procesi gagrZeldeba manam,
sanam mTel areSi temperatura ar gaTanabrdeba, anu
sistema ar gadava wonasworul mdgomareobaSi.
dadgenilia, rom
➢ sistemis mier (an masze) Sesrulebuli muSaoba
da gacemuli (miRebuli) siTbos raodenoba
damokidebulia im procesze, romliTac sis-
tema gadadis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi.
amitom muSaoba da siTbos raodenoba ar aris
sistemis mdgomareobis funqcia, ar SeiZleba saubari
maT maragze an cvlilebaze.
elementarul procesTa ganxilvisas (11.2)-is
nacvlad visargeblebT formuliT
dQ = dU + dA . (11.3)
unda gvaxsovdes, rom aq mxolod dU aris sruli
diferenciali, dA da dQ arasruli diferencialebia,
isini aRniSnavs usasrulod mcire muSaobasa da
siTbos raodenobas.
amocana 11.1. gamovTvaloT sistemaze
gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba, Tu man Seasrula
8kj muSaoba da amasTanave misi Sinagani energia 2kj-
iT Semcirda.
 amoxsna: ∆U = _ 2kj, (11.2)-is Tanaxmad,
Q = −2 + 8 = 6kj.
amocana 11.2.
siTbos ra raodenoba miiRo
sistemam, Tu man Seasrula 8,4  10 5 j muSaoba da
amasTan misi Sinagani energia gaizarda 4,2  10 5 j -iT.
amoxsna: (11.2)-is Tanaxmad
Q = 4,2  10 5 + 8,4  10 5 = 12,6  10 5 j.

$12. idealuri airis Sinagani energia

idealuri airis erTatomian m0 masis
molekulas SeuZlia mxolod gadataniTi moZraobis
Sesruleba, ris gamoc mas gaaCnia am moZraobis
m0 2
Sesabamisi kinetikuri energia . Tu molekula
2
or an met atomiania, maSin am energias emateba
molekulis brunviTi moZraobisa da Semadgeneli
atomebis rxeviTi moZraobis (Tu molekula xisti ar
aris) energiebic. magaliTad, ganvixiloT gantelis
formis oratomiani molekula (nax.12.1). meore
molekulasTan Sejaxebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios misi
brunva atomTa SemaerTebeli wrfis marTobuli ori
damoukidebeli RerZis mimarT am brunvaTa saTanado
I112 I 2 22
kinetikuri energiebi iqneba da
2 2
(SemaerTebeli RerZis mimarT brunviTi energia
umniSvneloa, radgan am RerZis mimarT molekulis
inerciis momenti Zalian mcirea).
Tu molekulis atomebs Soris kavSiri xisti
ar aris, atomebs SeuZlia rxeviTi moZraobis
Sesruleba wonasworuli mdebareobis
maxloblobaSi, ris gamoc molekulis energias
emateba rxeviTi moZraobis kinetikuri da
potenciuri energiebic.
Tu gvaqvs sami an meti atomisgan Semdgari
arawrfivi molekula, maSin misi brunviTi moZraoba
ganixileba sami urTierTmarTobuli RerZis mimarT,
xolo atomTa rxeviTi moZraobis energiis Cawera ki
sakmaod rTuldeba molekulaSi atomTa ricxvis
zrdasTan erTad.
SemovitanoT Tavisuflebis xarisxis kidev
erTi ganmarteba: Tavisuflebis xarisxi warmoadgens
im damoukidebel SesaZleblobaTa ricxvs, rom-
liTac SeiZleba sistemis energiis Secvla.
aqedan gamomdinare, erTatomian molekulas
gaaCnia sami Tavisuflebis xarisxi, radgan mas
SeuZlia Seasrulos moZraoba sami damoukidebeli
mimarTulebiT (x, y, z RerZTa mimarT). oratomian xist
molekulas ki xuTi Tavisuflebis xarisxi, aqedan
sami, misi rogorc erTiani sistemis gadataniTi
moZraobis gamo sivrceSi da kidev or sxadasxva
mimarTulebiT brunviTi moZraobis gamo. Tu
oratomiani
molekula
2
drekadia,
aRniSnul xuTs
emateba kidev ori
Tavisuflebis
1 xarisxi rxeviTi
naxazi 12.1. moZraobis
kinetikuri da
potenciuri energiebis gamo. absoluturad myar
sxeuls, rogorc erTian sistemas, gaaCnia eqvsi
Tavisuflebis xarisxi, sami dakavSirebulia
gadataniT, samic brunviT moZraobasTan.
energiis Tanabrad ganawilebis kanonis Tanaxmad
➢ molekulis TiToeul aqtiur Tavisuflebis
1
xarisxs Seesabameba saSualod kT energia.
2
e.i., molekulis saSualo energia ganisazRvreba
formuliT
kT
wsaS = i , (12.1)
2
sadac
i = igad + ibr + irx (12.2)
molekulis Tavisuflebis xarisxia. zemoaRniSnuli
Sedegebi TvalsaCinoebisTvis mocemulia cxril 12.1-
Si.
(12.1)-is Tanaxmad molekulis energia
pirdapirproporciulia absoluturi temperaturis.
Tu is miiswrafis nulisken, maSin molekulis
energiac uaxlovdeba nuls. rogorc Tanamedrove
qvanturma fizikam daadgina, molekulis energia
SeiZleba iyos ragind mcire, magram mainc nulisgan
gansxvavebuli sidide, Sesabamisad T > 0, anu absolu-
turi nuli fizikurad miuRwevelia.
idealuri airis ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia
nulis tolia, ris gamoc misi Sinagani energia
warmoadgens calkeul molekulaTa energiebis jams.
Tu idealur airSi N raodenobis molekulaa, maSin
misi Sinagani energia, Sekrebadobidan gamomdinare,
iqneba
kT
U = NwsaS = N i . (12.3)
2
moluri ricxvis gamoyenebiT = N / N A miiReba
N kT RT
U = i A = i . (12.4)
2 2
➢ mocemuli masis idealuri airis Sinagani
energia mxolod temperaturis funqciaa.

cxrili 12.1.

atomTa Tavisuflebis molekulis

Sorisi xarisxi saSualo
molekula kavSiri energia
igad ibr irx wsaS

erTatomiani _ 3 _ _ 3·kT/2
oratomiani xisti 3 2 _ 5·kT/2

drekadi 3 2 2 7·kT/2

sami da met
atomiani
(arawrfivi) xisti 3 3 _ 6·kT/2

mocemul temperaturaze mravalatomiani airis Sina-

gani energia aRemateba igive moluri raodenobis
mqone erTatomiani airis Sinagan energias, radgan
erTatomianisgan gansxvavebiT mravalatomiani airis
energias ganapirobebs molekulaTa rogorc
gadataniTi, aseve brunviTi da rxeviTi moZraobebis
energiebi.
realuri airis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis
potenciuri energia nulisgan gansxvavdeba, amitom
maTi Sinagani energia garda temperaturisa
damokidebulia wnevasa da moculobaze.
amocana 12.1. ra temperatura unda gaaCndes
heliumis (He) airs, Tu misi molekulis energia
tolia 270C temperaturis mqone wyalbadis airis
molekulis (H2) saSualo energiis.
amoxsna: T1 = 273 + 27 = 300K temperaturaze
wyalbadis molekulas gaaCnia i1 = 5 aqtiuri
Tavisuflebis xarisxi, e.i. (11.1)-is Tanaxmad,
5
wH 2 = kT1 . heliumi erTatomiani airia i2 = 3 , e.i.
2
3
wHe = kT2 , anu 5 kT1 = 3 kT2 , T2 = 5 T1 = 500 K .
2 2 2 3
amocana 12.2. gamovTvaloT 7270C temperaturis
96g Jangbadis airis Sinagani energia (atomebs Soris
kavSiri drekadia).
amoxsna: (12.4)-Si (1.1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT
m RT
miviRebT: U = i  , radgan Jangbadis molekula
M 2
oratomiania, xolo maT Soris kavSiri drekadia,
96 8,31  1000
amitom i=7 da U = 7   = 87kj.
32 2

$13. idealuri airis muSaoba izoprocesebisas

ganvixiloT cilindrul WurWelSi
moTavsebuli idealuri airi, romelic garemodan
gamoyofilia dguSis saSualebiT (nax. 13.1).
gamovTvaloT muSaoba, romelsac Seasrulebs idea-
luri airi wonasworuli an kvaziwonasworuli ga-
farToebisas. wnevis Zala F = pS , romliTac p wne-
vis mqone airi moqmedebs S farTobis dguSze,
sididiT toli da mimarTulebiT sapirispiroa im F '
Zalis, romliTac dguSi moqmedebs airze. F'
gamowveulia gare wneviTa da xaxuniT. usasrulod
mcire dh manZiliT dguSis wanacvlebisas airis
mier Sesrulebuli elementaruli muSaoba iqneba
dA = Fdh = pSdh = pdV , (13.1)
sadac dV = Sdh − airis moculobis elementaruli
cvlilebaa. Tu dV  0 , airi farTovdeba da
asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, xolo Tu dV  0 , airs
kumSaven da misi muSaoba uaryofiTia. moculobis
sasrulo cvlilebisas V1 -dan V2 -mde airis muSaoba
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
h2 h2 V2

A =  Fdh = =  pSdh =  pdV . (13.2)

h1 h1 V1
muSaoba damokidebulia procesis tipze , ris gamoc
mocemuli airis moculobis erTidaigive sididiT
cvlilebisas, imisdamixedviT, procesi izoTermulia
(T = const ) , izobaruli ( p = const ) , Sesrulebuli
muSaoba gansxvavebuli iqneba.
 izoTermuli procesis ganxorcielebisTvis
saWiroa airis mudmivi kontaqti
TermostatTan – siTbur
dh rezervuarTan, romelic mTeli
procesis manZilze awarmoebs
siTbocvlas airTan, riTac
inarCunebs mis mudmiv
temperaturas (gafarToebisas awv-
dis, SekumSvisas arTmevs siTbos).
radgan idealuri airis Sinagani
energia mxolod temperaturis
naxazi 13.1.
 RT 
funqciaa U = i , izoTermu-
 2 
li procesis SemTxvevaSi is ar icvleba U = 0 .
maSin (11.2)-is Tanaxmad, Q = A , anu
izoTermuli procesisas sistemaze
gadacemuli siTbo mTlianad xmardeba sistemis mier
muSaobis Sesrulebas.
Tu (7.1) gantolebidan ganvsazRvravT p -s da
SevitanT (13.2)-Si, miviRebT:
V2
dV V
A = RT  = RT ln 2 . (13.3)
V1
V V1
izoTermuli procesis pV − diagramaze (nax. 13.2)
(13.3)-s Seesabameba daStrixuli farTi.
ganvixiloT izobaruli procesi. (13.2)-is
Tanaxmad
V2

A = p  dV = p(V2 − V1 ) = pV . (13.4)

V1
izobaruli procesisas idealuri airis
muSaoba, (7.1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba ase
warmovadginoT:
A = pV = RT
. (13.5)
A = 1.R.1
izobaruli procesis pV − diagramaze (nax. 13.3)
naCvenebia am muSaobis Sesabamisi farTi.
izobaruli procesisas T  const , Sesabamisad,
U  0 , amitom izoTermulisgan gansxvavebiT,
izobaruli procesis dros sistemaze miwo-
debuli siTbos nawili xmardeba muSaobas, nawili
ki Sinagani energiis cvlilebas.
anu mocemul airze erTidaigive raodenobis siTbos
miwodebisas izoTermuli procesis dros mocemuli
airi met muSaobas asrulebs, vidre izobarulisas.
Tu erTi moli (=1) airi temperaturis erTi
kelviniT gazrdisas (T=1kel) izobarulad
farTovdeba, maSin (13.5)-is Tanaxmad R=A, anu
➢ airis universaluri mudmiva im muSaobis
tolia, romelsac asrulebs erTi moli
idealuri airi izobarulad erTi kelviniT
gaTbobisas.
izoqoruli procesisas (dV=0) da (13.2)-is Tanaxmad
airi muSaobas ar asrulebs A=0 (nax. 13.4), amitom
Q=U.
➢ izoqoruli procesisas sistemaze miwodebuli
siTbo mTlianad xmardeba Sinagani energiis
gazrdas.

p p p
p1

p
p2
V1 V2 V V1 V2 V V V
naxazi 13.3. naxazi 13.4.
naxazi 13.2.
(13.2) samarTliania muSaobis gamosaTvlelad
realuri airebis, Txevadi da myari sxeulebis
moculobis cvlilebisas, Tumca misi amoxsna
gacilebiT rTulia molekuluri urTierTqmedebis
ZalTa arsebobis gamo.

amocana 13.1.
V0 moculobis idealuri airi
gafarTovda Pp=V (=const), ris Sedegadac moculoba
gaizarda -jer. gamoTvaleT airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba
amoxsna: (13.2)_is Tanaxmad
V0 V0
V 2 V02
A=  VdV = 2
=
2
( 2
)
−1
V0 V0
amocana 13.2. ra muSaobas asrulebs 4 moli
airi, romlis temperaturaa 270C, misi moculobis
orjer gazrdisas izoTermuli procesis dros?
amoxsna: (13.3)-is Tanaxmad airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba
2V1
A = RT ln = RT ln 2 = 4  8,31  300  ln 2 = 6980j.
V1
amocana 13.3. 5 moli heliumi izobarulad
gaaTbes 100kel-iT. gamoTvaloT airis Sinagani
energiis cvlileba, mis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
da gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba.
amoxsna: (12.4)-is Tanaxmad
RT 8,31  100
U = i = 35 = 6,23kj. (i = 3) . (13.5)-dan
2 2
A = RT = 5  8,31 100 = 4,16kj.

vinaidan procesi izobarulia

Q=6,23+4,16=10,39kj.
amocana 13.4. p1 = 2,4 10 pa wnevisa da T1 = 400K
5

temperaturis 20l idealuri

p airi jer izoqorulad
gaacives T2 = 300K -mde da
p1
I II Semdeg izobarulad
p2 gaafarToves 30l-mde. aageT

V
V1 V2
pV − diagrama da gamoTvaleT Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
p1 p2
amoxsna: I procesi izoqorulia = ,
T1 T2
saidanacp2 = p1T2 / T1 = 1,8  10 5 pa, am dros muSaoba
ar sruldeba AI = 0 . II procesi izobarulia p = p2
da AII = p2 (V2 − V1 ) = 1,8  10  (3 − 2)10
−2
5
= 1,8 kj.

$14. siTbo. kuTri da moluri

siTbotevadoba
me-19-e saukunis dasawyisamde siTbo
ganixileboda rogorc uwono nivTiereba, romelsac
SeeZlo SeeRwia nebismier sxeulSi da gaezarda,
xolo gamosvlisas Seemcirebina misi temperatura.
am periodSi warmoiqmna terminebi ,,siTbos
raodenoba”, ,,siTbotevadoba”, xolo siTbos sazom
erTeulad SemoiRes kaloria (kal).
➢ kaloria siTbos is raodenobaa, romelic
saWiroa 1g gamoxdili wylis 10C-iT
gasaTbobad, normaluri atmosferuli wnevis
(1,013.105pa) pirobebSi.
kilokaloria (kkal) 1kkal=103kal.
molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ganviTarebam
daamtkica mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi
sxeulidan meoreze siTbogadacema energiis
gadacemis erT-erTi formaa. dadginda, rom
kaloriasa da jouls Soris arsebobs Semdegi
Tanafardoba: 1kal=4,2j.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT gazquraze wylis
gaTbobis procesi. radgan molekulaTa kinetikuri
energia temperaturis funqciaa, amitom bunebrivi
airis molekulaTa saSualo kinetikuri energia
bevrad aRemateba WurWlis (wylis) molekulaTa
saSualo kinetikur energias. amis gamo WurWlis
molekulebi airis molekulebidan Rebulobs
kinetikur energias, Tavis mxriv WurWlis
molekulebi, wylis molekulebis dajaxebisas,
gadascems maT Tavisi kinetikuri energiis nawils,
ris Sedegadac wyali Tbeba.
siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa mocemul
agregatul mdgomareobaSi sxeulis gasaTbobad,
damokidebulia ramdeni gradusiT unda gaTbes
sxeuli, e.i saboloo da sawyis temperaturaTa
sxvaobaze, sxeulis masaze da mis Semadgenel
nivTierebis Tvisebebze. siTbos aRniSnuli
raodenoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q = cm(t 2 − t1 ) = cmt . (14.1)
radgan t = T , (14.1) asec Caiwereba: Q = cmT .
c − mocemuli nivTierebis maxasiaTebeli sididea da
mas kuTri siTbotevadoba ewodeba.
➢ kuTri siTbotevadoba siTbos is raodenobaa,
romelic saWiroa 1atm wnevis dros 1kg
nivTierebis 10-iT gasaTbobad (igulisxmeba,
rom nivTierebis mdgomareoba ar icvlileba).
cxril 14.1-Si mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis
kuTri siTbotevadobis mniSvnelobebi. sxeulis
gaciebisas gamoyofili siTboc Q  0 cxadia aseve
(14.1)-iT gamoiTvleba. siTxeebsa da myar sxeulebSi
yvelaze didi kuTri siTbotevadoba gaaCnia wyals –
c ≈ 4,2·103j/kg0C, e.i. 1kg gamoxdili wylis 10C-iT
gasaTbobad saWiroa 4,2·103j siTbo. mag. oqros kuTri
siTbotevadoba c ≈ 0,13·103j/kg0C. ase, rom is siTbo,
romelic saWiroa mocemuli masis wylis garkveuli
temperaturiT gasaTbobad, sakmarisi iqneba  32jer
meti masis oqros imave temperaturiT gasaTbobad.
ra siTbosac STanTqavs sxeuli gaTbobisas igive
raodenobas gamohyofs gacivebisas. amitom samxreTis
zRvebis maxlobel teritoriebze zamTari sakmaod
Tbilia.
cm - sxeulis kuTri siTbotevadobis da masis
namravls am sxeulis siTbotevadobas uwodeben. is
mocemuli sxeulis 10-iT gasaTbobad saWiro siTbos
tolia. misi erTeulia j/0C .
 (14.1)-Si gaviTvaliswinoT moluri ricxvis
 = m / M mniSvneloba, miviRebT:
Q = cM T = C T . (14.2)
C = cM − moluri siTbotevadobaa, anu erTi moli
nivTierebis 10-iT gasaTbobad saWiro siTbo.
siTbo yovelTvis gadaecema cxeli sxeulidan
ufro civs da Tu sxeulTa sistema Caketilia
siTbos gadacemis procesi Sewydeba maSin, rodesac
yvela sxeuli miiRebs erTnair temperaturas. anu
sruldeba siTburi balansis gantoleba:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 .... = 0 . (14.3)
romlis Tanaxmadac
➢ Caketili sistemis sxeulTa mier gacemuli da
miRebuli siTbos raodenobaTa algebruli
jami nulis tolia.

cxrili 14.1
nivTiereba c j/kg.0C nivTiereba c j/kg0C
alumini 0,9.103 xe 1,7.103

spilenZi 0,39.103 yinuli 2,1.103

mina 0,84103 zeTi 2,2.103

rkina, foladi 0,45.103 wyali 4,2.103

tyvia 0,13.103 vercxliswyali 0,9.103

TiTberi 0,8.103 wylis orTqli 2,0.103

vercxli 0,23.103 adamianis sxeuli 3,5.103

amocana 14.1. ra temperaturamde gaTbeba 50C

mqone 10l wyali 2,5kg masis TiTberis WurWelSi, Tu
masSi CauSves 1000C temperaturis mqone foladis
naWeri, Tu siTburi danakargebi 10%-ia. foladis
siTbotevadobaa 2,88kj/grad.
 amoxsna: radgan siTbocvlaSi monawileobs
sami sxeuli, amitom siTburi balansis gantolebis
Tanaxmad:
Q1 + Q2 + 0,9Q3 = 0 . e.i
c1 1V1 (t − t1 ) + c2 m2 (t − t1 ) + 0,9c3 m3 (t − t 3 ) = 0
4,2  103  103  10−2 (t − 5) + 0,8  103  2,5(t − 5) +
+ 0,9  2,88.103 (t − 100) = 0
42  (t − 5) + 2(t − 5) + 2,88  (t − 100) = 0,
21 (t − 5) + (t − 5) + 1,44  (t − 100) = 0, t=10,80C.
amocana 14.2. gamoyofili siTbos ra nawili
miiRo 1kg masis foladis sxeulma, Tu mas 2m
simaRlidan ecema 230kg masis uro? sxeulis
temperatura 5kel-iT gaizarda.
amoxsna: foladis sxeulze davardnisas uros
mier gamoyofili siTburi energiaa
Q = mgh = 230  10  2 = 4,6  10 j, xolo
3
sxeulis mier
SeZenili siTbo iqneba:
Q1 = cm1 T = 0,45  10 3  1  5 = 2,3  10 3 j
Q1 2,3  10 3
maSin = = 0,5 , e.i. sxeulma miiRo
Q 4,6  10 3
gamoyofili siTbos 50%.

amocana 14.4. ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba 10g

foladis lursmani 0,45kg masis uros mimdevrobiT
20-jer dartymis Sedegad, Tu dartymis momentSi
uros siCqarea 0,8m/wm, xolo ukugdebisas 0,2m/wm da
gamoyofili siTbo mTlianad STainTqmeba lursmnis
mier.
amoxsna: energiis mudmivobis kanonidan
gamomdinare:  Wkin + Q = 0 , sadac
 M 22 M12 
Wkin = n  −  n=20-jer uros dartymisas
 2 2 
misi kinetikuri energiis cvlilebaa. e.i.
 M M 
( 2 − 12 ) ,
2 2
nM 2
n  2
− 1
 + cmt = 0 ,saidanac t = −

 2 2  2cm

t = −
20  0,45
2  450  0,01
( )
0,2 2 − 0,8 2 = 0,6 0 C .
amocana 14.5. ra dro daWirdeba 1,5kvt
simZlavris gamaTbobliT 0,5kg masis aluminis
WurWlSi 1l 200C wylis aduRebas, Tu siTburi
danakargebi gamoyofili siTbos 40%-ia.
amoxsna: siTburi balansis gantolebis
Tanaxmad: Q1 + Q2 + 0,6Q3 = 0 , sadac Q3 = − Pt P
simZlavris gamaTboblis mier t droSi gamoyofili
sasargeblo siTbos raodenobaa, e.i.
c1 1V1 (t − t1 ) + c2 m2 (t − t1 ) − 0,6Pt = 0 .saidanac
(t − t1 )(c1 1V1 + c2 m2 )
t= =
0,6 P

=
(100 − 20)(4,2  10 3  10 3  10 −3 + 0,9  10 3  0,5) = 413,3wm.
0,6  1,5  10 3

$15. idealuri airis moluri

siTbotevadoba. maieris formula
Tu siTbosgadacemis procesi mimdinareobs
mudmivi wnevis qveS, maSin C -s uwodeben molur siT-
botevadobas mudmivi wnevis dros da aRniSnaven C p -
Ti, xolo, Tu siTbogadacemis dros ar icvleba
nivTierebis moculoba, maSin moluri siT-
botevadobas mudmivi moculobis dros - CV .
nivTierebis myari an Txevadi mdgomareobebisTvis
C p  CV , amitom aseT SemTxvevaSi molur
siTbotevadobas uindeqsod gamoviyenebT. airadi
mdgomareobis SemTxvevaSi ki maT Soris gansxvaveba
sakmaod didia.
 gamoviyvanoT idealuri airis moluri siTbo-
tevadobis formulebi izobaruli da izoqoruli
procesebisTvis (izoTermuli procesisas
siTbotevadoba miiswrafis usasrulobisken). (14.2)
airebSi elementaruli izoqoruli da izobaruli
procesebisTvis ase Caiwereba:
dQV = CV dT . (15.1)
dQ p = C p dT . (15.2)
radgan mocemuli idealuri airis Sinagani energia
mxolod temperaturis funqciaa, amitom
damoukideblad imisa p = const , Tu V = const , U -s
cvlileba dU orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairi iqneba.
Termodinamikis I kanoni dQ = dU + dA izoqoruli
procesisTvis ase Caiwereba:
dQV = dU + dAV = dU . (15.3)
(15.1)-is da (15.3)-is gatolebiT gveqneba:
dU = CV dT .
xolo izobarulisTvis
dQ p = dU + dAp , (15.4)
(15.2)-is da (15.4)-
C p dT = dU + dAp is gatolebiT
gveqneba:
(15.5)

gaviTvaliswinoT (15.5)-Si (15.4) da (13.5):

 C p dT =  CV dT + RdT .
( dT ) -ze Sekvecis Sedegad miviRebT:
C p = CV + R . (15.6)
(15.6)-s maieris formulas uwodeben. is amyarebs
kavSirs idealuri airis molur siTbotevadobebs
Soris, romlis Tanaxmadac mocemuli idealuri
airis C p metia CV -ze R = 8,31 j/mol·K sididiT. es
Teoriuli Sedegi kargad Seesabameba cdiseul
Sedegebs. (12.4)-is Tanaxmad,
RdT
dU = i , (15.7)
2
RdT
vinaidan dQV = dU , amitom dQV = i .
2
SevitanoT (15.1)-Si, miviRebT
i
CV = R . (15.8)
2
Sesabamisad, (15.6) ase Caiwereba:
i+2
Cp = R. (15.9)
2
(15.8)-isa da (15.9)-is Tanaxmad airis
siTbotevadobebi damokidebulia molekulis
Tavisuflebis xarisxze –i anu, zogadad, ramdeni
atomia molekulaSi da rogoria maTi bmis tipi.
cxril 15.1-Si mocemulia C p , CV -s mniSvnelobebi,
sadac
Cp
= (15.10)
CV
Semotanilia zogierTi formulis kompaqturi
CawerisTvis, igi aseve idealuri airis erT-erTi
maxasiaTebeli sididea.  -s da C p -s eqsperimentiT
gansazRvra gacilebiT martivia, vidre CV -si. amitom,
Cveulebrivad, zomaven  -s da C p -s, xolo Semdeg
angariSoben CV -s. haerisTvis  = 1,4 .

cxrili 15.1.
idealuri molekulaSi
atomTa bmis
airis tipi tipi i CV Cp γ
erTatomiani _ 3 3R/2 5R/2 5/3
xisti 5 5R/2 7R/2 7/5
oratomiani
drekadi 7 7R/2 9R/2 9/7
sam- da met- xisti 6 6R/2 8R/2 8/6
atomiani

amocana 15.1. gamovTvaloT ramdeniT Seicvleba

200g naxSirorJangis (CO2) airis Sinagani energia,
misi temperaturis 1000C-iT gaTbobisas (atomebs
Soris kavSiri xistia).
amoxsna: (15.11)-is Tanaxmad

U (T ) =  CV T =
m
CV T e.i.
M
U (T ) ==
200
6 R / 2  100  11,3kj.
44
amocana 15.2. 3,2kj siTbos gadacemis Sedegad
erTi moli idealuri airi izobarulad gaaTbes
144kel-iT. gamoTvaleT misi Sinagani energiis
cvlileba da Cp/CV Tanafardoba.
amoxsna: (15.1)-is Tanaxmad Q Q p = C p T saidanac
C p = Q p / T = 3,2  103 / 144 = 22,22 j/kel.mol.
maieris formulidan
CV = C p − R = 22,22 − 8,31 = 13,91 j/kel.mol. xolo
U = CV T = 13,91  144 = 2kj. Sesabamisad Cp/CV =1,6
amocana 15.3. 10l moculobis balonSi imyofeba
heliumis da wyalbadis airTa narevi. narevis masis
20%-ia heliumi. gamovTvaloT airTa narevis sruli
energia, Tu wnevaa 4,5105pa.
amoxsna: CavweroT heliumisa da wyalbadis
molebis raodenoba:
m1 0,2m m 0,8m
1 = = −3
;2 = 2 = (1)
M 1 4  10 M 2 2  10 −3
amitom narevSi molebis raodenoba iqneba:
m1 m2 0,2m 0,8m m
 =  1 + 2 = + = −3
+ −3
= 0,45 −3 (2)
M 1 M 2 4 10 2 10 10
(15.7)-is Tanaxmad narevis sruli energia
RT  1 RT  2 RT
U =i = i1 + i2 =
1
(i1 1 + i2 2 )RT (3)
2 2 2 2
(7.1)-is gamoyenebiT vRebulobT:
U=
1
(i1 1 + i2 2 ) pV (4)
2
(4)-Si (1) da (2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT gveqneba, rom
sruli energia
10 −3  0,2m 0,8m  −2
U= 3 +5 4,5  10  10 = 1,075  10 j.
5 4

2  0,45m  4  10 −3 −3
2  10 

$16. adiabaturi procesi. bgeris

gavrcelebis adiabaturi buneba
process, romelic sistemaSi mimdinareobs
garemosTan siTbocvlis gareSe, adiabaturi (berZ.
aragardamavali) ewodeba.
ganvixiloT es procesi idealur airSi.
davuSvaT, wnevis qveS myofi idealuri airi imdenad
swrafad farTovdeba, rom ver aswrebs siTbocvlas
WurWlis kedlebTan (garemosTan), magram
imavdroulad gafarToebis nebismier etapze
temperatura Tanabrdeba mTel moculobaSi, e.i.
mimdinareobs wonasworuli adiabaturi procesi.
Termodinamikis I kanonidan gamomdinare
dQ = dU + dA , (dQ = 0) (16.1)
dU + pdV = 0 . (16.2)
(16.2) CavweroT V , T cvladebis mimarT. SevitanoT
masSi (15.5) da (7.1) gantolebidan wnevis mniSvneloba
p = RT / V , miviRebT:
dV
 CV dT +  RT = 0.
V
SevkvecoT  -ze da movaxdinoT cvladTa gancaleba
 dT R dV
+ = 0,
T CV V
romlis integrirebiT gveqneba:
R
ln T + ln V = 0 . (16.3)
CV
R / CV fardoba gardavqmnaT (15.6) da (15.10)
R C p − CV
formulebis gamoyenebiT: = =  − 1,
CV CV
SevitanoT (16.3)-Si da movaxdinoT potencireba
TV  −1 = const , anu
 −1  −1
T1V1 . = T2V2 (16.4)
(16.4) gviCvenebs adiabaturi procesis dros
idealuri airis moculobisa da temperaturis
urTierTdamokidebulebas.
martivad SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom pV =  RT
gantolebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba adiabaturi
procesis amsaxveli kidev origantolebis Cawera
( p, T ) da ( p,V ) cvladebisTvis
T  p1− = const , pV  = const es igivea, rac
 1−  1−
T1 p1 = T2 p2 , (16.5)
 
pV = p V .
1 1 2 2 (16.6)
(16.6)-s puasonis gantoleba ewodeba.
(16.1)-is Tanaxmad, dA = −dU , anu
➢ adiabaturi gafarToebisas airi muSaobas
asrulebs Sinagani energiis xarjze, ris
Sedegadac igi civdeba.
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Semdegi
movlena: rogorc cnobilia, haeris qveda fena
gamdidrebulia wylis orTqliT (teniania),
amasTanave igi sakmaod Tbeba dedamiwis zedapiris
maxloblobaSi, farTovdeba da mcire simkvrivis
gamo, civi haeris mier idevneba atmosferos zeda
fenebSi. radgan zeda fenebSi wneva dabalia is
swrafad -adiabaturad farTovdeba da civdeba. Tu
temperatura daeca namis wertilamde (kondensaciis
temperaturamde), warmoiqmneba Rrubeli, romelic
Seicavs wylis umcires wveTebs. Tu atmosfero
sufTaa-ar Seicavs mtvris nawilakebs (maT SeuZliaT
Seasrulon kristalizaciis centrebis roli)
SesaZlebelia wylis wveTebis gadacieba anu darCena
Txevad mdgomareobaSi 00C-ze qvemoT (mag.
0
dafiqsirebulia atmosferoSi –30 C-ze wylis
wveTebis arseboba). aseT RrubelSi TviTmfrinavis
SeWrisas wveTebi exeba TviTmfrinavis zedapirs da
myisierad gadaiqceva yinulis sqel fenad, romelmac
SeiZleba TviTmfrinavis gadatvirTva da Sesabamisad
frenis reJimis darRveva gamoiwvios, amitom
TviTmfrinavs uzrunvelyofen Semoyinvisgan damcavi
saSualebebiT.
SevadaroT erTmaneTs izoTermas pV = const
da adiabatas

p
pV  = const
formulebi.
p1
izoTermuli
procesisas p ~ 1 / V ,
adiabaturis
pV = const

SemTxvevaSi p ~ 1 / V
pVγ = const
. radgan  1 ,
V1 V2 V adiabaturi gafar-
naxazi 16.1.
Toebisas wneva ufro
swrafad klebulobs, vidre izoTermulis SemT-
xvevaSi, rac Semdegnairad SeiZleba aixsnas: p = nkT -
s Tanaxmad, adiabaturi gafarToebisas wneva vardeba
rogorc koncentraciis, aseve temperaturis Semci-
rebis gamo. izoTermuli (T = const ) gafarToebisas ki
wnevis Semcirebas mxolod koncentraciis Semcireba
iwvevs.
 nax. 16.1-ze mocemulia erTnairi sawyisi
pirobebisTvis idealuri airis izoTermasa da adia-
batas mrudebi.
gamovTvaloT idealuri airis muSaoba
adiabaturi gafarToebisas. (16.6) gadavweroT Semdegi
 
saxiT p1V1 = pV , saidanac
p = p1V1 V − . SevitanoT (13.2)-Si
p1V1 1−
V2

A = p1V1  V − dV =
V2
V ,
V1
1−  V1

martivi gardaqmnebiT vRebulobT:

 −1
p1V1   V1  
A= 1−   . (16.7)
 − 1   V2  
 
mas grafikulad Seesabameba nax. 16.1-ze daStrixuli
farTi.
Tu visargeblebT idealuri airis
mdgomareobis gantolebiT p1V1 =  RT1 , maSin (16.7)
asec SeiZleba CavweroT:
 −1
RT1   V1  
A = 1−   . (16.8)
 − 1   V2  
 
(  − s xSirad adiabatur mudmivasac uwodeben).
radgan bgeris gavrcelebisas haeris fenaTa
SekumSva-gafarToeba Zalian swrafad mimdinareobs,
xolo haeri cudi siTbogamtaria, amitom siTbos
gadacema SekumSuli fenidan mezobel gafarToebul
fenaze praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. anu haerSi bgeris
gavrcelebis procesi adiabaturia.
amocana 16.3. erTatomiani idealuri airis wneva
kvaziwonasworulad gafarToebisas orjer mcirdeba.
gamoTvaloT moculobis fardobiTi cvlileba, Tu
procesi 1. izoTermulia, 2. adiabaturia.
amoxsna:
 1. izoTermuli procesis dros p1V1 = p2V2 ,
V2 p1
saidanac = = 2.
V1 p2
2. adiabaturi procesis SemTxvevaSi (16.6)-dan
1/ 
V2  p1 
=  = 23 / 5 = 1,52 .
V1  p2 

amocana 16.4. 10 moli, 420kel. temperaturis

heliumis adiabaturi gafarToebisas moculoba 3-
jer gaizarda. gamoTvaleT gadacemuli siTbos
raodenoba, airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba da mis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.( 3 9 = 2,1 )
amoxsna: adiabaturi procesis ganmartebidan
gamomdinare Q=0.
 −1
T1
T1  V 2 
= (3)3
5
−1
(16.4)-is Tanaxmad, =  , ,
T2  V1  T2
420 RT
T2 = = 200 kel. U = i
2,1 2
R(200 − 420)
U = 3 = −3300 R  −27 kj. radgan procesi
2
adiabaturia A = −U , saidanac A = 3300R  27 kj.

leqcia 12. $20. siTburi Zravebi

Termodinamikis I kanoni igive energiis
mudmivobis kanonia, romlis Tanaxmadac Caketil
sistemaSi nebismieri procesis warmarTvis
aucilebeli magram arasakmarisi pirobaa sistemis
energiis Senaxva. marTlac, SegviZlia CamovTvaloT
uamravi procesi, romlebsac es kanoni ar krZalavs,
magram bunebaSi ar xdeba. mag., Tu gvaqvs cxeli da
civi sxeulebisgan Semdgari Caketili sistema,
siTbogadacema yovelTvis xdeba cxelidan civze da
ara piriqiT. Tumca sistemis energia am SemTxvevaSic
Seinaxeboda..
 XIX saukunis mecnierebma procesTa
mimdinareobis SesaZleblobebis Seswavlisas
aRmoaCines Termodinamikis II kanoni, romlis
formulirebaSi arsebiTi roli iTamaSa siTburi
Zravebis (manqanebis) Seqmnam.
➢ siTburi Zrava ewodeba yovelgvar mowyobilobas,
romelic siTburi energiis xarjze asrulebs
meqanikur muSaobas da am process perioduli
cikluri xasiaTi gaaCnia.
siTburi Zravis sami mTavari nawilia: gamaTbobeli,
muSa sxeuli – airi (siTxe, myari) da macivari.
nax. 20.1-ze mocemulia siTburi Zravis sqema.
Zravis gamaTbobeli da macivari warmoadgens Termo-
statebs, romlebic mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi
inarCunebs, Sesabamisad, T1 ,T2 (T1  T2 ) temperaturebs.
siTburi Zravis muSaobis principi aseTia: muSa
sxeuli gamaTboblisgan iRebs siTbos garkveul Q1
raodenobas, romlis nawilsac – Q2 -s procesis
mimdinareobisas gadascems macivars, xolo Q1 − Q2
energiis xarjze asrulebs meqanikur muSaobas:
A = Q1 − Q2
avxsnaT Zravis muSaobisTvis ratom aris

T1 gamaTbobeli T1>T2
T1>T2 garemo
p
Q1 Q1

A A/

Q2
Q2
T2 macivari
T2 macivari
V1 V2 V
naxazi20.1 naxazi 20.2 naxazi 20.3
savaldebulo siTbos “usargeblo kargva” Q2 -is
saxiT. davuSvaT, procesis dasawyisSi airi
gafarTovda V1 -dan V2 moculobamde (nax. 20.2) da
(20.1) Seasrula garkveuli muSaoba. procesis
ganmeorebadobisTvis saWiroa airis SekumSva sawyis
V1 moculobamde. imisTvis, rom airis sasargeblo
muSaoba iyos nulisgan gansxvavebuli, saWiroa
gafarToebisas mis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
aRematebodes gare Zalebis mier mis SekumSvaze
Sesrulebul muSaobas. amisTvis ki saWiroa, rom
airis temperatura da, Sesabamisad, wneva gafar-
Toebisas meti iyos, vidre SekumSvisas. aqedan
gamomdinare, airis gafarTovebis procesSi saWiroa
Q1 siTbos miwodeba, xolo SekumSvisas Q2 siTbos
warTmeva. maSasadame, (20.1) warmoadgens Zravis
sasargeblo muSaobas erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi,
romelsac grafikulad nax. 20.2-ze Seesabameba
daStrixuli farTi.
siTburi Zravis efeqturobas afaseben margi
qmedebis koeficientiT (mqk). mas gansazRvraven,
rogorc sasargeblo muSaobis fardobas airze
miwodebuli siTbos raodenobasTan
A Q1 − Q2 Q
= = =1− 2 . (20.2)
Q1 Q1 Q1
(20.2)-dan cxadia, rom siTburi Zravis mqk yovelTvis
naklebia erTze (< 100%). am Sedegis safuZvelze
kelvinisa da plankis mier formulirebuli iqna
Termodinamikis II kanoni:SeuZlebelia iseTi
perioduli procesi, romlis drosac gamaTboblidan
miRebuli siTburi energia mTlianad gardaiqmnas
muSaobad. xSirad sasargeblo muSaobis gazrdis
mizniT siTbur Zravas uerTeben meore siTbur Zravas
ise, rom pirveli Zravis macivari meore Zravis
gamaTboblis rols asrulebs (nax. 20.4).
gamovTvaloT aseTi sistemis mqk-is kavSiri
TiToeuli Zravis mqk-ebTan. (20.2)-is Tanaxmad
Q1 − Q2 Q2 − Q3
1 = da 2 = , xolo sistemis
Q1 Q2
Q1 − Q3
mqk iqneba:  = . Tu 1
Q1
da 2-is formulebis
gamaTbobeli saSualebiT Q2 –sa da Q3 -s
Q1 ganvsazRvravT Q1 − is mimarT
A1 da SevitanT sistemis mqk-s
airi formulaSi miviRebT:
Q2  == 1 + 2 − 12
(20.3)
macivari 1. Tu ganvixilavT siTburi
Zravis moqmedebis Sebrunebul
Q2 process, miviRebT macivris
A2 cikls (nax. 20.3). am SemTxvevaSi
airi siTbo dabali temperaturis
aridan gadaecema maRal
Q3
temperaturul ares, rac
macivari 2. xorcieldeba gare Zalebis
mier muSa sxeulze garkveuli
naxazi 20.4 A' muSaobis SesrulebiT. am
Sedegis safuZvelze
klauziusis mier mocemul iqna Termodinamikis II
kanonis kidev erTi formulireba:
➢ SeuZlebelia iseTi perioduli procesi,
romlis drosac sxeulidan warTmeuli siTbo
mTlianad gadaecema ufro cxel sxeuls.
macivris axasiaTeben gacivebis koeficientiT:
Q2
= , (20.4)
A'
sadac Q2 gasaciebeli sxeulidan warTmeuli
siTboa, xolo A' gare Zalebis muSaobaa macivris
moqmedebaSi mosayvanad.
 amocana 20.1. avtomobilis saSualo simZlavre
30km manZilis 90km/sT siCqariT daZlevisas 20cx.Z-aa.
gavsazRvroT Zravis mqk, Tu benzinis wvis xarjze
gamoiyo 3·104kkal siTbo.
Pt
amoxsna: (20.2)-is Tanaxmad, = , sadac
Q1
S 30
t= =  3600 = 1200 wm, P = 20  736 = 15 kvt. (1cx.Z
 90
736vt). Q1 = 3 104  4,2 = 1,26 105 kj, maSin
15  1200
= = 0,14 = 14% .
1,26  105

$21. karnos cikli

frangma mecnierma sadi karnom Teoriulad
Seqmna idealuri siTburi Zravis modeli da aRwera
misi muSaobis procesi – karnos cikli. Tumca
arcerTi Zrava ar muSaobs am ciklis mixedviT,
magram misi codna aadvilebs realuri Zravebis
muSaobis Seswavlas. karnos cikli Seqcevadia, anu
warmoadgens Seqcevadi procesebis mimdevrobisgan,
e.i. gamoricxulia xaxunis ZalTa arseboba. is
Sedgeba ori izoTermuli da ori adiabaturi
procesisgan. muSa sxeulad aRebulia idealuri
airi, gamaTboblis da macivris rols asrulebs
cxeli (gamaTbobeli) da civi (macivari) Termostati.
nax. 21.1-ze mocemulia karnos cikli. dasawyisSi (a
mdgomareobaSi) airi imyofeba kontaqtSi T1
temperaturis mqone gamaTbobelTan, romlisganac
ganuwyvetliv Rebulobs siTbos Q1 raodenobas, ris
xarjzec izoTermulad farTovdeba ab gziT. b
mdgomareobaSi airs aSoreben gamaTbobels.
izolirebuli airi agrZelebs adiabatur
gafarToebas bc gzaze, ris Sedegadac civdeba T1
temperaturidan T2 temperaturamde. c mdebareobaSi
 airs akavSireben T2 temperaturis macivarTan da
iwyeben mis izoTermul SekumSvas cd mimarTulebiT.
am procesis ganmavlobaSi airi Q2 siTbos gadascems
macivars. d mdgomareobaSi airs aSoreben macivars
da agrZeleben mis
p adiabatur SekumSvas
a da gzaze, Sedegad
airi Tbeba T1
T1 =const temperaturamde da
ubrundeba sawyis
b
d mdgomareobas, e.i.
sruldeba erTi
T2 =const cikli.
c ganvixiloT
karnos cikli
naxazi 21.1 V energetikuli
TvalsazrisiT.
radgan ab gzaze airi izoTermulad farTovdeba, mis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba T1 temperaturis
gamaTboblidan miRebuli siTbos Q1 raodenobis
tolia:
Vb
Q1 = Aab =  RT1 ln . (21.1)
Va
analogiurad, cd gzaze airis izoTermulad
SekumSvisas masze Sesrulebuli muSaoba airis mier
T2 temperaturis macivarze gadacemuli Q2 siTbos
raodenobis toli iqneba
Vc
Q2 = A' cd =  RT2 ln . (21.2)
Vd
radgan bc da da gzebze procesi adiabaturia, (16.4)-is
Tanaxmad SegviZlia CavweroT
 −1  −1  −1  −1
T1Vb = T2Vc da T1Va = T2Vd .
 Vb Vc
maTi urTierTSefardebiT miviRebT = .
Va Vd
SevitanoT (21.2)-Si
Vb
Q2 = RT2 ln . (21.3)
Va
(21.3)-is gayofiT (21.1)-ze gveqneba
Q2 T2
= . (21.4)
Q1 T1
karnos siTburi Zravis mqk iseve, rogorc
nebismieri siTburi Zravis, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT
(21.2) formuliT, romelic (21.4) proporciuli
damokidebulebis gamo miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
T2
kar = 1 − . (21.5)
T1
karnom Camoayaliba Teorema:
➢ idealuri siTburi Zravis mqk ar aris
damokidebuli arc Zravis konstruqciaze da
arc muSa sxeulis Tvisebebze, is
ganisazRvreba mxolod TermostatTa
(gamaTbobeli, macivari) temperaturebiT.
(21.5)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom idealuri
siTburi Zravis mqk mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleba
iyos 100%-is toli, roca macivris temperatura
absoluturi nulis tolia. es ki SeuZlebelia
absoluturi nulis miuRwevlobis gamo. Sedegad,
T2  0,kar  100%
karnos Teoriuli ciklis ganxilvisas
ugulebelyofili iyo siTburi danakargebi.
praqtikulad Seqmnil ZravebSi adgili aqvs
sxvadasxva tipis siTbur danakargebs (procesi
Seuqcevadia), ris gamoc realuri mqk gacilebiT nak-
lebia Teoriulze, Cveulebrivad is Teoriulis 50 –
80%-s Seadgens.
 amocana 21.1. karnos
ciklis Sesrulebisas
airis minimaluri
T moculobaa 50l.
I
T1 ganvazRvroT
maqsimaluri moculoba,
Tu airis moculoba
IV II izoTermuli
gafarToebis
T2 dasasruls 300l,
III
izoTermuli SekumSvis
V dasasruls ki 65l iyo.
V1 V4 V2 V3 aageT (V , T ) diagrama.
amoxsna: cikli
Sedgeba I da III izoTermisa da II da IV
adiabatisagan. (16.4)-is Tanaxmad,
 −1
T1V2 −1 = T2V3 −1
(II ubani) T1V1 = T2V4 −1 (IV ubani)
maTi SefardebiT miviRebT:
V2 V3 300 V3
=  = , saidanac V3 = 390 l.
V1 V4 50 65

amocana 21.12 TboeleqtrosadgurSi orTqlis Zravebi

muSaobs wyvil-wyvilad. pirveli Zravis
gamaTboblisa da macivris temperaturebia 6700C da
4300C. meoris 4200C da2800C. gamovTvaloT naxSiris
wvis siCqare, Tu sadguri iZleva 450 milion vat
simZlavres. CavTvaloT, rom ZravaTa mqk karnos
Zravis 65%-s Seadgens. ( 1 kg naxSiri sruli
dawvisas gamoyofs 2,7107j siTbos).
amoxsna: (21.5)-is Tanaxmad
273 + 420 273 + 280
1kar = 1 − = 0,26 ,  2kar = 1 − = 0,20 .
273 + 670 273 + 420
ZravaTa mqk iqneba: 1=0,650,26=0,17, 2=0,650,20=0,13.
maSin (20.3)-is gamoyenebiT vRebulobT, rom
sistemis mqk tolia  == 0,17 + 0,13 − 0,17  0,13 = 0,28.
 A Pt
meore mxriv = = , saidanac
Q1 mqwv
m P 45  10 7 kg
= = = 59,5
t qwv 0,28  2,7  10 7 wm

$22. entropia. Termodinamikis II da III

kanonebi
sistemis makromdgomareobas axasiaTeben iseTi
parametrebiT, rogoric aris simkvrive, wneva,
temperatura, Sinagani energia da sxva. sistemis
makromdgomareobas gansazRvravs misi Semadgeneli
nawilakebis mikromdgomareobebi. amasTan, sistemis
mocemuli makromdgomareoba xorcieldeba sxvada-
sxva mikromdgomareobebiT.
➢ im mikromdgomareobaTa ricxvs, romelic
iZleva mocemul makromdgomareobas, am
mdgomareobis Termodinamikuri albaToba
(statistikuri wona) ewodeba da aRiniSneba Ω.
rac metia sistemis raime mdgomareobis Termodina-
mikuri albaToba, miT metad mosalodnelia sistemis
gadasvla aRniSnul mdgomareobaSi. maTematikuri
albaTobisgan gansxvavebiT Termodinamikuri
albaToba Ω ≥ 1.
sistema azrobrivad gavyoT or damoukidebel
qvesistemad, romelTa mdgomareobis Sesabamisi
Termodinamikuri albaToba iyos Ω1 da Ω2. maSin
sistemis, rogorc erTi mTlianis, Sesabamisi
mdgomareobis Termodinamikuri albaToba iqneba
 = 1  2 . (22.1)
(22.1)-is Tanaxmad, Ω arakrebadi sididea, amitom misi
gamoyeneba sistemis mdgomareobis dasaxasiaTeblad
naklebad mosaxerxebelia, samagierod, krebadia misi
logariTmi. (22.1)-dan
ln  = ln 1 + ln 2 .
am mosazrebiT molekulur fizikaSi sistemis
mdgomareobis dasaxasiaTeblad SemoiRes lnΩ-s
proporciuli sidide, kerZod
S = k ln  , (22.2)
romelsac entropia (berZnulad – gardaqmna) uwodes.
−23
proporciulobis koeficientad k = 1,38 10 j/K
bolcmanis mudmiva SemoiRes, e.i.,
➢ molekulur fizikaSi entropia gansazRvravs
sistemis raime mdgomareobis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobas.
absolutur nulze nebismieri sistema
imyofeba ZiriTad mdgomareobaSi, romlis
Termodinamikuri albaToba Ω = 1. maSin, (22.2)-is
Tanaxmad, S = 0. es mtkicebuleba cnobilia nerstis
Teoremis saxelwodebiT, mas Termodinamikis III
kanonsac uwodeben
➢ nebismieri sistemis absoluturi temperaturis
nulisken swrafvisas, misi entropiac nulisken
miiswafvis.
lim S → 0 . (22.3)
T →0
Termodinamikuri albaTobis ganmartebidan
gamomdinare, arawonasworul Caketil sistemaSi
yovelTvis ganviTardeba iseTi Seuqcevadi
procesebi, romlebic mas gadaiyvans mcire
albaTobis Sesabamisi mdgomareobidan ufro maRali
albaTobis mdgomareobaSi, e.i., procesi ganviTardeba
entropiis zrdis mimarTulebiT. rodesac sistema
sabolood gadava mdgrad wonasworul
mdgomareobaSi, misi entropiac miaRwevs maqsimums.
amis Semdeg sistemaSi Sewydeba yovelgvari
mikroprocesebi, romlebic gamoiwvevda misi
entropiis Secvlas. Tu Caketili sistemis
mdgomareobis romelime sasruli cvlilebisas
entropia izrdeba maSin sistemis es mdgomareoba
metastabiluria. metastabilur mdgomareobas
miekuTvneba zenajeri orTqli an siTxe, aseve
gadaxurebuli da gadaciebuli siTxe. metastabilur
mdgomareobaSi sistema SeiZleba imyofebodes
nebismierad didi drois ganmavlobaSi, Tu ar gaCnda
stabilurSi gadasvlis pirobebi. mag. siTxis wveTebi
zenajer orTqlSi.
Tu Caketil sistemaSi mimdinareobs Seqcevadi
procesi, igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
wonasworul mdgomareobaTa uwyveti mimdevroba.
maSin sistemis entropia, gansazRvrebidan
gamomdinare, iqneba maqsimaluri da ucvleli
S = S maq = const .
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Termodinamikis II
kanoni ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:
➢ Caketil sistemaSi mimdinare nebismieri
procesis dros sistemis entropia an izrdeba,
an rCeba ucvleli
S  0 . (22.4)
TermodinamikaSi entropia 1865 wels
klauziusis mier iqna Semotanili. imisTvis, rom
gasagebi gaxdes am sididis Semotanis arsi,
davubrundeT karnos cikls, romelic warmoadgens
Caketil sistemaSi ori izoTermisa da ori
adiabatasgan Semdgar Seqcevad process. Tu (21.4)-Si
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Q2  0 , maSin gveqneba
Q1 Q2
+ =0. (22.5)
T1 T2
klauziusma aCvena, rom nebismieri Seqcevadi
cikli SeiZleba kargi miaxloebiT ganvixiloT
rogorc karnos ciklTa jami
Qi
T
i
= 0. (22.6)
i
ufro zustad, nebismieri Seqcevadi ciklisTvis,
(22.6) miiRebs saxes:
dQ
 T = 0 , (Seqcevadi procesi) (22.7)
sadac dQ muSa sxeulis mier miRebuli an gacemuli
elementaruli siTbos raodenobaa, T misi
temperaturaa, romelic emTxveva kontaqtSi myofi
Termostatis (gamaTboblis an macivris)
temperaturas. siTbos raodenoba (iseve, rogorc
muSaoba) damokidebulia procesis mimdinareobis
gzaze maSin, rodesac (22.7)-is Tanaxmad, Seqcevadi
procesisTvis dQ / T sidide ar aris damokidebuli
Tu ra gziT gadadis sistema erTi mdgomareobidan
meoreSi. klauziusma aCvena, rom Seqcevadi procesis
dros dQ / T sistemis entropiis cvlilebaa
dQ
dS = , (Seqcevadi procesi) (22.8)
T
maSasadame
2
dQ
S = S 2 − S1 =  . (Seqcevadi procesi) (22.9)
1
T
entropia iseve, rogorc potenciuri energia,
ganisazRvreba mudmivi Sesakrebis sizustiT,
procesis ganxilvisas sainteresoa ara entropiis
sidide, aramed misi cvlileba. e.i., entropia
sistemis mdgomareobis funqciaa da ciklis SemTx-
vevaSi
 dS = 0 . (22.10)
cxadia, sistemaSi mimdinare Seqcevadi procesis
dros im qvesistemis entropia, romelic gascems
siTbos, Semcirdeba, samagierod gaizrdeba im
qvesistemis entropia, romelmac es siTbo miiRo.
magram, entropiis aditiurobidan gamomdinare,
sistemis sruli entropia ucvleli darCeba.
adiabaturi procesis dros dQ = 0 , maSin
(22.8)-is Tanaxmad, S = const . am TvalsazrisiT
Seqcevad adiabatur process izoentropiulsac uwo-
deben.
 (22.8) da (22.9) samarTliania Seqcevadi
procesebisTvis. klauziusma aCvena, rom Seuqcevadi
procesisTvis
dQ
dS  , (Seuqcevadi procesi) (22.11)
T
sadac T Termostatis temperaturaa, radgan
Seuqcevadi procesisas sistemas ar gaaCnia
gansazRvruli temperatura. (22.8)-isa da (22.11)-is
gaerTianebiT vRebulobT
dQ
dS  . (22.12)
T
(22.12)-iT SesaZlebelia entropiis dakavSireba
sistemis sxva maxasiaTebel makroskopul
parametrebTan (p , V , C p )
, C V .
entropiis SemotaniT SesaZlebeli gaxda
Termodinamikis IIkanonis ganzogadoeba da zusti
maTematikuri formulireba:
➢ nebismier sistemasa da mis garemomcvel
sxeulebSi mimdinare bunebrivi (araSeqcevadi)
procesebis dros jamuri entropia izrdeba.
e.i., Tu sivrcis romelime nawilSi entropia
Semcirda, meore nawilSi gaizrdeba ise, rom
utoloba S  0 ZalaSi darCeba.
bunebrivia ismis kiTxva: rogor gamovTvaloT
entropiis cvlileba sistemaSi mimdinare Seuqcevadi
procesis dros. aseT SemTxvevaSi avirCevT raime
Seqcevad process, romlis saSualebiTac
SesaZlebelia sistemis gadayvana 1-mdgomareobidan 2-
Si da (22.9)-is saSualebiT gamovTvliT entropiis
cvlilebas. radgan entropia sistemis mdgomareobis
funqciaa da procesis tipze (gzaze) ar aris
damokidebuli, amitom miRebuli S toli iqneba
mocemuli Seuqcevadi procesis dros entropiis
cvlilebis (ix. amocana 22.3).
amocana 22.1. idealuri airis wnevaa 2,5105pa,
moculoba 40l, temperatura 300kel. izoTermulad
gaafarToebisas wneva 5-jer daeca. gamovTvaloT
entropiis cvlileba, Tu procesi Seqcevadia.
amoxsna: visargebloT (22.9) formuliT.
procesis izoTermulobis gamo,
2 2
dQ 1 Q
S = S 2 − S1 =  =  dQ = . (1)
1
T T 1 T
V2
$13-is Tanaxmad, A = Q =  RT ln . (7.1)-is
V1
gaTvaliswinebiT
V2 p  p1 V2 
Q = p1V1 ln = p1V1 ln 1  = ; T = const 
V1 p2  p2 V1 
(1)-Si SetaniT vRebulobT:
1 p 1 j
S = p1V1 ln 1 = 2,5  105  4  10 −2 ln 5 = 53,6
T1 p2 300 K
radgan saWiro siTbos airi Termostatidan
(gamaTboblidan) Rebulobs, gamaTboblis entropiis
cvlileba iqneba S gam = −53,6 j/K. ase, rom mTeli
sistemisTvis
Sairi + Sgam = 0 .
amocana 22.2.
gamovTvaloT erTi moli
oratomiani xisti bmis idealuri airis entropiis
cvlileba 5000K temperaturidan 7000K temperaturamde
a) izobaruli, b) izoqoruli gaTbobisas, Tu
procesi Seqcevadia
amoxsna:
a) SevitanoT (15.3) (22.9)-Si, miviRebT
i+2
T2
dT 7 j
S =  C p  = R  ln 1,4   8,31  0,34 = 9,9
T 2 2 K,
T1
b) (15.4)-is SetaniT (22.9)-Si, miviRebT
T2
dT i T 5 j
S = CV  =  R  ln 2 =  8,31  0,34 = 7,1
T 2 T1 2 K
T1
 amocana 22.3. 3 moli idealuri airis
Tavisufali adiabaturi gafarToebisas moculoba
samjer izrdeba. vipovoT entropiis cvlileba.
amoxsna: Tavisufali gafarToeba niSnavs, rom
V1 moculobaSi myof airs onkanis saSualebiT
uerTeben cariel WurWels (carieli WurWlis
moculobaa 2V1 ). radgan airi Tavisufali
gafarToebisas ar asrulebs muSaobas A=0 ,
procesis adiabaturobis gamo Q = 0 . maSin (11.2)-is
Tanaxmad, U = 0 , ris gamoc T1 = T2 = T . radgan
procesi swrafad mimdinareobs, igi Seuqcevadia.
imisTvis, rom SevZloT (22.9)-is gamoyeneba, avirCioT
Sesabamisi Seqcevadi procesi, romelic V1
moculobis idealur airs gadaiyvans V2
moculobaSi mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi.
cxadia, aseTi procesi izoTermulia, romlisTvisac
(22.9) miiRebs saxes (ix. amocana (22.1)
V2
S = R ln = 3  8,31  1,1 = 27,4 j / K .
V1

a m o c a n e b i:
6. siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro da ra muSaobas
Seasrulebs 2 moli 270C temperaturis erTatomiani
idealuri airi, moculobis orjer gazrdisas.
procesi: 1. izoTermulia. 2. izobarulia. (pasuxi:
3,5kj, 3,5kj; 12,5kj, 5kj)
7. ra muSaobas Seasrulebs 4 moli idealuri airi,
romlis sawyisi temperaturaa 1270C , moculobis
izoTermulad 3-jer gazrdisas? gamoTvaleT airis
Sinagani energiis cvlileba.
(pasuxi: 14,6kj; 0kj)
8. 5 moli heliumi izoqorulad gaaTbes 100kel-iT.
gamoTvaleT gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba, airis
Sinagani energiis cvlileba da mis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba. (pasuxi: 6232,5j, 6232,5j, 0j)
9. 5 moli heliumi izobarulad gaaTbes 100kel-iT.
gamoTvaleT airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba, mis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da gadacemuli siTbos
raodenoba (pasuxi: 6232,5j; 4155j; 10387,5j)
11. ra muSaobas asrulebs 8 moli idealuri airi,
romlis sawyisi temperaturaa 00C da wneva 1atm, misi
moculobis orjer gazrdisas 1) izoTermuli, 2)
izobaruli procesis dros? (pasuxi: 13kj; 18kj)
12. gamoTvaleT muSaoba 2,5l azotis izoTermulad
1,5l-mde SekumSvisas, Tu wnevaa 1atm da temperatura
00C? (pasuxi: -127,5j).
13. 16kg masis Jangbadi gaaTbes izoqorulad 1000K-
iT. gamoTvaleT gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba,
airis Sinagani energiis cvlileba da airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba. (pasuxi: 1,04106j; 1,04106j; 0)
14. Jangbads gadasces 2104j siTbo mudmivi wnevis
pirobebSi. gamoTvaleT airis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba da misi Sinagani energiis cvlileba, i=5.
(pasuxi: 5,7103j; 14,3103j;)
17. 20m simaRlidan 10m/wm sawyisi siCqariT
Tavisuflad vardnili tyvia xvdeba damagrebul 5-
jer mZime vercxlis firfitas da rCeba masSi.
ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba firfita, Tu misi da
tyviis sawyisi temperatura erTnairia. (pasuxi: 1kel)
18. 4m sigrZis Zafze dakidebuli spilenZis burTula
gadaxares wonasworobidan 600-iT da gauSves xeli.
kedelTan Sejaxebis mere burTula gadaixara 300-iT.
ramdeni gradusiT gaTba burTula, Tu meqanikuri
energiis 78% gardaiqmna siTboSi. (pasuxi: 0,04kel)
19. 83,1l moculobis heliumis wnevaa 105pa,
temperatura 250kel. igi izoqorulad gaaTbes
300kel-mde. Semdeg izobarulad isev gaaTbes 360kel-
mde. bolos ki izoTermul pirobebSi daabrunes
pirvandel wnevamde. aageT p(T) diagrama . gamoTvaleT
airze gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba da
Sesrulebuli muSaoba. (pasuxi: 7719j 2234j)
20. siTburi ZravaTa sistemis mqk-ia 82,5%-ia. pirvel
ZravasTan, romlis mqk 50%-ia, mierTebulia meore
siTburi Zrava ise, rom pirvelis macivari meore
Zravis gamaTboblis rols asrulebs. vipovoT meore
Zravis mqk. (pasuxi: 65%)
21. sami siTburi Zrava ( 1 =  2 =  3 ), mimdevrobiT
mierTebulia erTmaneTTan ise, rom pirveli Zravis
macivari meoris gamaTboblis rols asrulebs,
xolo meoris macivari mesamis gamaTboblia. vipovoT
(
sistemis mqk. (pasuxi:  = 1 − (1 − 1 ) )
3
)
22. karnos Zrava TiToeul wamSi moixmars 900kkal
siTbos. macivris temperaturaa 270C, gamaTboblis
1270C. gamoTvaleT Zravas simZlavre. (pasuxi: 945kj)
23. karnos Zravis simZlavrea 650kvt. igi TiToeul
wamSi moixmars 1250kkal siTbos. gamoTvaleT
macivris temperatura, Tu gamaTboblis temperaturaa
5900C. (pasuxi: 4830C)
26. idealuri siTburi manqanis gamaTboblis
temperaturaa 1170C, macivris 270C. is gamaTboblidan
yovel wamSi iRebs 60kj energias. gamoTvaleT
siTbos ra raodenoba gadaecema macivars yovel
wamSi. (pasuxi: 46kj)
27. grafikze mocemulia Sigawvis
p d
Zravis muSaobis Seqcevadi otos
cikli, romelic Sedgeba ori
a adiabatisgan da ori izoqorisgan.
c
muSa airi erTatomiani idealuri
b
airia. gamoTvaleT mqk, Tu
o V
SekumSvis xarisxi Vb/Vc=6. rogor
Seicvleba mqk Tu gamoviyenebT oratomian idealur
airs? (pasuxi: 70%; Semcirdeba)
28. Zravis gamaTboblisa da macivris temperatura
Sesabamisad 5250C da 2900C–is tolia, xolo mqk
karnos Sesabamisi ciklis naxevris tolia. Zravis
mier gamomuSavebuli simZlavre 850kvt-ia.
gamoTvaleT Zravis mier moxmarebuli siTburi
energia erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. (pasuxi: 21010j)
29. gamoTvaleT 2 moli idealuri airis moculobis
2-jer gazrdisas entropiis cvlileba, Tu procesi
izoTermulia da Seqcevadi. (pasuxi: 11,63 j/kel)
30. 2kg masis 3070C-is temperaturamde gacxelebuli
rkinis naWeri Caagdes imdenad didi moculobis
170C-is wyalSi, rom wylis temperatura umniSvnelod
gaizarda. gamoTvaleT a) rkinis b) wylis, g)
sistemis rkina- wyali entropiis cvlileba.
(pasuxi: -621 j/kel; 900j/kel; 279 j/kel)

$62. hidroaerostatikuri wneva. paskalis kanoni

ganvixiloT WurWelSi moTavsebuli uZravi
siTxe (airi). WurWlis fskersa da kedlebze mis mier
wneva ganisazRvreba, rogorc farTis erTeulze
misadmi marTobulad moqmedi Zalis sidide
Fn
p= , (62.1)
S
sadac Fn zedapirisadmi marTobulad moqmed ZalTa
tolqmedis sididea da mas wnevis Zalas uwodeben.
wnevis erTeulia paskali (pa) pa = n/m2.
paskalis kanonis Tanaxmad
➢ WurWelSi moTavsebul siTxeze an airze
warmoebuli wneva yvela mimarTulebiT
Tanabrad gadaicema.
davuSvaT, rom uZrav cilindrul WurWelSi,
romlis fskeris farTobi S -is tolia, moTavsebuli
 simkvrivis siTxe qmnis h simaRlis svets,
gamovTvaloT am siTxis mier WurWlis fskerze
warmoebuli wneva. es wneva gamowveulia siTxis
woniT, romelic am SemTxvevaSi ricxobrivad siTxis
P mg Vg gSh
simZimis Zalis tolia. e.i. p= = = =
S S S S
maSasadame
p = gh (62.2)
 siTxis simZimis ZaliT gamowveul wnevas
hidrostatikuri wneva ewodeba. igi araa
damokidebuli WurWlis formaze. marTlac, Tu
saerTo fskeris mqone sxvadasxva formis WurWelSi
(nax.62.1) (ziarWurWeli) CavasxamT erTnairi
simkvrivis 1 =  2 siTxes, paskalis kanonis Tanaxmad,
p1 = p2 ; 1 gh1 =  2 gh2 da h1 = h2 . anu
ziarWurWelSi erTgvarovani siTxe erT doneze dgas.
Tu 1   2 , maSin
h2 1
=
h1  2
ziarWurWelSi
gansxvavebuli simkvrivis
siTxeebis moTavsebisas, im siTxis
svetia maRali, romlis simkvrive
h
naklebia.
Tu siTxe ganicdis atmosferuli
naxazi 62.1 wnevis moqmedebasac gveqneba:
p = patm + gh (62.4)
Tu WurWeli moZraobs vertikalurad
aCqarebiT, maSin aCqarebis mimarTulebisgan
damokidebulebiT gveqneba:
p = patm + ( g + a) h . (aCqareba mimarTulia zemoT) (62.4)
p = patm + ( g − a) h . (aCqareba mimarTulia qvemoT)
(62.5)
Tu gvaqvs uxsnad siTxeTa an airTa narevi,
maSin WurWlis fskerze warmoebuli wneva narevis
Semadgenel komponentTa mier damoukideblad
warmoebul wnevaTa jamis tolia.
zemoT miRebul formulebSi siTxis simkvrive
siTxis svetis simaRlis mimarT CavTvaleT mudmivad.
siTxeebis SemTxvevaSi es daSveba sakmaod zustia,
radgan isini Znelad kumSvadia. airebi ki
maRalkumSvadobiT xasiaTdeba, maTi simkvrive airis
svetis simaRlis cvlilebiT mniSvnelovnad icvleba.
 amocana 62.1. hidravlikuri domkrati (amwe)
warmoadgens or sxvadasxva diametris mqone
cilindrul WurWels, romlebsac gaaCnia saerTo
fskeri (ziari WurWeli). is Cveulebrivad zeTiT an
raime siTxiT aris Sevsebuli. gamovTvaloT ra
ZaliT unda vimoqmedoT patara dguSze, rom
SevZloT 800kg masis manqanis aweva, Tu patara
dguSis farTobi 20-jer naklebia didi dguSis
farTobze.
amoxsna: orive dguSi SeiZleba warmovidgi-
noT,rogorc erTidaigive WurWlis kedlebi, maSin
paskalis kanonis Tanaxmad, p1 = p2 anu
F1 F2 S 1
= , F1 = F2 1 , F1 = F2 .avtomobilis asawevad
S1 S 2 S2 20
saWiroa patara dguSze vimoqmedoT avtomobilis
1
wonis 5%-is toli ZaliT, e.i. F1 = mg = 400 n,
20
rac tolfasia mcire dguSze ≈ 40kg tvirTis
zemoqmedebis.

$63. toriCelis cda. wnevis erTeulebi

atmosfero, romelic imyofeba dedamiwis
gravitaciul velSi, mis zedapirze qmnis garkveul
wnevas. am wnevis sidide 1643 wels pirvelad gazoma
italielma mecnierma toriCelma.
man erTi boloTi daxuruli minis
grZeli mili gaavso
vercxliswyliT da vertikalurad
gadmoapirqvava vercxliswylian
jamze (nax. 63.1). vercxliswylis
760 mm nawili CaiRvara jamSi, xolo
nawilma milSi Seqmna garkveuli
simaRlis sveti, romlis zemoTac
warmoiqmna sicariele – vakuumi.
zRvis doneze am svetis simaRle
saSualod 760mm-is tolia.
naxazi 63.1.
toriCelim es movlena axsna imiT, rom radgan
uZravi siTxis nebismier wertilSi wneva yvela mi-
marTulebiT erTnairia, e.i. atmosferos wneva vercx-
liswylis zedapirze gawonasworebulia milSi
vercxliswylis svetis wneviT. am cdiT toriCelim
daamtkica atmosferos wnevis arseboba da aCvena
misi gazomvis SesaZleblobac.
radgan milSi vercxliswylis zemoT vakuumia
(toriCelis sicariele), amitom (62.2) formulis
Tanaxmad
pverwy = gh = 13,6 103  9,8  0,76 = 1,013 105 pa.
maSasadame, zRvis doneze atmosferuli wneva
1,013·105pa-is tolia. am sidides normaluri
atmosferuli wneva (fizikuri atmosfero) ewodeba.
1mm ver.wy. mier warmoebul wnevas erTi tori uwodes
1 tor = 1mm verwy = =133pa.
aseve wnevis erTeulad ixmareba teqnikuri
atmosfero
1t.at = 0,981·105pa.
meteorologiaSi wnevis sazomad tradiciulad
miRebulia bari
1bari = 1,00·105pa.
atmosferuli wneva da simkvrive dedamiwis
zedapiridan simaRlis zrdasTan erTad
eqsponenciuri kanoniT klebulobs. saSualod
yovel 5,5km-ze wneva 2-jer mcirdeba. atmosferuli
wneva mocemul simaRlezec cvladia, masze gavlenas
axdens meteorologiuri pirobebi.
dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela sagani da
cocxali organizmi ganicdis atmosferuli wnevis
moqmedebas, romelic kompensirdeba organizmis
ujredebis Siga wneviT iseve, rogorc sahaero
buStis SigniT airis wneva awonasworebs
atmosferul wnevas. gazis balonebis, saburavebis
simtkicis gamo SesaZlebelia maTSi atmosferul
wnevaze meti wnevis SenarCuneba. wnevis sazomi
xelsawyoebi-manometrebi zomavs sxvaobas balo-
nis,saburavis Siga wnevisa da atmosferul wnevas
Soris. am wnevas Warb wnevas uwodeben.
dedamiwis zedapirze haeris wneva,
temperatura, simkvrive icvleba grZedis, weliwadis
drois, dRe-Ramis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT.
amitom aviaciaSi sargebloben e.w. saerTaSoriso
standartuli atmosferoTi. mis sawyis monacemebad
miRebulia Semdegi parametrebi: zRvis doneze wneva
p = 760 mm vwy.wy= 1,01 105 pa, temperatura t = 15 0 C da
simkvrive  = 1,125 kg/m3.

amocana 63.1. ra maqsimaluri siRrmis

maRarodan SesaZlebelia tumbos saSualebiT wylis
amoqaCva, Tu atmosferuli wneva standartulia?
amoxsna: rodesac saqaCavi mili exeba wylis
zedapirs, tumbo maSin qmnis vakuums, ris gamoc
milSi Sedis wyali manam, sanam misi svetis wneva ar
gauwonaswordeba wylis Ria zedapirze arsebul
atmosferul wnevas, e.i.
patm 1,013  10 5
p = patm = gh, h = = = 10,3 m,
g 9,8  10 3
e.i., 10,3m wylis sveti qmnis iseTive wnevas, rasac
760mm vercxliswylis sveti.

amocana 63.2. avtomobilis oTxive saburavSi

manometris CvenebiT wneva tolia 210kpa.
ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli saburavis miwasTan
sakontaqto farTobi, Tu avtomobilis masaa 1800kg,
xolo atmosferuli wnevaa 100kpa.
amoxsna: saburavis SigniT haeris wneva iqneba
p = patm + pWarbi = 100 + 210 = 310kpa = 3,1 105 pa.
avtomobilis wonaa P* = mg = 1800 10 = 1,8 104 n. es
wona nawildeba 4 saburavis miwasTan Sexebis
farTze. amitom (62.1)-is Tanaxmad,
 P * mg
p= = (4 – saburavebis raodenobaa),
4S 4S
P* 1,8  104
S= = = 0.015 m2, S = 150sm2.
4 p 4  3,1  105

$64. amomgdebi Zala. arqimedes kanoni

$62-is Tanaxmad, siTxeebsa da airebSi wneva
siRrmis zrdasTan erTad matulobs, ris gamoc, Tu
raime sxeuli CaZirulia siTxeSi (airSi), mis qveda
zedapirze moqmedi wneva yovelTvis metia, vidre
zeda zedapirze (nax. 64.1). amasTanave, wneva zedapiris
TiToeuli elementisadmi marTobulia, ris gamoc
sxeulze siTxeSi an airSi CaZirul
sxeulze moqmedi
jamuri wnevis Zala mimarTulia
vertikalurad zeviT – mas
amomgdeb Zalas uwodeben.
siTxeSi (an airSi) CaZirul
sxeulze moqmedebs amomgdebi Zala,
romelic am sxeulis mier gamo-
devnili siTxis wonis tolia da
naxazi modebulia im wertilSi sadac
iqneboda am sxeulis
,,gamoZevebuli” siTxis simZimis centri –AA.
Farq = P * .
am kanons arqimedes kanoni ewodeba. Tu sxeulis
aCqareba nulis tolia, maSin sxeulis wona
ricxobrivad simZimis Zalis tolia P = P * ($21),
amitom am SemTxvevaSi arqimedes Zala gamoisaxeba
formuliT
Farq = msiT g an Farq = mair g , (64.1)
sadac msiT (mair ) sxeulis mier gamodevnili siTxis
(airis) masaa. (64.1) asec SeiZleba CavweroT
Farq = siT gV an Farq = air gV , (64.2)
cxadia, Tu sxeuli uwonad mdgomareobaSia, masze
moqmedi arqimedes Zala nulis tolia.
➢ arqimedes Zala damokidebulia mxolod
sxeulis garSemowerilobaze - moculobaze,
anu mocemul siTxeSi (airSi) moTavsebul
erTnairi moculobis mqone Rru da masiur
sxeulze, damoukideblad misi masalisa,
erTnairi sididis arqimedes Zala moqmedebs.
imisTvis, rom siTxeSi (airSi) mTlianad
CaZiruli sxeuli wonasworobaSi imyofebodes
(igulisxmeba, ar exeba fskers, Setivtivebulia –
curavs), saWiroa simZimis da arqimedes Zalebi
sididiT toli iyos da moqmedebdes erT wrfeze, anu
sxeulis simZimis centri C da gamodevnili siTxis
simZimis centri A erT vertikalze unda iyos.
wonasworoba mdgradi iqneba, Tu mcire gadaxrisas
aRZruli ZalTa momenti sxeuls daabrunebs
pirvandel mdgomareobaSi. es ganxorcieldeba im
SemTvevaSi, Tu A-centri imyofeba C-centrze zeviT
(nax. 64.2a), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba
aramdgradia, aRZruli ZalTa momenti kidev ufro
daaSorebs sxeuls pirvandel mdgomareobas (nax.
64.2b). maSasadame
1. Tu P = Farq , sxeuli Setivtivebulia – curavs;
2. Tu P  Farq , sxeuli iZireba;
3. Tu P  Farq , sxeuli tivtivebs.
SevniSnoT, rom, Tu sxeuli mWidrod exeba
WurWlis fskers, maSin amomgdebi Zala nulis
tolia, siTxis
mxridan moqmedi
  wnevis Zala kidev
Farq Farq
ufro “akravs” mas
A  C fskerze.
 A  
C PA aerostatebis da
A stratostatebis
P ZiriTadi nawilia

a. b.
naxazi 64.2.
msubuqi airiT (wyalbadi, heliumi) gavsebuli didi
zomis burTi, romelzec atmosferos mxridan
moqmedi arqimedes Zala ganapirobebs mis
vertikalur moZraobas zeviT, magram simaRlis
zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba atmosferos simkvrive da
mcirdeba arqimedes Zala. rodesac arqimedes Zala
utoldeba aerostatis wonas, misi Semdgomi moZ-
raoba zeviT wydeba. arqimedes Zala mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs gemebis da TviTmfrinavebis
moZraobaSi.

amocana 64.1.
ra maqsimaluri raodenobis
mgzavris ayvana SeuZlia 15m diametris sahaero
burTs, Tu masSi cxeli airis simkvrive haeris simkv-
rivis 60%-s Seadgens, ρh = 1,3kg/m3.
amoxsna: niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad
   
ma = P + Farq + Pair , davagegmiloT
y
ma = Farq − P − Pairradgan saWiroa

Farq maqsimaluri raodenobis mgzavrTa ayvana,
sahaero burTma unda imoZraos Tanabrad
(a = 0) . e.i. P = Farq − Pair ,
 mg =  h gV − air gV , saidanac
Pair
 15 
m = ( h − air )V = 0,4 hV , V = R 3  R = m 
4
 3  2 
P burTis moculobaa,

3
4 4  15 
m = 0,4   h R 3 = 0,4   3,14 1,3     918
3 3 2
kg. mgzavrTa saSualo masa
y aviRoT 75kg, maSin sahaero
 burTma daaxloebiT SeiZleba
Farq aiyvanos 12 mgzavri.
amocana 64.2. ra masis
balasti unda gadmovagdoT

Fwin wonasworobaSi myofi

(m − m)g
aerostatidan, rom man daiwyos vertikalurad zeviT
moZraoba 0,2m/wm2 aCqarebiT. aerostatis moculobaa
1000m3, haeris simkvrivea ρh = 1,3kg/m3. winaaRmdegobis
saSualo Zala arqimedes Zalis 5%-ia.
amoxsna: wonasworobis pirobaa Farq = mg ,
gV = mg , m = V = 1,3 103 kg. wonasworoba dairRveva,
Tu aerostatidan gadmovagdebT m − masis balas-
ts. maSin niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad,
 
(m − m)a = (m − m)g + Fwin + Farq ,
(m − m)a =
= −(m − m)g − 0,05Farq + Farq
,

(m − m)a = −(m − m)g + 0,95mg

m(a + 0,05 g )
m = = 89 kg.
g+a

$65. zedapiruli daWimuloba da kapilaroba

zedapirul daWimuloba damaxasiaTebelia
mxolod nivTierebaTa Txevadi mdgomareobisTvis da
warmoadgens maTi airadi mdgomareobidan
ganmasxvavebel erT-erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. misi
arseboba SeiZleba aixsnas molekuluri TeoriiT.
ganvixiloT Tavisufali (SemouzRudavi) siTxis
siRrmeSi da mis zedapirze arsebuli a da b
molekula, SemovxazoT maT irgvliv molekulis
moqmedebis radiusis (≈ 10–8m) sferuli zedapirebi
nax. 65.1. a -s irgvliv siTxis sxva molekulaTa
Tanabari ganawilebis gamo masze
moqmed ZalTa tolqmedi nulia

b. Fa = 0 . b molekulis moqmedebis
sferoSi xvdeba rogorc siTxis,
aseve airis molekulebi. radgan am
a. ukanasknelTa moqmedeba ufro
sustia, vidre siTxis molekulebis,
naxazi 65.1
 
amitom b -ze moqmed ZalTa tolqmedi Fb  0 da
mimarTulia siTxis siRrmeSi, rac iwvevs zedapiris
garkveul moWimvas manam, sanam misi moqmedeba ar
kompensirdeba SemWidroebuli qveda fenis
molekulaTa ganzidvis ZalebiT. molekulaTa
gadatana siTxis siRrmidan zedapirze anu zedapiris
farTobis gazrda, dakavSirebulia am ZalTa
dasaZlevad muSaobis SesrulebasTan. kerZod,
zedapiris dS sididiT gazrdisas izoTermul
pirobebSi (T = const ) Sesrulebuli elementaruli
muSaoba dA dS -is proporciulia, e.i.
dA = dS , (65.1)
sadac  -siTxis zedapiruli daWimulobis
koeficientia, misi erTeulia j/m2 (n/m). igi
damokidebulia siTxis gvarobaze, mkveTrad mcirdeba
temperaturis zrdiT.– wylis zedapiruli
0
daWimuloba 0,072n/m (t = 20 C). radgan ucvleli
temperaturis pirobebSi siTxis zedapiris gazrda
Txoulobs muSaobis Sesrulebas, amitom zedapirze
myof molekulaTa potenciuri energia aRemateba
siRrmeSi myof molekulaTa potenciur energias. am
energiaTa sxvaobas zedapiruli energia ewodeba.
piriqiT, siTxis zedapiris farTobis
Semcirebisas mcirdeba siTxis potenciuri energia.
radgan mdgrad wonasworobaSi sistemis potenciuri
energia minimaluria, siTxe yovelTvis miiswafis
daikavos moculoba umciresi zedapiruli
farTobiT, anu miiRos sferos – wveTis forma
(erTnairi masis nebismieri formis sxeulTagan
umciresi zedapiruli farTobi gaaCnia sferos),
rasac xels uSlis gravitaciis Zalebi.
Tu siTxe imyofeba WurWelSi, maSin siTxisa
da myari sxeulis molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis
gamo WurWlis kedlebTan SeimCneva siTxis zedapiris
gamrudeba – am movlenas dasveleba ewodeba. Tu
WurWeli imdenad viwroa, rom siTxis zedapiris
yvela molekula urTierTqmedebs kedlis
molekulebTan (kapilaruli mili) daimzireba mTeli
zedapiris gamrudeba. aseT zedapirs menisks
uwodeben, xolo wirs, romelzec gadaikveTeba
meniski WurWlis kedlebTan, dasvelebis konturs.
dasvelebas axasiaTeben  ganapira kuTxiT, es is
kuTxea, romelsac meniskis mxebi sibrtye qmnis
WurWlis kedelTan (nax. 65.2). Tu siTxisa da myari
sxeulis (WurWlis) molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi (adgezia) Warbobs siTxis molekulebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Zalebs (kogezia), meniski
Cazneqilia,  maxvilia (nax. 65.2a). aseTi siTxe
mocemuli myari sxeulisTvis damsvelebelia (wyali
– mina) sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi meniski amozneqilia,
 blagvia (nax. 65.2b) da siTxe aradamsvelebelia
(vercxliswyali – mina).
adgeziis da kogeziis ZalTa moqmedeba qmnis
zedapirul daWimulobaTa Zalebs, romlebic
ganapirobebs meniskis warmoqmnas. am ZalTa
mniSvneloba ar aris damokidebuli meniskis
farTobze.
zedapiruli daWimulobis Zalebi mdebareobs menis-
kis mxeb sibrtyeSi, dasvelebis konturis
marTobulad da misi sigrZis proporciulia.
am ZalTa gegmilebi xz sibrtyeSi erTmaneTs
abaTilebs, xolo y
y y RerZis mimarT ikribeba
θ  F =  cos . (65.2)
F
damsvelebeli siTxis
h h SemTxvevaSi mimarTulia
 vertikalurad zeviT,

F rac ganapirobebs siTxis
garkveuli raodenobis
a. b. Sewovas milSi manam,
naxazi.65.2 sanam kapilaruli svetis
wona ar gautoldeba am
Zalas
mg = F (P* = P ) , gV =  cos  , sadac V = Sh = r 2 h
cilindruli kapilaruli svetis moculobaa, xolo
 dasvelebis konturis sigrZea. Tu kapilarul
mili cilindrulia, dasvelebis konturs wrewiris
forma aqvs  = 2 r e.i. g r 2 h =  2r cos  , saidanac

2 cos 
h= . (65.3)
gr
(65.3) samarTliania, agreTve, aradamsvelebeli
( )
siTxisTvisac   90 . maSin h -is win miiReba niSani
0

“−” (cos  0) , rac miuTiTebs imas, rom siTxe

kapilarSi eSveba qveviT. (65.3)-is Tanaxmad, orive Sem-
TxvevaSi svetis simaRle miT metia, rac mcirea
kapilaruli milis radiusi.

amocana 65.2. wveTovanaSi minis kapilaris

diametria 0,24mm, masSi Casxmulia organuli siTxe.
ra radiusis siTxis wveTi mowydeba kapilars,
Tu siTxis simkvrivea 1,2.103kg/m3, zedapiruli
daWimulobis koeficientia 0,064n/m.
amoxsna: wveTis mowyvetis momentSi adgili
aqvs tolobas: mg = F gV =   cos 0 0
4 3d
g  r 3 =   d cos 0 0 r = 3
3 4 g
3 0,064 2,4.10 −4
r= 3 = 9,9.10 −4 m.
4 1,2.10  9,8
3
.
r = 1mm

$66. dinebis tipebi da maTi xasiaTi

ganasxvaveben dinebis or tips – laminaruls
da turbulenturs.
laminaruli (laT.
zolovani, fenovani)

a. b.
naxazi 66.1
dineba mdorea, mosazRvre fenebi ise gadaadgildeba
erTmaneTis mimarT, rom Serevas adgili ara aqvs,
anu nawilakTa traeqtoriebi ar gadaikveTeba. Tu
aseT dinebaSi CavawveTebT cotaoden Seferil
xsnars, igi viwro zolad gayveba dinebas da ar
SeRebavs mas (nax. 66.1a). turbulenturi (laT.
uwesrigo, qariSxliani) dinebisas nawilakTa
traeqtoria ganuwyvetliv icvleba, rac iwvevs fena-
Ta intensiur Serevas (nax. 66.1b) zogadad dabali
siCqaris SemTxvevaSi dineba laminarulia, maRali
siCqaris SemTxvevaSi – turbulenturi, magram
gadasvlis sazRvari mraval faqtorzea
damokidebuli.
orive dinebas SeiZleba aRmoaCndes Semdegi
Tvisebebi da xasiaTi:
1. dineba SeiZleba iyos iseTi, rom mis sxva-
dasxva ubanSi simkvrive umniSvnelod
icvlebodes. e.i. siTxe (airi) ganixileba
rogorc ukumSvadi  (x, y, z, t ) = const , rac
sagrZnoblad amartivebs gamoTvlebs;
2. rogorc siTxis, aseve airis dinebisas
gamovlindeba Sinagani xaxunis, anu siblantis
Zalebi, gansakuTrebiT turbulenturi dinebis
dros, Tumca xSirad SesaZlebelia siblantis
ugulebelyofa da idealuri dinebis ganxilva;
3. dineba SeiZleba iyos stacionaruli –
damyarebuli. am dros nakadis TiToeul
wertilSi siCqare droSi ucvlelia –
mudmivia, Tumca sxvadasxva wertilSi maTi
mniSvneloba SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli iyos. Tu mocemul wertilSi
siCqare icvleba, dineba arastacionarulia;
4. dineba SeiZleba iyos grigaluri an
aragrigaluri – potenciuri. Tu siTxis an
airis nawilakebi gadataniTi moZraobis garda
asrulebs brunviT moZraobas myisieri RerZis
mimarT, dineba grigaluria. misi warmoSobis
mizezia ori mezobeli fenis siCqareebis
 mkveTri gansxvaveba. erTi fenis meoreze
damamuxruWebeli moqmedeba, xolo meore fenis
pirvelze amaCqarebeli moqmedeba erTianobaSi
iwvevs nawilakTa brunvas. grigaluri
moZraoba warmoiqmneba iq, sadac siblante
metia, mag. siTxesa da airSi moZravi sxeulis
mosazRvre SreSi. is gavlenas axdens rogorc
amwevi Zalis, aseve Subla winaaRmdegobis
Zalis mniSvnelobaze. amitom misi
gaTvaliswineba arsebiTia TviTmfrinavis
frTebis da sahaero xraxnis konstruirebisas.
idealuri dinebisas, masSi TavisiT grigaluri
moZraoba ar warmoiqmneba, xolo Tu
xelovnurad SevqmniT, ar Sewydeba.

$67. denis wirebi da mili.

nakadis uwyvetobis gantoleba
dinebas grafikulad gamosaxvisTvis
sargebloben denis wirebiT da denis miliT.
denis wiri iseTi wiria, romlis TiToeul
wertilSi gavlebuli mxebi gviCvenebs am wertilSi
siTxis (airis) siCqaris veqtoris mimarTulebas.
es wirebi erTmaneTs ar kveTs, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi gadakveTis wertilSi siCqaris
mimarTuleba calsaxa ar iqneboda. denis wiri
nakadis nebismier wertilSi SeiZleba gaivlos,
magram ifarglebian mxolod ramodenime wiriT. maT
sixSires, arCeven ise, rom is am areSi nakadis
siCqaris sididis proporciuli iyos.
denis mili ewodeba denis wirTa erTobliobas
romelic gadis dinebis marTobulad aRebul raime
mcire zomis Sekrul konturSi.
Tu dineba arastacionarulia, denis wirebi da,
Sesabamisad, mili ganuwyvetliv icvlis Tavis
formas. stacionaruli dinebis dros denis wirebi
emTxveva calkeul nawilakTa traeqtorias da
gaaCnia ucvleli forma. aqedan gamomdinare, stacio-
naruli dinebis denis milis “kedlebi” SeuRwevadia
– milis SigniT myof arcerT nawilaks ar SeuZlia
datovos mili da piriqiT (radgan nawilakis
siCqares milis “kedlis” mxebi mimarTuleba gaaCnia).
e.i., denis milis nebismier kveTaSi drois erTeulSi
gasuli siTxis (airis) masa mudmivia. stacionaruli
dinebisas denis milis “kedlebi” Tanxvedria im
milis myari kedlebisa, romelSic miedineba nakadi.
ganvixiloT stacionaruli laminaruli dineba
da SeviswavloT, rogor icvleba dinebis siCqare
denis milis ganivkveTis cvlilebasTan erTad.
ganvixiloT iseTi viwro denis mili, rom
mismarTobulad nebismier kveTis yovel wertilSi
siCqares hqondes mudmivi mniSvneloba (nax. 67.1).
gamovTvaloT t droSi raime S kveTaSi gada-
tanili siTxis moculoba V = S = St , sadac
 = t aris am kveTidan gasuli nawilakis mier
t droSi gavlili manZili. drois erTeulSi
dinebis marTobul kveTaSi gadatanili moculoba-
moculobis gasavali iqneba:
V
Q= = S (67.1)
t
Sesabamisad dinebis marTobul kveTaSi drois
erTeulSi gadatanili masa-masis gasavali, iqneba:
m
= S . (67.2)
t
davuSvaT, rom denis milis S1 da S 2 marTobul

kveTebSi siCqare Sesabamisad iyos 1 = const da

 2 = const . radgan dineba stacionaluria masis
gasavali mocemuli milis nebismier kveTaSi
erTnairia, e.i.
1S11 = 2 S22 , S = const . (67.3)
(67.3) warmoadgens nakadis uwyvetobis gantolebas.
Tu nakadi ukumSvadia 1 =  2 da (67.3)-dan miviRebT
S11 = S22 , S = const . (67.4)
 ➢ stacionaruli laminaruli dinebis dros
denis milis nebismier marTobul kveTaSi masis
gasavali mudmivia xolo, Tu nakadi
ukumSvadia, moculobis gasavalic ucvleli
rCeba. (67.4)-dan
S1  2
= , (67.5)
S 2 1
ukumSvadi nakadis dros iq sadac denis mili
(an namdvili mili) viwroa, siCqare didia da
piriqiT.
zogadad igive Sedegs vRebulobT kumSvadobis
pirobebSi, oRond siCqare ar unda aWarbebdes
mocemul areSi bgeris gavrcelebis siCqares. aseT
SemTxvevaSi denis

1  mili SekumSvis
 2 nacvlad
farTovdeba da
S1 S2 aRniSnuli
S gantolebebi
naxazi 67.1. Zalas kargavs.
(67.1) da (67.4)
SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT milSi blanti siTxis (airis) dinebis
drosac, mxolod siCqareebSi unda vigulisxmoT
mocemul kveTebSi nakadis saSualo siCqare.
amocana 67.1. ra dro daWirdeba 3,1 × 9,5 × 21 m
moculobis auzis avsebas 1,9sm diametris miliT, Tu
masSi wylis dinebis siCqarea 1,5m/wm? rogor
Seicvleba auzis avsebis xangrZlivoba:
1. wylis dinebis siCqaris 2-jer gazrdisas?
2. wylis milis diametris 2-jer gazrdisas?
amoxsna: auzis moculoba V = 3,1 × 9,5 × 21 =
V
=618,45m3. (67.1)-is Tanaxmad,= S , saidanac .
t
V V 4  618,45
t= = = = 404 .sT.
S d / 4 3,14  3,61  10 −4  1,5
2
1. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, 1 = 2 , amitom, (1)-is
gamo t1 = t = 202 sT.
2
2. vinaidan d1 = 2d , amitom t1 = t = 101 sT.
4
$68. bernulis gantoleba
SeviswavloT ukumSvadi siTxis (airis) iseTi
stacionaruli laminaruli dineba, romlis
siblantec ugulebelyofilia. gamovyoT 1;2 kveTebiT
SemosazRvruli denis mili (naxazi 67.1). S1 da S 2 -
iT avRniSnoT kveTebis farTobebi, h1 da h2 -iT –
maTi daSoreba
S2  2 (simaRle) _
 2 aTvlis donidan,
1 da  2 -iT
 1 2 2 / nakadis
S1 siCqareebi aRniS-
nul kveTebSi,
1
xolo p1 da p 2 -
/
iT – wneva.
h1 1 1 h2
t mcire
droSi 1;2
naxazi. 68.1 kveTebiT Semo-
sazRvruli
siTxis elementi wainacvlebs da daikavebs axal 1′;2′
mdebareobas. marcxena sazRvari gadainacvlebs
 1 = 1t , xolo marjvena  2 = 2t manZiliT (∆t
imdenad mcirea, rom 1, 1′ da2, 2' kveTebiT
SemosazRvrul areebSi Sesabamisi S, υ, h, prCeba
ucvleli). Seicvleba siTxis mocemuli elementis
energiac, magram dinebis stacionarulobisa da Si-
nagani xaxunis ararsebobis gamo, 1′ da 2 kveTebs
Soris moTavsebuli siTxis nawilis energia darCeba
ucvleli, ris gamoc mocemuli elementis energiis
cvlileba iqneba igive, rac gveqneboda 1;1′ kveTebiT
SemosazRvrul siTxes rom daekavebina 2;2′ kveTebiT
SemosazRvruli nawili. nakadis ukumSvadobidan
gamomdinare, tolia am nawilTa moculobebi
V1 = V2 = V (V1 = S11, V2 = S2 2 ) da siTxis
Sesabamisi masebi m1 = m2 = m (m = V ) .
zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, siTxis mocemuli
elementis meqanikuri energiis cvlileba iqneba:
 m22   m12 
W = W2 − W1 =  + mgh2  −  + mgh1  . (68.1)
 2   2 
siblantis ZalTa ararsebobis gamo siTxis
mocemuli elementis energiis cvlilebis mizezia
gare ZalTa muSaoba.
W = A . (68.2)
gare Zalebi is wnevis Zalebia, romlebic moqmedebs
siTxis mocemul elementze. denis milis gverdiT
kedlebze moqmedi wnevis Zalebi siTxis
gadaadgilebisadmi marTobulia da muSaobas ar
asrulebs. muSaobas asrulebs mxolod S1 da S 2
farTobebze moqmedi wnevis Zalebi. amasTan, F1 = p1 S1
mimarTulia dinebis gaswvriv da asrulebs dadebiT
muSaobas, xolo F2 = p2 S 2 mimarTulia dinebis
sapirispirod da misi muSaoba uaryofiTia. ase, rom
gare ZalTa jamuri muSaoba iqneba:
A = F1  1 − F2  2 = p1 S1 1 − p 2 S 2  2 =
= p1 V1 − p 2 V2 = ( p1 − p 2 )V
A = ( p1 − p2 )V (68.3)
SevitanoT (68.1), (68.3) (68.2)-Si da
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom m = V , Sedegad miviRebT:
  22   12 
 + gh − + gh  = p1 − p2 anu
 2 2   2 1 
   
22 12
p2 + gh2 + = p1 + gh1 + . (68.4)
2 2
 (68.4) bernulis gantolebaa.. vinaidan 1 da 2
wertilebi nebismierad iqna SerCeuli, (68.4) ase
SeiZleba CavweroT:
 2
p + gh + =C. (68.5)
2
C mudmivi sididea
davubrundeT (68.4) gantolebas, saidanac
 ( 22 − 12 )
p1 − p 2 = g (h2 − h1 ) + . (69.1)
2
(69.1)-is Tanaxmad, wnevis ganawileba nakadSi
damokidebulia horizontaluri zedapirisadmi naka-
dis daxrilobaze (h2 − h1 ) da Sesabamis kveTebSi mis
siCqareze.
ganvixiloT ramodenime SemTxveva:
1) davuSvaT or sxvadasxva kveTaSi siCqare erTnairia
1 =  2 , maSin (69.1)-dan
p1 − p2 = g (h2 − h1 ) . (69.2)
es Sedegi analogiuria (63.3)-is, anu dinebis
erTnairi siCqaris SemTxvevaSi wnevaTa sxvaoba
igivea, rac uZravi siTxis (airis) dros.
2) davuSvaT nakadi horizontaluria (h1 = h2 ) , maSin
(69.1)-dan miviRebT:
 ( 22 − 12 )
p1 − p 2 = . (69.3)
2
am SemTxvevaSi wnevis cvlileba gamowveulia
mxolod nakadis siCqaris cvlilebiT. kerZod, iq,
sadac denis wirebi mWidroa da siCqare matulobs,
wneva mcirdeba da
p2 piriqiT, sadac denis
wirebi
SeTxelebulia da
siCqare naklebia,
wneva metia. es faqti
ganapirobebs
p1 TviTmfrinavis
naxazi 69.1.
frTis profilis SerCevas. kerZod, iTvaliswinebs,
rom nakadma SeinarCunos Sreobrivi forma da
imavdroulad frTis zeda nawilis mosazRvre SreSi
denis wirTa simWidrove aRematebodes qveda nawilis
simWidroves (nax. 69.1), anu nakadis siCqare frTis
zeda nawilSi meti iyos qveda nawilTan SedarebiT
( 2  1 ) . maSin, (69.3)-is Tanaxmad, p1  p2 , rac
ganapirobebs vertikalurad zeviT mimarTuli wnevis
Zalis warmoqmnas. es Zala Seadgens aerodinamikuri

amwevi Zalis– R –ის garkveul nawils.
bernulis kanonzea damyarebuli venturis
milis (venturis gasavalmzomis) muSaobis principi.
is milsadenis Seviwroebuli adgilia (nax. 69.2),
sadac nakadis
siCqare matulobs
p1
p2 ( 2  1 ) . xolo wneva
mcirdeba p2  p1 . Tu
1 S2  2 gavzomavT mano-
S1 metrTa Cvenebebs
naxazi 69.2. p1 , p2 da milebis
diametrebs d1 , d 2 ,
(69.3)-Si (67.3)-is gamoyenebiT miviRebT nakadis siC-
qaris formulas:
−1
 d 4 
1 = 2 ( p1 − p2 )  1  − 1
   d 2   (69.4)
 
siCqaris codnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia
moculobis da masis gasavlis gamoTvla.
3) gamovTvaloT wneva, romelic warmoiqmneba
horizontalur milSi dabrkolebis win dinebis
SeCerebisas (nax. 69.3). (69.1)-Si davuSvaT, rom h1 = h2 ,
12
 2 = 0 , maSin p2 = p1 + . dinebis damuxruWebis
2
areSi xdeba siTxis (airis) SekumSva, rac iwvevs
12
wnevis gazrdas. -s zogjer dinamikur wnevas
2
uwodeben, p 2 -s ki – srul wnevas. es terminebi ar
aris zusti. SevniSnoT, rom siTxeSi (airSi) mocemul
pirobebSi arsebobs erTaderTi wneva p1 = p ,
 2
romelic izrdeba nakadis SeCerebis momentSi -
2
iT sididiT.
 2
p2 = p + . (69.5)
2
(nakadTan erTad moZravi manometri gazomavs p
wnevas, uZravi manometri ki p2-s)

aqve SeiZleba miviRoT airis ukumSvadobis piroba.

 2
(69.5)-is Tanaxmad, sanam  p , airis SekumSva ar
2
TamaSobs arsebiT rols, ris gamoc, Tu airis
nakadis siCqare akmayofilebs utolobas
2p
  (69.6)

airi ukumSvadia. bgeris
naxazi 69.3. p
siCqare airebSi  bg = 1,4

. ris gamoc airis ukumSvadobis piroba asec
Caiwereba    bg , e.i.
➢ airis nakadi ukumSvadia, Tu misi siCqare
gacilebiT naklebia imave nakadSi bgeris
gavrcelebis siCqareze.
4) ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac p1 = p2 .
magaliTad, siTxis gadmodineba Ria WurWlis
naxvretidan (nax. 69.4). cxadia, p1 wneva WurWlis
zedapirze da p2 wneva naxvretis zedapirze at-
mosferuli wnevis tolia p1 = p 2 = patm . radgan
WurWlis zedapiris farTobi gacilebiT metia
naxvretis farTobze (S1  S 2 ) , (67.3)-is Tanaxmad
1  0 , ris Sedegadac (69.1) miiRebs saxes:
 22
S1 g (h1 − h2 ) − =0
2
,saidanac
 2 = 2gh .
h1
(h=h1-h2) (69.7)
(69.7)-s toriCelis
S2 formulas uwodeben,
radgan man es formula
h2  2 miiRo bernulamde 100
wliT adre.
naxazi 69.4. (69.7)-is Tanaxmad,
siTxe igive siCqariT
tovebs WurWels, ra siCqariTac daecemoda igive
h = h2 − h1 simaRlidan Tavisuflad vardnili sxeuli,
rac aixsneba imiT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi ugule-
belyofilia disipatiur (xaxunis) ZalTa moqmedeba
da potenciuri energia mTlianad gardaiqmneba
kinetikurSi (ZalaSia meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis
kanoni).
S1 = S kveTidan t droSi gamosuli siTxis masa
iqneba
m = V = St ,
xolo Wavlis mier gatanili impulsi
p = m = S 2 t .
Sesabamisad, WurWlis kadlebis mxridan siTxis
Wavlze moqmedi Zala iqneba
p
F= = S 2 .
t
 niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad sididiT toli
da sapirispirod mimarTuli ZaliT imoqmedebs Wavli
WurWlis ukana kedelze. am Zalas gamosuli Wavlis
reaqciis Zalas uwodeben, e.i.
FWav = S 2 , (69.8)
romelSic (69.7)-is gaTvaliswinebiT vRebulobT:
FWav = 2 ghS , (69.9)
es Zala orjer metia hidrostatikuri wnevis Zalaze,
anu im Zalaze, romliTac siTxe imoqmedebda
naxvretSi Camagrebul sacobze F = pS = ghS , rac
aixsneba bernulis kanonidan gamomdinare wnevis
gadanawilebiT siTxeSi. kerZod, naxvretis maxlob-
lobaSi denis wirebi SemWidrovebulia da,
Sesabamisad, wneva Semcirebulia.
WurWeli urikaze rom mogveTavsebina, Wavlis
reaqciis Zalis gavleniT is amoZravdeboda Wavlis
gadmodinebis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. Wavlis
reaqciis Zala warmoadgens mamoZravebel Zalas
reaqtiuli moZraobis dros, mag. reaqtiul WurvebSi,
sahaero reaqtiul ZravebSi da sxva.

amocana 69.1 2,0·106kg. masis TviTmfrinavis

1200m2 farTobis frTebis qveS haeris nakadis
siCqarea 100m/wm. bernulis efeqtidan gamomdinare,
risi toli unda iyos frTebis zemoT nakadis siC-
qare, rom TviTmfrinavi “dakavdes” haerSi (ρhaer =
1,3kg/m3).
amoxsna: (69.1)-is Tanaxmad amwevma ZalaM
R y = ( p1 − p 2 )  S unda gaawonasworos simZimis Zala:
( p1 − p2 ) S = mg e.i., p2 − p1 = mg / S , SevitanoT (69.3)-
mg 22 12
Si = − , saidanac
S 2 2
2mg 2  2 107
2 =  +
2
= 100 +
2
= 189 m/wm.
1
S 1,3 1200
 $70. siblante
realur nakadebSi yovelTvis gamovlindeba
Sinagani xaxunis anu siblantis ZalTa moqmedeba.
warmovidginoT erTnairi kveTis horizontaluri
mili, romlis gaswvriv Camagrebulia manometrebi.
uZravi siTxis SemTxvevaSi manometrTa Cveneba
erTnairi iqneba. moZravi siTxisas manometrebi
daafiqsirebs wnevis Semcirebas dinebis
mimarTulebiT,
miuxedavad imisa,
1 rom nakadis
2 3
siCqare erTnairia
(nax.70.1). mxolod
wnevis Zalebis
arsebobisas wnevis
naxazi. 70.1 Semcirebis
mimarTulebiT
(dinebis mimarTulebiT) nakadis siCqare unda
gazrdiliyo (69.3). siCqaris mudmivoba aixsneba imiT,
rom nakadze moqmedebs dinebis sapirispiro Zalebi,
romlebic awonasworebs wnevis Zalebs. es Zalebi
mxebi Zalebia da arsebobs rogorc milis kedelsa
da nakadis mimdebare fenas Soris, aseve erTmaneTis
mimarT mosriale fenebs Sorisac. am Zalebs Sinagani
xaxunis anu siblantis Zalebi ewodeba.
warmovidginoT aseTi cda: or paralelur
firfitas Soris, romelTa zomebi gacilebiT
aRemateba maT Soris manZils, moTavsebulia siTxe
(airi). qveda firfita davamagrod uZravad, xolo

zeda gadavaadgiloT 0 = const siCqariT, risTvisac

saWiroa masze garkveuli F ZaliT moqmedeba
(nax.70.2). radgan firfita aCqarebis gareSe moZraobs,

e.i. F Zala gawonasworebulia siTxis mxridan
  
firfitaze moqmedi siblantis ZaliT F = Fsib ,
romelic gamowveulia siTxisa da firfitis moleku-
laTa urTierTqmedebiT, amitom zeda firfitasTan
mimdebare fena moZraobs zeda firfitis siCqariT,
xolo qveda firfitis mimdebare fena qveda
firfitasTan erTad rCeba uZravi. es uZravi fena
amuxruWebs misi mezobeli zeda fenis moZraobas. is,
Tavis mxriv, momdevno zeda fenas da a.S., ris gamoc
dinebis siCqare dinebis marTobulad wrfivad
icvleba 0-dan υ0-mde. 0y RerZis gaswvriv fenaTa
d
siCqaris uwyveti cvlileba warmoadgens
dy
siCqaris gradients. Cvens SemTxvevaSi yvela fena
erTnair pirobebSi imyofeba, ris gamoc siCqaris
d  0
gradienti mudmivi sididea = . Tu aRweril
dy 
cdaSi vcvliT S -s,  –-s, – 0 -s da gavzomavT
TiTeuli SemTxvevisaTvis F Zalas, mocemuli
siTxisTvis (airisTvis) miviRebT Semdeg
damokidebulebas:
0
Fsib = S . (70.1)

− koeficients

y  mocemuli siTxis
  (airis)
Fsib F siblantis

koeficients
uwodeben. (70.1)-
naxazi 70.2. x F 
dan  = sib , SI
S 0
sistemaSi izomeba n.wm/m2= =pa.wm (paskal.wami).
zogadad (70.1) ase Caiwereba:
d
Fsib = S . (70.2)
dy
 SevniSnoT, rom (70.2) ufro zogadia, vidre
(70.1), radgan es ukanaskneli samarTliania mxolod
dinebis marTobulad siCqaris wrfivi cvlilebis
dros (e.i., rodesac siCqaris gradienti mudmivia),
xolo (70.2) gamoiyeneba maSinac, rodesac siCqaris
gradienti cvladia. Tu dineba arastacionarulia,
e.i.  ( y, t ) maSin (70.2)-Si siCqaris sruli
warmoebulis nacvlad unda aviRoT kerZo

warmoebuli . radgan realur siTxeebsa da
y
airebs gaaCnia siblante, amitom horizontalur
milSi maTi stacionaruli dinebis SenarCunebisTvis
saWiroa milis boloebze wnevaTa sxvaobis Seqmna.
siTxeTa siblante temperaturis zrdisas
mkveTrad mcirdeba, airebis piriqiT. rac aixsneba
siTxeebSi da airebSi siblantis warmoSobis
gansxvavebuli meqanizmiT. kerZod, siTxeebSi sib-
lantes ganapirobebs molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi, temperaturis zrdiT izrdeba molekulaTa
qaosuri moZraoba da molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba
sustdeba xolo airebis siblante gamowveulia
molekulaTa SejaxebebiT, romelic temperaturis
zrdasTan erTad intensiurad izrdeba.
Sinagani xaxuni, warmoadgens impulsis
gadatanis movlenas, gamowveuls fenebis siCqareTa
sxvaobiT da molekulaTa qaosuri moZraobiT.
marTlac, molekulaTa qaosuri moZraobis gamo erTi
fenidan meoreSi gadatanili molekulebis ricxvi
tolia igive droSi meore fenidan pirvelSi
gadmosuli molekulebis ricxvis. magram, radgan am
fenebSi molekulaTa gadataniTi moZraobis siCqare
gansxvavebulia, amitom meti siCqaris fenidan nakle-
bi siCqaris fenaSi gadasuli molekulebi gadaitans
met impulss, vidre piriqiT, rac gamoiwvevs swrafi
fenis damuxruWebas, xolo neli fenis aCqarebas, e.i.
aRiZvreba siblantis Zalebi, romlebic mimarTulia
mocemuli fenis fardobiTi siCqaris sapirispirod.
 amocana 70.1. siblantis mzomi xelsawyo
Sedgeba ori koaqsialuri cilindrisgan romelTa
diametrebia 10,2sm da 10,6sm.
gamosakvlevi siTxe Casxmulia
cilindrebs Soris areSi 12sm
simaRlemde. gare cilindri
d1
damagrebulia, xolo Siga
d2 h cilindrze modebuli Zalis momenti
0,024n.m mas abrunebs 62br/wT
sixSiriT. ipoveT siTxis siblante.
amoxsna: Zalis momentis gansazRvrebis
d1 2 M 2  0,024
Tanaxmad M = Fd = F , F= = = 0,47n .
2 d1 0,102
radgan cilindri Tanabrad brunavs F=Fsib. (70.1)-dan
Fsib
= , (1)
S
sadac S =  d1h = 3,14  0,102  0,12 = 0,038m 2 (cilindris
d − d1
gverdiTi zedapiris farTobia), = 2 = 0,002 m,
2
xolo
 =  d1 / 2 = 2 d1 / 2 =  d1 = 3,14  0,102  62 / 60 = 0,33m/wm.
0,002  0,47
e.i.  = = 7.10 −2 pa.wm.
0,038  0,33

$71. dineba milSi. puazeilis formula

horizontalur milSi siblantis mqone nakadis
dinebis stacionarulobis SesanarCuneblad saWiroa
garkveuli wnevis Zalis aRZvra. es miiRweva milis
boloebze mudmivi wnevaTa sxvaobis SeqmniT.
ganvixiloT ukumSvadi stacionaruli laminaruli
dineba horizontalur cilindrul milSi.
ganvsazRvroT siblantis gamo milis ganivkveTSi
dinebis siCqaris cvlilebis kanonzomiereba da
moculobis gasavali. nakadis da milis molekulaTa
urTierTqmedebis gamo CavTvaloT, rom milis Siga
kedlis mimdebare siTxis cilindruli fenis siCqare
nulis tolia. TiToeuli momdevno fenis siCqare
TandaTan matulobs da aRwevs maqsimums milis
centralur RerZze.
RerZis gaswvriv azrobrivad gamovyoT L
sigrZis da r  R radiusis koaqsialuri cilindri
(nax. 71.1). siblantis Zala cilindris gverdiT
zedapirsa da momdevno fenas Soris gamoiTvleba
formuliT
d d
Fsib = S = − 2rL .
dr dr
“−” miuTiTebs, rom Zala dinebis sapirispirod aris
mimarTuli. siblantis arsebobis gamo dinebis
stacionarulobis SesanarCuneblad milis boloebze
unda arsebobdes mudmivi wnevaTa sxvaoba. davuSvaT
cilindris fuZeebs Soris igi p1 − p2 -is tolia,
maSin aRZruli wnevis Zala iqneba
F = ( p1 − p2 )S = ( p1 − p2 )r 2 .
dinebis stacionarulobis gamo aCqareba nulis
tolia, anu wnevisa da siblantis Zalebi erTmaneTs
akompensirebs. maSasadame, vRebulobT:
d
−  2rL = ( p1 − p2 )r 2 saidanac
dr
p − p2
d = − 1 rdr . (71.1)
2L
imisTvis, rom vipovoT milis marTobul kveTSi
dinebis  siCqaris damokidebuleba RerZidan r
daSorebaze, saWiroa movaxdinoT (71.1)-is integrireba
 r
p1 − p2 p1 − p2 r 2
r

0 d = − 2L R rdr = − 2L  2 ,

R

p1 − p2 p − p2 2  r2 
 (r ) =
4L
( )
 R2 − r 2 = 1
4L
 R  1 − 2  . (71.2)
 R 
maqsimaluri siCqare miiReba milis centrSi (r = 0)
 p1 − p2 2
 (0) = 0 = R . (71.3)
4L
is proporciulia milis radiusis kvadratis, wnevis
p1 − p2
gradientis , ukuproporciulia siblantis.
L
(71.3)-is gaTvaliswinebiT (71.2) ase Caiwereba
 r2 
 (r ) = 0 1 − . (71.4)
 R 2 
(71.4)-is Tanaxmad, stacionaruli laminaruli
dinebis siCqaris cvlilebas paraboluri funqciis
saxe aqvs.
gamovTvaloT moculobiTi gasavali: radgan
milis ganivkveTSi siCqare erTnairi ar aris,
saWiroa igi davyoT dr siganis koncentrirebul
rgolebad. r radiusis dr siganis rgolSi dt
droSi gasuli siTxis moculoba iqneba
dV = dSd = 2rdrdt ( dS = 2rdr − rgolis farTobia),
dV
xolo moculobiTi gasavali dQ = = 2rdr ,
dt
 r2 
(71.4)-is SetaniT gveqneba: dQ = 20 1 − 2 rdr ,
 R 
xolo milis kveTaSi moculobis gasavali iqneba:
 
0 r
R

L
naxazi 71.1.
R
R
R
r3   r2 r4 
Q =  dQ = 20   r − 2 dr = 20  − 2
 =
0 0 R   2 4R 0
 R 2 R 2  R 2 0  0 S
= 20  − = =
 2 4  2 2
( S = R − milis ganivkveTis farTobia)
2

S
Q= 0 (71.5)
2
(67.1)-Tan SedarebiT vRebulobT, rom
➢ stacionaruli laminaruli dinebis saSualo
siCqare maqsimaluri siCqaris naxevris tolia
Q = saS S . (71.6)
(71.5)-Si (71.3)-is gaTvaliswinebiT gvaqvs

Q=
( p1 − p2 )R 4 . (71.7)
8L
es Sedegi puazeilis formulis saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili (mis saxels ukavSirdeba siblantis Zveli
erTeuli puazi, 1pawm = 10puazi), romlis Tanaxmad
➢ stacionaruli laminaruli dinebisas
ukumSvadi siTxis (airis) moculobiTi
gasavali pirdapirproporciulia wnevis
sigrZiT erTeulze cvlilebisa da milis
radiusis meoTxe xarisxis namravlis da
ukuproporciulia siblantis koeficientis.
didi siCqareebisas laminaruli dineba
gadadis turbu-
lenturSi, ris
Semdegac (97.7)-is

naxazi 71.2.
gamoyeneba aRar SeiZleba, radgan erTidaigive
parametrebis ( p1 − p2 , R, L) pirobebSi moculobiTi
gasavali sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, Sinagani xaxunis
mniSvnelovani zrdid gamo.
nax. 71.2-ze mocemulia siCqareTa gadanawileba
turbulenturi dinebis dros. laminarulisgan
gansxvavebiT, milis kedlebTan siCqare mkveTrad
izrdeba, xolo centrisken gacilebiT umniSvnelod.

amocana 71.1. gamovTvaloT airis saSualo siCqare da

moculobiTi gasavali 20m sigrZis da 0,5m radiusis
aerodinamikur milSi, Tu mis boloebze wnevaTa
sxvaobaa 2,77pa, η = 1,8·10–5pawm. xolo temperatura
150C.amoxsna: (71.7)-is Tanaxmad,
2,77  3,14  0,54 Q Q
Q= = 188,7 m3/wm,saS = = 2 = 240,4 m/wm.
−5
8 1,8 10  20 S R
amocana 71.2. ra sididis diametri unda
hqondes 30m sigrZis haergamtars, rom saventilacio-
gamaTbobelma sistemam yovel 10wT-Si moaxdinos 72m3
moculobis Senobis ventilacia? sistemis tumbo
qmnis 4.10-4atm Warb wnevas (ηhaer=1,8.10-5pa.)

amoxsna: Q =
( p1 − p2 )R 4
pd 4
=
meore mxriv
8L 8  16L
V V pd 4
Q= maTi gatolebiT vRebulobT: = ,
t t 8  16L
saidanac
128LV 128  1,8  10 −5  30  72
d4 = = = 0,66  10 −4 m 4 . d=0,09m.
pt 3,14  40  600

$72. reinoldsis ricxvi. dinamikuri msgavseba

bernulis kanoni miRebulia im daSvebiT, rom
siTxeebisa da airebis nakadSi siblantis Zalebi
nulis tolia. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom es kanoni
kargi miaxloebiT sruldeba maSinac, rodesac
nakadis elementis kinetikuri energia gacilebiT
metia am elementis siblantis ZalTa daZlevaze
Sesrulebul muSaobaze, Wkin  Asibl . maSasadame, Tu
Wkin
daculia piroba,  1 . es uganzomilebo
Asibl
ricxvi Semotanil iqna ingliseli mecnieris
reinoldsis mier da mas reinoldsis ricxvi
ewodeba. saTanado gaTvlebiT man miiRo, rom
saS 
Re = , (72.1)

sadac saS − nakadis saSualo siCqarea,  − milis
ganivi wiriTi zoma (cilindruli milisTvis  = 2R ),
 − siTxis (airis) simkvrivea, xolo  − siblantis
koeficienti, romelsac dinamikur siblantesac
uwodeben.). (72.1)-is Tanaxmad, garda saS da  − sa, Re
damokidebulia mocemuli nivTierebis siblantisa da
simkvrivis Tanafardobaze. radgan Wkin simkvrivis
proporciulia, xolo Asibl – siblantis
koeficientis, amitom siblantis ZalTa roli
ganisazRvreba am sidideTa TanafardobiT

= , (72.2)

romelsac kinematikuri siblante ewodeba. misi
erTeulia m2/wm. swored kinematikuri da ara
dinamikuri koeficienti gansazRvravs mocemul
pirobebSi siblantis ZalTa rols. mag. 715 C-ze  -s
0

mniSvneloba wylisTvis  60 -jer aRemateba haerisas.

(72.2)-is Tanaxmad, am nivTierebaTa kinematikuri
siblanteebi iqneba:  wy = 1,110 m2/wm,  h = 1,4  10 m2/wm.
−6 −5

rogorc vxedavT, haeris kinematikuri siblante  13 -

jer aRemateba wylisas. e.i. erTnair pirobebSi
dinebis xasiaTze met gavlenas moaxdens haeri, vidre
wyali. amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom bgera ufro
swrafad miileva mSvid atmosferoSic ki, vidre
wyalSi. SevitanoT (72.2) (72.1)-Si, miviRebT
saS
Re = . (72.3)

bernulis kanoni ZalaSia, rodesac adgili
aqvs utolobas Re  1 . es kanoni samarTliania
laminaruli dinebis dros. amitom mocemul
pirobebSi arsebiTia nakadis siCqare, radgan maRal
siCqareze laminaruli dineba gadadis
turbulenturSi. bernulis kanonis mimarTebaSi Re -s
gaaCnia zeda sazRvari, romelic cdebiTaa
dadgenili. Tu Re  2300 , dineba laminarulia, Tu
Re  2300 warmoiqmneba turbulentoba da, rogorc
bernulis kanoni, aseve puazeilis formula Zalas
kargavs.
sxeulis uZrav siTxeSi (airSi) moZraobis
dasaxasiaTeblad mosaxerxebelia reinoldsis kidev
erTi ricxvis Semotana
 '
Re' = , (72.4)

sadac  sxeulis fardobiTi siCqarea siTxis (airis)
mimarT, xolo  ' sxeulis maxasiaTebeli wiriTi
zoma. miuxedavad (72.3)-is da (72.4)-is garegani
msgavsebisa, isini miekuTvneba sruliad gansxvavebul
movlenebs. (72.3) axasiaTebs dinebas milSi, xolo
(72.4) sxeulis moZraobas siTxeSi (airSi). rodesac
Re'  1 , sxeulis garsSemodenis nakadi laminarulia.
Re' -s ufro did mniSvnelobisas – (1 – 10), sxeulis
ukan laminaruli dineba turbulenturSi gadadis,
xolo rodesac Re' 106 rigis xdeba, turbulentoba
warmoiqmneba sxeulis mTel zedapirze.
aviaciaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa
im ZalTa Seswavla, romlebic frenis procesSi
moqmedebs TviTmfrinavsa da mis calkeul nawilebze.
moZraobis fardobiTobidan gamomdinare, haerSi
moZrav sxeulze moqmedebs igive Zala, riTac haeris
nakadi imoqmedebda uZrav sxeulze, Tu sxeulis siC-
qare pirvel SemTxvevaSi da nakadis siCqare meore
SemTxvevaSi sididiT tolia da sapirispirod
mimarTuli iqneboda: am faqtis safuZvelze
aerodinamikur milSi TviTmfrinavis models amag-
reben dinamometrze (Zalis gamzomi) da milSi qmnian
asi da meti m/wm siCqaris haeris stacionarul
nakads. cxadia, modelis zomas amcireben, magram ise,
rom ar Seicvalos moZraobis dinamika, anu, ufro
zustad, reinoldsis ricxvi (72.4) darCes ucvleli.
swored Re' -is mudmivoba ganapirobebs dinamikur
msgavsebas TviTmfrinavsa da mis models Soris.
modelis zomis Semcirebisas Re' -is mudmivobis
SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa gaizardos siCqare, an
Semcirdes  − kinematikuri siblante. siCqaris
gazrda SezRudulia, radgan, rodesac  → bg , airi
xdeba kumSvadi.  -s Semcireba SesaZlebelia garemos
simkvrivis gazrdis xarjze. vinaidan garemo airadia,
xolo airis dinamikuri siblante praqtikulad ar
aris simkvriveze damokidebuli ( airebSi simkvrivis
10-jer gazrdac ki Zlier umniSvnelod cvlis
dinamikur siblantes), amitom simkvrivis zrda, (72.2)-
is Tanaxmad, iwvevs  − s imdenjerve Semcirebas.
miuxedavad hermetizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
teqnikuri siZneleebisa, aerodinamikur milebSi
iyeneben Zlier SekumSul haers, an mZime airebs.
amocana 72.1. gamoTvaleT laminaruli dinebis
dros wylis maqsimaluri moculobiTi gasavali 10sm
diametris milSi.
  Re 1,110−6  2300
amoxsna: saS = , saS = = 2,53 10−2
 0,1
 2
m/wm.Sesabamisad Q = S saS = saS ,
4
10−2
Q = 3,14   2,53 10−2 = 2 10−4 m3/wm.
4
 amocana 72.2. 2sm radiusis gazsadenSi airis
siCqare 50sm/wm-ia. davadginoT dinebis xasiaTi, Tu ν=
= 1,2·10–5m2/wm. siCqaris ra mniSvnelobaze gaxdeba
dineba turbulenturi?
0,5  0,04
amoxsna: (72.3)-is Tanaxmad, Re =  1670 ( = 2r )
1,2  10 −5
.dineba laminarulia (1670 < 2300). turbulentobis

warmoSobisTvis  2300 ,   2300  1,2  10−5 / 0,04 ,

  0,7 m/wm.
a m o c a n e b i:
1. gamoTvaleT wneva WurWlis fskerze, Tu masSi
wylis svetis simaRlea 1m, a) WurWeli uZravia.
WurWelis aCqarebaa 0,5g da mimarTulia verti-
kalurad b)zeviT g). qveviT (patm = 105 pa). (pasuxi:
1,1.105pa; 11,5.105pa; 1,05.105pa.)
2. cilindrul WurWelSi Casxmulia toli masis
mqone vercxliswyali da wyali. gamoTvaleT maT
mier warmoebuli wneva WurWlis fskerze, Tu
vercxliswylis simkvrivea 1=13,6.103kg/m3, wylis
2=1.10 kg/m xolo saerTo simaRle H=29,2sm-s tolia.
3 3,
(pasuxi: 0,07.105pa.)
3. 25sm diametris cilindrul WurWelSi Casxmulia
12l moculobis wyali. ras udris wylis wneva
fskeridan 10sm simaRleze? (pasuxi: 1450pa.)
4. cilindrul WurWelSi asxia vercxliswyali da
masze orjer naklebi masis wyali. siTxis saerTo
simaRlea 1,56m. gansazRvreT wneva WurWlis fskerze.
(  vrcwy = 13,6  10 kg/m ,  wy = 10 kg/m ) .(pasuxi: 149160pa.)
3 3 3 3

5. ra simaRleze unda ჩavasxaT siTxe R radiusis

cilindruli formis WurWelSi, rom wnevis Zala
WurWlis gverdiT zedapirze udrides wnevis Zalas
fskerze? (pasuxi: h = R )
6. ra simaRlidan unda Camovardes 0,7  10 kg/m
4 3

simkvrivis sxeuli, rom igi wyalSi CaiZiros 0,14m

siRrmeze? ( wylis = 103 kg/m3 ) ? (pasuxi:0,06m)
7. erTgvarovani sxeulis wona vakuumSi 0,89n-ia
xolo wyalSi-0,79n. gamoTvaleT misi simkvrive.
(pasuxi: 8,9.103kg/m3)
8. wylis zedapirze moTavsebulia 4  10 3 kg/m3
simkvrivis burTula. mas xeli gauSves, ris Semdegac
burTulam CaZirva daiwyo. ra droSi gaivlis igi
h=50sm-s?(pasuxi: 0,36wm)
9. ra simaRlidan unda Camovardes 400kg/m3 simkvrivis
sxeuli, rom igi wyalSi Cavides 8sm-ze? wylisa da
airis winaRobas mxedvelobaSi nu miviRebT.
(pasuxi:0,12m)
10. ra muSaoba unda SevasruloT 0,5m3 moculobis
sxeulis 2m simaRleze asawevad wyalSi Tanabari
moZraobiT? sxeulis simkvrivea  sx = 2,6  10 3 kg/m 3 ,
 wy = 10 3 kg/m3 . (pasuxi:16kj)
13. wyalSi moTavsebuli aluminis sfero iwyebs
vardnas. ra manZils gaivlis igi vardnis dawyebidan
10wm-is ganmavlobaSi, Tu wylis winaRobis Zala
mudmivia da sxeulis simZimis Zalis 0,2nawils
Seadgens? (pasuxi:215m)
16.hidravlikur wnexSi mcire dguSis farTobi 2sm2-
ia, xolo didi dguSis 500sm2. ra siCqariT aiwevs
didi dguSi, Tu mcires 25sm/wm siCqariT davwevT?
(pasuxi:0,1sm/wm)
17. hidravlikuri wnexiT 2t masis mqone tvirTis
awevisas Sesrulda 40j muSaoba. am dros mcire
dguSi gadaadgilda 1m-iT. ramdenjer metia didi
dguSis farTobi mcire dguSis farTobze?
(pasuxi:500-jer)
18. minis kapilari, romlis radiusi 0,1mm-s tolia
CaSvebulia vertikalurad 200C_ian wyalSi. ra
simaRleze aiwevs masSi wyali? (pasuxi: 14,4sm.)
19. minis mili, romlis Siga diametria 0,8mm,
vertikalurad CaSvebulia vercxliswyalian jamSi.
ramdeniT daiwevs masSi vercxliswyali, jamSi
arsebul donesTan SedarebiT, Tu zedapiruli
daWimulobis koeficientia 0,44n/m.(pasuxi: 1,1sm.)
20.risi toli unda iyos 300m3 moculobis oTaxis
haergamwovi milis diametri, rom yovel 15wT-Si
haeri mTlianad ganaxldes?, Tu milSi haeris siCqare
3m/wm-is tolia. (pasuxi: 38sm.)
21. ra dro daWirdeba auzis, romlis zomebia
3,1X9,5X21m, wyliT Sevsebas, Tu masSi wyali Caedineba
1,9sm diametris milidan 1,5m/wm siCqariT. (pasuxi:
380sT.)
24. gamoTvaleT 15m sigrZisa da 1sm diametris milSi
wylis moculobiTi gasavali, Tu wnevaTa sxvaoba
milis boloebze 0,35atm da temperatura 200C.(pasuxi:
5,7.10-4m3/wm)
25. 20m sigrZis haergamtaris radiusi 3sm-ia.ra droSi
moaxdens saventilacio-gamaTbobeli sistema 108m3
moculobis Senobis srul ventilacias, Tu sistemis
tumbo qmnis 40 pa Warb wnevas?(pasuxi: 20wT)
26. wylis dinebis siCqare 5,2sm diametris milis
centrSi 18sm/wm-ia. gamoTvaleT moculobiTi
gasavali da wnevis vardna 20m manZilze. (pasuxi:
1,9.10-4m3/wm; 3,81.10-4pa.)
27. gamoTvaleT 22 sm diametris milSi wylis
laminaruli dinebisas moculobiTi gasavali.(pasuxi:
4,7.10-4 m3/wm)
28. avzi imyofeba horizontalur iatakze (ix. nax.
68.4) da Sevsebulia siTxiT fskeridan 2,2m
simaRleze. naxvreti gakeTebuli aqvs fskeridan 0,2m-
ze. ra manZilze daecema siTxis Wavli avzis
kedlidan iataks? (pasuxi: 1,26m)
29. venturis mils iyeneben wylis dinebis siCqaris
gasazomad. milis diametri 3-jer aRemateba
Seviwrvebuli aris diametrs. manometrebs Soris
wnevaTa sxvaoba 20mm.vrc.wy.-is tolia. gamoTvaleT
dinebis siCqare. (pasuxi: 0,5m/wm)
30. 2,7.103kg/m3 simkvrivis da 2mm diametris burTula
vardeba 200Ctemperaturis wyalSi, gamoTvaleT
vardnis damyarebuli siCqare. (pasuxi: 3,2m/wm)
31. damyarebuli siCqare haeris buStis zeTSi zemoT
moZraobisas1 sm/wm-ia. gamoTvaleT buStis diametri,
Tu zeTis simkvrivea 900kg/m3, siblantis
koeficientia 0,2pa.wm. (pasuxi:2mm)
32. gamoTvaleT TviTmfrinavis frTaze moqmedi aero-
dinamikuri amwevi Zalis vertikaluri mdgeneli,
gamowveuli bernulis efeqtiT (nax. 68.1), Tu frTis
farTobia 50m2, xolo haeris nakadis siCqare frTis
zemoT da qvemoT Sesabamisad tolia 300m/wm da
270m/wm (ρhaer = 1,3kg/m3). (pasuxi: 555kn.)