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Cigarette Smoking
its Causes and
Effects to Human
Health

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 Facts about smoking
✴ Three million deaths annually because of
smoking – means one death after every 8
seconds.
✴ Ten million deaths annually expected by
2020 - means one death after every three
seconds.
✴ Developed countries have reduced
smoking by 10% while developing
countries have increased by 60% after
1970. 3
 Facts about smoking
✴ 1/3rd of world population-Smoker
– Males: > 1 billion
– Females: > 250 million
✴ Industrialized Countries
– % of Male smokers: 50%
– % of Female smokers 22%
✴ Developing countries
– Males 35%
– Females 9%

(Source: World Health Report)

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 Causes of smoking
Usually the adolescents (mostly of 10-15
yrs) indulge in smoking as a result of
– curiosity,
– adventurism,
– rebelliousness and adulthood,
– a manly and masculine act that will lead them to
happiness, fitness, wealth, power and sexual
success.
– Attractive advertisements influence the immature
and unstable minds.
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Composition of tobacco
✴ About 4000 toxic substances are
present in tobacco

✴ Most important and dangerous

constituents:
– Nicotine
– Carbon Monoxide
– Tar
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 Chemicals
• Acetone: fingernail polish remover
• Ammonia: floor/toilet cleaner
• Cadmium: batteries
• Arsenic: rat poison
• Methane: cow manure fumes
• Formaldehyde: preserver of dead
bodies
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 Metals
• Aluminum • Silver
• Magnesium • Lead
• Zinc • Copper
• Silicon • Mercury
• Titanium • Heavy metals
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 Effects of Nicotine
✴ Smokers have to maintain a level of
nicotine in the blood for normal
working.

✴ Smokers have to smoke to avoid the

discomfort experienced while not
smoking. 9
 Nicotine affects almost every
organ system in the body.

When you puff:

✴Your heart beats faster
✴Veins constrict
✴Blood pressure increases
✴Adrenal glands pump out adrenaline
✴Smooth muscles relax
✴Metabolic rate increases
✴Even the electrical activity in the brain
changes!
✴ Nicotine is a powerful drug!!
✴ It is one of the most toxic of all
drugs, comparable to cyanide.
Take enough of it and it can kill
you!
✴ Each cigarette generally
contains 8 or 9mg of nicotine
✴ However the amount of
nicotine inhaled from each
cigarette is only 1.5mg
 The amount of nicotine
inhaled can be higher or
lower depending on:

✴The type of cigarette smoked

✴How deeply you inhale

✴ How many puffs you take

from each cigarette.
✴ However, nicotine is so
potent that even a small
dose causes significant
changes in the functioning
of numerous organ systems
in the body.
✴ When you first start
smoking, these changes are
generally unpleasant
 Beginning smokers usually
experience:
✴ Nausea

✴ Dizziness

✴ Headache

✴ Coughing

✴ Along with other unpleasant

symptoms.
✴ However, people
who continue to
smoke soon develop
a tolerance to these
symptoms until they
become
unnoticeable.
✴ Tolerance is a term used to
describe an important
feature of addiction.
✴ Tolerance develops when
increasingly larger doses of
a drug have to be
administered to obtain the
effects observed with the
original dose.
✴ What does this mean for a
smoker?
✴ The small dose of nicotine
delivered by several puffs of a
cigarette may make people
feel ill the first few times they
try it,
✴ But, after several trials, they no
longer feel the negative effects
✴ Psychologically, tolerance to
the unpleasant effects of
nicotine allows the smoker
to focus on the pleasurable
physiological effects
associated with smoking.
(relaxation, alertness, stress
relief etc.)
✴ This combination of
physiological and
psychological effects
provides so many positive
reinforcements that
smoking quickly becomes
an established habit.
 Carbon Monoxide
• The compound in car
exhaust that causes death
• Causes shortness of
breathing
• Reduces the amount of
oxygen blood can carry
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 Tar
• Sticky Residue that stains
the fingers and teeth.
• Contains benzopyrene, one
of the deadliest cancer
causing agents known.

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 Consequences of
smoking
✴ Economic loss
✴ Health loss
✴ Socio-cultural loss
✴ Psychological loss

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Smoking and Diseases
✴ An important causative/risk factor for
various diseases.
✴ About 25 diseases caused/aggravated by
smoking. e.g.
– Lung cancer: 80-90% deaths due to smoking.
Incidence 10 times more than non-smokers.
– Chronic bronchitis
– Emphysema: 80- 95%
– Ischaemic heart disease: 20-30% deaths .
Risk is twice than non-smokers
– Obstructive peripheral vascular disease 23
 Smoking and diseases
✴ Cerebrovascular disease
✴ Cancer of tongue, esophagus, larynx &
pancreas, Gastro-duodenal ulcers
✴ Cancer of the cervix and endometrium
✴ Cancer of the urinary bladder
✴ Still births, abortions
✴ Neonatal deaths
✴ Fracture of hip, wrist and vertebrae
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Smoking during pregnancy

✴ Frontal retardation and growth

retardation in the children.

✴ Children of smokers are more prone

to become smokers later on.

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 Effects of Second Hand
(Passive) Smoking
✴ Children
– Sudden infant death
– Respiratory distress
– Otitis media
✴ Adults
– Leads to discomfort, distress to asthmatics
– Nicotine is detected in blood and urine of
passive smokers.
– Passive smoking by adults may lead to
Ca-cervix, CA lung, and coronary heart disease.
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 Tobacco & Cancer
Healthy
lungs

Small cell
cancer in
Cancerous tumor
Smoker’s
in the lung
lung 28
 Effects of Smoking on the Body
Organ Short Term effects Long Term effects
Stop body parts from
Brain head-aches working & KILLS YOU

Eyes cannot focus Go Blind

Ears become a little deaf Totally Deaf
Mouth yellow teeth, bad breath Mouth Cancer
Skin wrinkles Skin Cancer
Heart strokes, increases Heart Disease
heart beat
Lungs asthma Lung Cancer
Stomach problems for Stomach Cancer
un-born babies
Limbs shaky hands Amputated limbs
The black colour in this lung is due to
cigarette smoke!!!!!
 Damaged toes due to poor blood
circulation- will lead to amputation
Result of damage to blood vessels due to
smoking!!!!!!
 Expansion of finger ends-
associated with breathing and heart
problems!
 Treatment
✴ Drugs
– Nicotine replacement therapy
✴ Patches
✴ Gums
✴ Nasal sprays
✴ Inhalers
✴ E-cigarettes
– Hypnotics
✴ Group therapy 34
 Treatment
Real Treatment is by:
✴ Motivation
✴ Commitment
✴ Determination and
✴ Effort and support in the struggle to
quit smoking.
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 Preventive
measures
✴ Recommendations of WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)
should be implemented.
✴ Govt.’s responsibility for implementation
of recommendations and legislation.
✴ Ascertain the existence of smoking as
health problem.
✴ Encourage not to start smoking.
✴ Encourage to stop smoking.
✴ Multi-sectoral approach.
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 Preventive measures
✴ Anti-smoking health education to
general public but special emphasis
to focus on children and to the
occupational groups.
✴ Highlighting the positive effects of
NOT smoking and QUITING smoking.
✴ Awareness for the rights of
non-smokers.
✴ Legislative action
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 Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) of WHO
✴Bans on direct and indirect tobacco advertising
✴Tobacco tax and price increases
✴Smoke-free environments in all public and
workplaces
✴Large clear graphic health messages on tobacco
packaging 38
WORLD NO TOBACCO
DAY
ST
31 . MAY
 Obligations for the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control
✴ Protect public health policies from
commercial and other vested interests of the
tobacco industry.
✴ Adopt price and tax measures to reduce the
demand for tobacco.
✴ Protect people from exposure to tobacco
smoke.
✴ Regulate the contents of tobacco products.
✴ Regulate tobacco product disclosures.
✴ Regulate the packaging and labeling of
tobacco products. 40
 Obligations for the Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control

✴ Warn people about the dangers of tobacco.

✴ Ban tobacco advertising, promotion and
sponsorship.
✴ Offer people help to end their addiction to tobacco.
✴ Control the illicit trade in tobacco products.
✴ Ban sales to and by minors.
✴ Support economically viable alternative to tobacco
growing.

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BEACON OF HOPE FOR
THE QUITTERS

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 When smokers quit
Just 20 minutes after the smokers have
smoked the last cigarette, their body begins
an ongoing series of beneficial changes.
✴ After 20 minutes:
– Blood pressure drops to normal.
– Pulse rate drops to normal.
– Temperature of hands becomes normal.
✴ After 8 hours:
– Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to
normal
– Oxygen level in blood increases to normal.
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 When smokers quit
✴ After 24 hours:
– Chance of heart attack decreases
✴ After 48 hours:
– Nerve endings start growing.
– Ability to smell and taste is enhanced.
– Walking becomes easier.
✴ After 2 weeks –3 months:
– Circulation improves.
– Lung function increases up to 30%.
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 When smokers quit
✴ After 1-9 months:
– Coughing, sneezing, congestion, fatigue,
shortness of breath decrease.
– Cilia re-grow in the lungs, increasing ability
to handle mucous, clean the lungs and to
reduce infection.
✴ 1 year:
– Risk of coronary heart disease is half that of
a smoker.
✴ 5 years after:
– Stroke risk is reduced to that of a
nonsmoker.
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 When smokers quit
✴ After 10 years:
The lung cancer death rate is about half
that of a continuing smoker's. The risk of
cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus,
bladder, kidney, and pancreas decreases.
✴ After 15 years:
The risk of coronary heart disease is that of
a nonsmoker’s.

(Source: American Cancer society)

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THANK YOU
FOR NOT
SMOKING
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