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赌博游戏中的 Near-miss 效应
赌博游戏中的 Near-miss 效应
9, 1689–1699
Advances in Psychological Science DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01689
1689
1690 心 理 科 学 进 展 第 26 卷
A B C D
图1 常见的研究 near-miss 效应的实验任务(A 图源于 Dixon et al., 2011; B 图源于 Clark et al., 2009; C 图源于 Wu, van
Dijk, Li, Aitken, & Clark, 2017; D 图源于 Stange, Graydon, & Dixon, 2016)
第9期 索 涛等: 赌博游戏中的 near-miss 效应 1691
图2 near-miss 效应的产生机制设想图
1696 心 理 科 学 进 展 第 26 卷
重要的作用, 但也有研究发现眶额叶、扣带回、 Alicart, H., Cucurell, D., Mas-Herrero, E., & Marco-Pallarés,
J. (2015). Human oscillatory activity in near-miss events.
额下回和顶叶等诸多脑区也涉入其中。这些脑区
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(10),
如何关联和交互作用, 至今也并不十分清楚。因 1405–1412.
此, 未来的研究需要结合像 fMRI、MEG 等多种脑 Barton, K. R., Yazdani, Y., Ayer, N., Kalvapalle, S., Brown,
功能成像技术对 near-miss 效应的脑神经网络机制 S., Stapleton, J., ... Harrigan, K. A. (2017). The effect of
进行深入的拓展与探讨。另外, 脑电方面的研究 losses disguised as wins and near misses in electronic
gaming machines: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling
仍需要进一步发展。例如, Suo 等(2009)和 Qi 等
Studies, 33(4), 1241-1260.
(2011)的研究仅发现 near-miss 效应的 P300 效应 Belisle, J., & Dixon, M. R. (2016). Near misses in slot
(也见 Alicart et al., 2015; Ulrich, & Hewig, 2014), machine gambling developed through generalization of
但 Luo 等(2011)和 Lole 等(2013)的研究却仅发现 total wins. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 689–706.
near-miss 效应的 FRN 效应。未来的脑电研究应采 Bernat, E. M., Malone, S. M., Williams, W. J., Patrick, C. J.,
& Iacono, W. G. (2007). Decomposing delta, theta, and
用高级的 EEG 频谱分析技术对比和探讨不同实验
alpha time-frequency ERP activity from a visual oddball
范式下 EEG 信号差异及其原因。 task using PCA. International Journal of Psychophysiology,
(4) near-miss 效应的病理和临床研究进一步 64(1), 62–74.
深入化。对 near-miss 效应脑神经机制及其在赌博 Billieux, J., Van der L inden, M., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., &
Clark, L. (2012). Trait gambling cognitions predict near-miss
成瘾中作用的研究可以发掘用于诊断病态赌博成
experiences and persistence in laboratory slot machine
瘾的行为指标、电生理指标以及脑功能信号, 同
gambling. British Journal of Psychology, 103(3), 412–427.
时可以为病态赌博成瘾的干预与矫正提供新的途 Bunzeck, N., Guitart-Masip, M., Dolan, R.J., & Düzel, E.
径。尽管已有 fMRI 研究探讨了病态赌博群体和 (2011). Contextual novelty modulates the neural dynamics
正常群体在 near-miss 效应上的行为与脑神经活动 of reward anticipation. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(36),
12816–12822.
差异(Chase, & Clark, 2010; Sescousse et al., 2016;
Byrne, R. M. J. (2016). Counterfactual thought. Annual
van Holst et al., 2014), 但关于 near-miss 效应的病 Review of Psychology, 67, 135–157.
理成瘾的临床研究才刚刚起步, near-miss 效应与 Cavanagh, J. F., & Frank, M. J. (2014). Frontal theta as a
赌博成瘾之间的关系还不甚清楚。因此, 利用 mechanism for cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
ERP 、 fMRI 等多模态技术探讨病态赌博成瘾中 18(8), 414–421.
Cavanagh, J. F., Frank, M. J., Klein, T. J., & Allen, J. J. B.
near-miss 效应的病理机制仍是今后研究的一个重
(2010). Frontal theta links prediction errors to behavioral
要方向。还有, Nastally 和 Dixon (2012)发现, 临床 adaptation in reinforcement learning. Neuroimage, 49(4),
干预能明显减弱病理性赌徒的 near-miss 效应, 病 3198–3209.
理性赌徒接受正念训练(mindfulness exercises)后 Chase, H. W., & Clark, L. (2010). Gambling severity predicts
midbrain response to near-miss outcomes. Journal of
自我报告 near-miss 结果接近赢钱的程度明显降低,
Neuroscience, 30(18), 6180–6187.
near-miss 效应明显减弱, 赌博成瘾的程度明显缓
Christie, G. J., & Tata, M. S. (2009). Right frontal cortex
解。因此, 以研究 near-miss 效应的病理机制和干 generates reward-related theta-band oscillatory activity.
预方法为契机, 探究各类行为和生理刺激方法对 NeuroImage, 48(2), 415–422.
病理性赌瘾的临床干预也是未来研究非常值得关注 Chua, H. F., Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., &
Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and
的一个方向。
disappointment. Neuroimage, 47(4), 2031–2040.
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Abstract: The near-miss effect refers to a phenomenon that near-miss losses can elicit individuals’ higher
physiological arousal and stronger gambling motivation than full-miss losses and winnings, which could
lead to gambling persistence of gamblers. Researches on the near-miss effect have important theoretical
value for understanding the cognitive and neural mechanisms of dynamic outcome evaluation in
decision-making processes and shedding light on the mechanisms of pathological gambling. Studies have
found convergent evidence that near-miss losses have motivationally enhancing properties. However, the
cognitive and neural mechanisms of the near-miss effect are still under debate. In addition, the role that the
near-miss effect played in pathological gambling is still unclear. At present, there are three main theoretical
explanations for the near-miss effect: the cognitive misrepresentation hypothesis, the illusion of control
theory, and the frustration hypothesis. The neural correlates of the near-miss effect mainly involve the insula
and ventral striatum. Future researches should further explore the theoretical models of the near-miss effect,
improve the experimental paradigm, various research methods, and examine the effect in pathological
populations.
Key words: near-miss effect; the cognitive misrepresentation hypothesis; the illusion of control theory; the
frustration hypothesis; insula; ventral striatum