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 Complex Numbers
● Iota and Powers of iota
● Describing Complex Number and its Algebra
● Conjugate of complex number
● Argand Plane
● Representation of complex number in different forms
● Cube roots of unity
lota and powers of lota
1. lota and powers of lota:

We know that in real number is not defined, but now here in

complex numbers we are going to define it.
Its value is called as iota “i”.
Values of powers of lota:

i1 = i i5 = _______
i2 = _____ i6 = _______
i3 = _____ i7 = _______
i4 = _____ i8 = _______

______ ; ______
In general i4k + r = ir = ______ ; ______
______ ; ______
______ ; ______
Find the value of
(a) i57 (b)

(c) (d) i2015 + i2016 + i2017 + i2018.

Observation
Sum of any four consecutive integral powers of iota is zero.
Evaluate:
Solution:

(Sum of four consecutive integral power of iota is = 0)

Observation
Observation

does not hold when both a and b are negative.

Describing Complex Number and its
Algebra
Describing Complex Number and its Algebra
If x and y are real numbers, then number of the form x + iy is
called a complex number. Its generally denoted by Z
z = x + iy ; x, y ∈ R
Here x is called real part of z (Re(z)) and y is called imaginary
part of z (Im(z))

(a) If x = 0 then z is called purely imaginary.

Remark
(b) If y = 0 then z is called purely real
Algebra of complex numbers
Algebra of complex numbers
1. Equality: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
Then, z1 = z2 If x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

NOTE

Inequalities do not occur in complex number i.e. we cannot

compare two complex numbers.
1 + 2i < 5 + 10i is a wrong statement
If z2 + (3 + 2i)z + (1 +ai) = 0 has a real root then find ‘a’.

NOTE D ≥ 0 works only if coefficients are real.

Solution:
2. Addition and subtraction
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)

z1 - z2 = (x1 - x2) + i(y1 - y2)

Eg. (2 + 3i) + (5 + 7i) =

(2 + 3i) - (1 - 2i) =
3. Multiplication
z1 × z2 = (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) =

Eq. (a) (2 + 5i) × (-3 × 2i) =

(b) (a + ib) × (a - ib) =

Find the smallest positive integer n for which (1 + i)2n = (1 - i)2n.
4. Division

Eg. (a)

(b)

Remark

is called reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of a + ib

 JEE Main 2020
If then the greatest common
divisor of the least values of m and n is ____ .
 JEE Main 2020
If then the greatest common
divisor of the least values of m and n is ____ .

Ans: 4
Solution:
Find square root of i.
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Let z = x + iy then its conjugate, denoted by is defined as x - iy
So,
i.e., sign of imaginary part changes.
Eg:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
Solve for z:
Solution:
Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers.
If then what are the values of x × y

A ±2

B ±15

C ±30

D 2

Hint and
Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers.
If then what are the values of x × y

A ±2

B ±15

C ±30

D 2
Solution:

As
Solving both we get
2x2 = 8 and 2y2 = 2
x2 = 4 y2 = 1
x = ±2 y = ±1
Then x × y = ±2
Properties of conjugate
Properties of conjugate
(1)

(2) ;

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (a)
(b)
NOTE
Prop - 6 is used a lot whenever we have to work around Re(z)
or Im(z).
is a purely imaginary number (z ≠ -1),then the value of is

A -1

B 1

C 2

D -2
is a purely imaginary number (z ≠ -1),then the value of is

A -1

B 1

C 2

D -2
Solution:
Recall
 JEE Main 2020

The imaginary part of can be

D 6
 JEE Main 2020

The imaginary part of can be

D 6
Solution:
Argand Plane
Argand plane

A two dimensional plane having axes as Re(z) and Im(z) is called

Argand plane.
We represent the complex number z = x + iy by the point (x, y) on
Argand plane.
Modulus and Argument of a complex number
Let z = x + iy
Modulus and Argument of a complex number
Let z = x + iy

Modulus: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then the length OP is

called modulus of complex number z. It is denoted by |z|.
Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is
defined as the angle which OP makes with positive direction of Re(z)
axis.

NOTE
Anti-clockwise sense is taken as positive angle while angle taken in
clockwise sense is taken as negative angle.
Find modulus and argument of the following:
(a) z = 1 + i (b)
(c) (d) z = 1 - i
Find modulus and argument of the following: (a) z = 1 + i
Solution:

Im(z)

1 ⍺ (1, 1)

O Re(z)
1
Find modulus and argument of the following: (b)
Solution:
Find modulus and argument of the following: (c)
Solution:
Find modulus and argument of the following: (d) z = 1 - i
Solution:
NOTE
● If θ is argument of z then 2nπ + θ ; where n is integer, is
also an argument
● The value of argument which lies in (-π, π] is called
principal value of argument
NOTE

● Argument of purely imaginary number is

● Argument of purely real number is 0 or π
● If z = 0 then arg(z) is not defined.
Properties of Modulus
Properties of Modulus
(1)

(2)

(3) ⇒

(4)

(5)

(6) Triangle inequalities

(a)

(b)
Properties of Modulus
(1)

(2)

(3) ⇒

(4)

(5)

(6) Triangle inequalities

(a)

(b)
Let’s first do some practise examples for properties (2), (3) & (4)
Solution:
If (1 + i)(1 + 2i)(1 + 3i)......(1 + ni) = x + iy then prove that
2 × 5 × 10 ×…..×(1 + n2) = x2 + y2
Solution:
If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that is purely

imaginary then prove that

Solution:
If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that and
then

D
If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that and
then

D
Solution:
Now let’s pick the property (5) i.e. and practice it
If |z + 6| = |3z + 2|, prove that |z| = 2.
Solution:
For the complex numbers z1 and z2 if
then ‘k’ equals to

A 1

B -1

C 2

D -2
For the complex numbers z1 and z2 if
then ‘k’ equals to

A 1

B -1

C 2

D -2
Solution:
Result

(a)
(b)
Remark
NOTE

● If |z| = 1 then

● If |z| = a then for a > 0

If |z1| = 2, |z2| = 3, |z3| = 5 such that |25z1z2 + 9z1z3 + 4z2z3| = 90, find
the value of |z1 + z2 + z3|.
Solution:
Solution:
Now let’s pick triangle inequality:
Find maximum and minimum value of |z - (3 + 4i)| if |z - 1| = 2
Solution:
 AIEEE - 2011
If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | ≤ 2, then the minimum
value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is
 AIEEE - 2011
If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | ≤ 2, then the minimum
value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is

Ans: 5
Solution:
Properties of Argument
Properties of Arguments
(a)

(b)

(c)
Find principal argument of: z = (1 + i)5
Solution:

∴ Principal argument = −135°

 Observation
(1)
(2)
(3)

Again 2kπ can be used for general purpose, if required

 Observation
(1)
(2)
(3)

Again 2kπ can be used for general purpose, if required

Representation of Complex number In
different forms
If z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that |zω| = 1
and , then is equal to

A -i

B 1

C -1

D i
If z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that |zω| = 1
and , then is equal to

A -i

B 1

C -1

D i
Solution:
If ⍺ be a complex number such that |⍺| = 1, then is equal to

D
If ⍺ be a complex number such that |⍺| = 1, then is equal to

D
Solution:
NOTE

Remark
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big
and bad powers if a complex number.
Evaluate: (a) z = (1 + i)10 (b)
Evaluate: (a) z = (1 + i)10
Solution:

Let
Evaluate: (b)
Solution:

Let
Solution:
Evaluate: (i)i
Solution:
De-Moivre’ theorem
Cube Roots of Unity
Cube roots of unity

Roots of this equation are called cube roots of unity.

⍵ ⍵2
Properties of ω

1.

2.

3.

4.
Observation
Plot the cube roots on Argand plane
Remark

Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are ⍵ & ⍵2 and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0 are -⍵ & -⍵2

 JEE Main 26th Feb, 2021 Shift-1
The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation
x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is
 JEE Main 26th Feb, 2021 Shift-1
The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation
x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is

Ans: 3
Solution:
The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

C ⍵

D ⍵2
The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

C ⍵

D ⍵2
Solution:
 JEE Main 2020

Let and then a and

b are the roots of the quadratic equation.

A x2 - 101x + 100 = 0

B x2 - 102x + 101 = 0

C x2 + 101x + 100 = 0

D x2 + 102x + 101 = 0
 JEE Main 2020

Let and then a and

b are the roots of the quadratic equation.

A x2 - 101x + 100 = 0

B x2 - 102x + 101 = 0

C x2 + 101x + 100 = 0

D x2 + 102x + 101 = 0
Solution:
Find the value of
Solution:
Few identities involving omega

1.

2.

3.
Find minimum value of |a + b⍵ + ⍵2| where a, b, c are distinct
integers & ⍵ is non-real root of unity.
Solution:

∴
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