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XXXX
Sequences and Series
Sequences and Series
● Arithmetic progression
● Sum of an Arithmetic progression
● Geometric Progression
● Sum of Geometric Progression
● Arithmetico-Geometric Progression
● Harmonic Progression
● Arithmetic Mean
● Geometric Mean
● Harmonic Mean
● Relation between AM, GM & HM
● Sigma Notation
● Method of difference
● Vn Method
Arithmetic Progression
Arithmetic Progression
Sequence of the terms:
is called an A.P.,

where a ➝ 1st term,

d ➝ Common difference

If sequence has n terms then, last term is also denoted by ‘l ’

sometimes.
 AP

an = a + (n - 1) d

OR
How many terms are there in the A.P. 3, 7, 11, …., 407?
 How many terms are there in the A.P. 3, 7, 11, …., 407?

Ans: 102
Solution:
In an A.P. if a2 + a5 - a3 = 10 and a2 + a9 = 17 then find a20

A 6 B -6 C 8 D -10
In an A.P. if a2 + a5 - a3 = 10 and a2 + a9 = 17 then find a20

A 6 B -6 C 8 D -10
Solution:

Given, Solving (1) and (2)

Also, Thus a = 10 + 3 = 13
Thus
If the pth term of an A.P. is q and the qth term is p, then find its rth
term.
Solution:
 JEE Main 2019
Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. If S4=16 and
S6= -48, then S10 is equal to

A -260 B -410 C -320 D -380

 JEE Main 2019
Let Sn denote the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. If S4=16 and
S6= -48, then S10 is equal to

A -260 B -410 C -320 D -380

Solution:
If the ratio of the sum to n terms of two A.P.’s is (5n + 3): (3n + 4),
then the ratio of their 17th terms is

A 172:99 B 168:103 C 175:99 D 171:103

If the ratio of the sum to n terms of two A.P.’s is (5n + 3): (3n + 4),
then the ratio of their 17th terms is

A 172:99 B 168:103 C 175:99 D 171:103

Solution:
Observation
Common terms of two APs with common differences
d1 and d2, are also in AP with common difference = LCM{d1, d2}
Find 10th common term in: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19,… & 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, ….
Solution: Given two series in A.P.
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35,….
and 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36,…
So common terms will also form in an A.P.
11, 31, 51, ….
Thus T10 = 11 + (10 – 1) 20
= 11 + 180
= 191
Also, common difference of common terms which forms an
A.P. is always LCM of common difference of respective
series.
Key Points for AP
1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.
2. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k ➝ AP
1. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning & end is same
Key Points for AP
1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.
2. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k ➝ AP
1. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning & end is same
2. Assuming terms: 3 terms ➝
4 terms ➝
5 terms ➝

NOTE 1. nth odd number is 2n-1

2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
The digits of a positive integer having three digits are in A.P.
and their sum is 15. The number obtained by reversing the
digits is 594 less than the original number. Find the number.
Solution: Let a - d, a, a + d be three digits of the positive integer.
⸫ The given positive integer = (a - d) a (a + d)
Their sum = (a - d) + a + (a + d) = 15
⇒ 3a = 15
⇒a=5
The number obtained by reversing the digits = (a + d) a (a - d)
By the question
100(a + d) + 10a + (a - d) = 100(a - d) + 10a + (a + d) - 594
⇒ 99d = -99d - 594
⇒ 198d = -594
⇒ d = -3
Hence the required number is (5 + 3) (5) (5 - 3), i.e., 852
Geometric Progression
Geometric Progression

arn - 1 ➝ is nth term

a ➝ 1st term
r ➝ Common ratio ‘CR’
 GP

an = arn - 1
NOTE

NOTE
No term of GP can be 0.
The first term of a G.P. is 1. The sum of the third and fifth terms is
90. Find the common ratio of the G.P.
Solution:
In a GP we have a1 + a2 + a3 = 13 and a12 + a22 + a32 = 91. Find r

x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1) (x2 - x + 1)
Solution:

Let G.P. series be a, ar, ar2,……

Dividing (2) and (1)
a1 = a, a2 = ar, a3 = ar2
Now, given
a1 + a2 + a3 = 13 a(1 + r2 - r) = 7 …(3)
a + ar + ar2 = 13 Dividing (1) and (3)
a(1 + r + r2) = 13 …(1)
Also, a12 + a22 + a32 = 91
a2(1 + r2 + r4) = 91 …(2) 7 + 7r + 7r2 = 13 + 13r2 - 13r
Solution:
Sum of infinite number of terms in G.P. is 20 and sum of their
squares is 100. Then find the common ratio of G.P.
Solution:
If x = 1 + a + a2 + … ∞, y = 1 + b + b2 + … ∞ and |a|, |b| < 1 then prove
that
Solution:
Find the sum of series: (a + b) + (a2 + 2b) + (a3 + 3b) + .... to n terms
Solution:
 IIT 2002

Let a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in GP. If a < b < c and

then find the value of ‘a’

A B C D
 IIT 2002

Let a, b, c be in an AP and a2, b2, c2 be in GP. If a < b < c and

then find the value of ‘a’

A B C D
Solution:
Solution:
Key Points for GP
1. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ GP, then for k ≠ 0
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ GP
(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k ➝ GP
1. Product of terms equidistant from beginning and end is same
2. Assuming terms:
3 terms ➝

4 terms ➝

5 terms ➝
Find product of first 5 terms of a GP if a3 = 2

A 16 B 32 C 64 D None
Find product of first 5 terms of a GP if a3 = 2

A 16 B 32 C 64 D None
Solution:

Again product of first 5 terms means

a1a5 = a2a4 = a3a3
Since (a3)2 = 4
∴ Product = 4 × 4 × 2 = 32
Sum of first three terms of a GP is 19 & their product is 216. Find
the three numbers.

Observation
is beneficial only if product is given.
Solution:
Arithmetico-Geometric
Progression
Arithmetico-Geometric Progression
Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P.
a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, ……, (a + (n - 1)d)rn - 1

Eg: (a) 1, 3x, 5x2, 7x3, …...

(b) 1, 40, 700, 10000, …..

(c) 0.2, 0.04, 0.006, …...
Evaluate:
(a) Sn = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 +.... to n terms.
(b) S∞ = 0.2 + 0.04 + 0.006 + …..∞
Evaluate: (a) Sn = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 +.... to n terms.
Solution:
Solution:
Evaluate: (b) S∞ = 0.2 + 0.04 + 0.006 + …..∞
Solution:
 JEE Main 2019

A B C D
 JEE Main 2019

A B C D
Solution:
Solution:
Harmonic Progression
Harmonic Progression
A Sequence is in HP if reciprocal of its terms are in AP.

Note: a, b, c are in HP if b =
The 8th and 14th term of a H.P. are respectively. Find its 20th
term. Also, find its general term.
Solution:
If then prove that a, b, c are
in HP.
Solution:
Solution:
Remark
There is no general formula for finding Sn in HP.
Arithmetic Mean
 Arithmetic Mean

AM’s between two numbers

AM of numbers
⇒ ‘A1’ is called one AM
between a & b if a, A1, b ⟶ AP
AM of ⇒ A1 & A2 are called two AM’s
between a & b if
AM of a, A1, A2, b ⟶ AP
In General
If n A.M.’s A1, A2, …., An are inserted between a and b

Then

Ak = a + k d
Insert three arithmetic means between 3 and 19.
Solution:
Result
Sum of ‘n’ AM’s inserted between a & b is equal to n times
AM of a & b.
Geometric Mean
 Geometric Mean

GM of numbers GM’s between two numbers

(It’s defined only for +ve ⇒ G1 is called one GM between a & b if
numbers) a, G1, b ⟶ GP
⇒G1, G2 are called two GM’s between a
GM of & b if
a, G1, G2, b ⟶ GP
GM of
In General
If n G.M.’s G1, G2, …, Gn are inserted between a and b

Then

Gk = ark
Insert four G.M.’s between 2 and 486.
Solution:
 JEE Main 2020
If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and three geometric means (G.Ms) are
inserted between 3 and 243 such that 4th A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M.,
then m is equal to______.
Solution:
Result
Product of ‘n’ Gm’s between a & b is equal to nth power of
GM of a & b.
Harmonic Mean
 Harmonic Mean

HM of numbers HM’s between two numbers

H1 is called one HM between

HM of a & b if a, H1, b ⇾ HP

i.e.,

H1 & H2 are called two HM

between a & b if
HM of a, H1, H2, b ⇾ HP

i.e.,
Relation between
AM, GM and HM
Relation between AM, GM and HM
For any given +ve numbers:
AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
Let’s pick AM and GM relation first
For any given +ve numbers:
AM ≥ GM
NOTE
AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.

AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise
3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked
(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Find minimum value of
(a)

(b) given x, y, z are of same sign

Observation
Find minimum value of are all +ve

A 4 B 6 C 12 D 18
Find minimum value of are all +ve

A 4 B 6 C 12 D 18
Find minimum value of

A 4 B 6 C 9 D 18
Find minimum value of

A 4 B 6 C 9 D 18
Solution:
Solution:
If x, y, z are +ve and distinct numbers then prove that:
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x) > 8xyz.
Solution:
Now, lets pick HM also.
AM ≥ GM ≥ HM

Remark
The A.M. and H.M. between two numbers are 27 and 12,
respectively, then find their G.M,
Solution:
Find minimum value of sum of three positive numbers if sum of
their reciprocals is 9.
Solution: Let three positive numbers be x, y, z respectively

Then,

Now, since A.M. ≥ H.M.

⸫ Minimum value of sum of numbers is 1

Weighted AM and GM
If a + b + c = 3 where a, b, c are +ve then prove that:
Solution:
Sigma Notation
Sigma Notation

; observe

Properties:

(1)

(2)

(3)
Remark

and
Remark

(1)

(2)

(3)
Evaluate:
(a) Sn = 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 +.... Up to n terms
(b) Sn = 12 + 32 + 52 + …. Up to 10 terms
Evaluate:
(a) Sn = 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 +.... Up to n terms
Solution:
Solution:
Evaluate:
(b) Sn = 12 + 32 + 52 + …. Up to 10 terms
Solution:
JEE Main 2020
 JEE Main 2020

Ans: 1540
Solution:
 JEE Main 2019

The sum of the following series

up to 15 terms, is

A 7830 B 7820 C 7520 D 7510

 JEE Main 2019

The sum of the following series

up to 15 terms, is
 JEE Main 2019

The sum of the following series

up to 15 terms, is

A 7830 B 7820 C 7520 D 7510

Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Method of Difference
Method of Difference
It’s a method to find Kth term when difference of consecutive
terms is good.
Find the sum of the following series to n terms
5 + 7 + 13 + 31 + 85 + ⋯
Solution:
Solution:
Vn Method
Find the sum of the series:
Find the sum of the series:
Solution:
Find the sum of the series:
Solution:
Find the sum of the series:
Solution:
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